{
 "id": "concept/afw",
 "class": "concept",
 "slug": "afw",
 "label": {
  "ar": "العَفْو",
  "en": "Pardon (afw) in purity, worship, contracts and penalties",
  "ur": "عفو"
 },
 "summary": {
  "ar": "العفو في اللغة الإسقاط، ويطلق أيضاً على الكثرة والذهاب والإعطاء، وفي الاصطلاح يستعمله الفقهاء غالباً بمعنى الإسقاط والتجاوز، ويفرق عن الصفح والمغفرة والإسقاط والصلح {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11674} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11675}. ويختلف حكمه بحسب الحق، فإن كان الحق خالصاً للعبد استحب العفو، وإن كان حقاً لله كالحدود فلا عفو فيه بعد الرفع إلى الحاكم {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11675}. ومن أحكامه في العبادات العفو عن يسير بعض النجاسات، والخلاف فيه بين المذاهب في الدم والقيح وطين الشوارع، وعن بعض ما بين النصابين من الأنعام في الزكاة، وعن بعض المفطرات في الصوم، وعن المخيط والطيب ناسياً في الحج {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11676} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11679} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11680}. ومن أحكامه في المعاملات العفو عن الشفعة، والدائن عن المدين، والمرأة أو الزوج أو الولي عن الصداق {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11680} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11681}. وفي القصاص يُشرع العفو، وإذا عفا بعض المستحقين سقط القصاص عند الجمهور وانقلب نصيب الآخر مالاً، واختلفوا في أثر العفو عن الجناية، وفي أهلية العافي، وفي العفو على مال {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11681} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11683} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11689} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11690}. ولا عفو في حد الزنا والسرقة، واختلفوا في حد القذف، وأجاز الجمهور العفو في التعزير بحسب حق الآدمي أو حق السلطنة {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11691} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11692} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11693}.",
  "en": "In the lexicon, afw means removing or pardoning, and also abundance, going away and giving; the jurists use it mainly for dropping or overlooking a right {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11674}. It is distinguished from pardon by forgiveness of the wrong (safh) and from the forgiveness of sins (maghfira), dropping a right (isqat) and settlement (sulh) {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11675}. Its ruling depends on the right: pardon is recommended where the right is purely the individual's; where the right belongs to God, as in the fixed punishments, there is no pardon once the matter is before the judge {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11675}. In worship, the schools disagree on pardon for small amounts of impurity, such as blood, pus and street mud, on the interval between the two thresholds of the camel and the cattle tax, on some things that do not break the fast, and on forgotten wearing of sewn clothes or perfume during pilgrimage {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11676} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11679} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11680}. In contracts, pardon of pre-emption, of a debt, and of a dower are treated {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11680} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11681}. In retaliation, pardon is lawful and recommended; if one of several heirs pardons, the retaliation falls and the others' shares become money, by the consensus the text reports; the schools differ on the effect of pardon during injury, on the capacity of the pardoner, and on settlement for money {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11681} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11683} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11689} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11690}. There is no pardon for the fixed punishments of adultery and theft; the jurists differ on slander, and pardon in discretionary punishment (ta'zir) is allowed where it concerns a person's right or the ruler's discretion {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11691} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11692} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11693}."
 },
 "stub": false,
 "wings": [
  "ideas"
 ],
 "regions": [
  "global"
 ],
 "periods": [
  "period/prophetic-era"
 ],
 "tags": [],
 "aliases": [],
 "themes": [
  "ethics-and-character",
  "development-of-law-theology-institutions"
 ],
 "data": {
  "kind": "legal",
  "provenance": {
   "layer": "own-research",
   "source": "الموسوعة الفقهية الكويتية، نسخة نور بوك، مدخل «عَفْو»، ص 11674-11693 من المسح (طويل، مُلخَّص)",
   "generated_by": "Claude Haiku 5.5",
   "model": "claude-haiku-5-5",
   "run": "mawsua-w07-batch22"
  },
  "sources": [
   "source/fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3"
  ],
  "status": {
   "review": "draft",
   "completeness": 0,
   "generated_by": "Claude Haiku 5.5; headword عَفْو read on scan pp.11674-11693 (lexical sense, the kinds of right, purity, zakat, fasting, pilgrimage, contracts, retaliation and its variants, hudud, ta'zir). Summary only: the sub-sections on the pardon of money, sales and the guardianship of minors are summarised by heading and not drafted in full, so completeness is set to 0 (summary only, not a full entry). Next headword عَقَار begins on scan p.11693. Footnote citations omitted"
  }
 },
 "prose": {
  "ar": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "موجز",
     "markdown": "العفو في اللغة الإسقاط، ويطلق على الكثرة والذهاب والإعطاء، والفقهاء يستعملونه غالباً بمعنى الإسقاط والتجاوز {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11674}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "حكمه بحسب الحق",
     "markdown": "إن كان الحق خالصاً للعبد استحب العفو عنه، وإن كان حقاً لله كالحدود فلا عفو فيه بعد الرفع إلى الحاكم {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11675}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "في العبادات",
     "markdown": "اختلف الفقهاء في العفو عن يسير بعض النجاسات كالدم والقيح وطين الشوارع، وفي العفو بين نصابي الأنعام في الزكاة، وفي بعض ما لا يفطر الصائم، وفي المخيط والطيب ناسياً في الحج {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11676} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11679} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11680}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "في المعاملات",
     "markdown": "يُعفى عن الشفعة، ويعفو الدائن عن المدين، وتعفو الزوجة عن الصداق كله أو بعضه {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11680} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11681}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "في القصاص",
     "markdown": "يُشرع العفو عن القصاص، فإذا عفا بعض المستحقين سقط القصاص عند الجمهور وانقلب نصيب غيره مالاً. واختلف الفقهاء في أثر العفو بعد الجرح قبل الموت، وفي أهلية العافي، وفي العفو على مال {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11681} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11683} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11689} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11690}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "في الحدود والتعزير",
     "markdown": "لا عفو في حد الزنا والسرقة، واختلفوا في حد القذف، وأجاز الجمهور العفو في التعزير بحسب ما إذا تعلق بحق آدمي أو كان حقاً للسلطنة {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11691} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11692} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11693}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "مواطن البحث",
     "markdown": "تُنظر أحكام القصاص في «قصاص»، والحدود في «حد»، والتعزير في «تعزير»، والمهر في «مهر» {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11675}."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "concept/afw",
    "lang": "ar",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": []
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-23"
  },
  "en": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "Summary",
     "markdown": "In the lexicon, afw means removing or pardoning, and also abundance, going away and giving; the jurists use it mainly for dropping or overlooking a right {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11674}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "Its ruling depends on the right",
     "markdown": "Where the right is purely the individual's, pardon is recommended; where it belongs to God, as in the fixed punishments, there is no pardon once the matter is before the judge {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11675}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "In worship",
     "markdown": "The schools disagree on pardon for small amounts of impurity such as blood, pus and street mud, on the interval between the two thresholds of the camel and cattle tax, on some things that do not break the fast, and on forgotten wearing of sewn clothes or perfume during pilgrimage {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11676} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11679} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11680}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "In contracts",
     "markdown": "Pardon of pre-emption, of a debt, and of a dower are treated; a wife may pardon all or part of her dower {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11680} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11681}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "In retaliation",
     "markdown": "Pardon for retaliation is lawful and recommended. If one of several heirs pardons, retaliation falls and the others' shares become money. The schools differ on the effect of a pardon given after injury and before death, on who may pardon, and on settling for money {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11681} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11683} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11689} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11690}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "In fixed and discretionary punishments",
     "markdown": "There is no pardon for the fixed punishments of adultery and theft; the jurists differ on slander. Pardon in discretionary punishment (ta'zir) is allowed where it concerns a person's right or the ruler's discretion {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11691} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11692} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11693}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "Where to look further",
     "markdown": "Retaliation is treated under «qisas», fixed punishments under «hadd», and discretionary punishment under «ta'zir» {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11675}."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "concept/afw",
    "lang": "en",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": [
     "Claude Haiku 5.5 (claude-haiku-5-5), draft translation"
    ]
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-23"
  },
  "ur": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "خلاصہ",
     "markdown": "لغت میں عفو کا مطلب ساقط کرنا ہے، اور اس کے معنی کثرت، چلے جانے اور دینے کے بھی ہیں۔ فقہاء اسے زیادہ تر حق کو ساقط کرنے یا درگزر کرنے کے معنی میں استعمال کرتے ہیں {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11674}۔"
    },
    {
     "heading": "حق کے مطابق حکم",
     "markdown": "اگر حق خالص بندے کا ہو تو معاف کرنا مستحب ہے، اور اگر حق اللہ کا ہو جیسے حدود، تو حاکم تک معاملہ پہنچنے کے بعد معافی نہیں {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11675}۔"
    },
    {
     "heading": "قصاص",
     "markdown": "قصاص میں معافی جائز اور مستحب ہے۔ اگر مستحقین میں سے کوئی ایک معاف کر دے تو قصاص ساقط ہو جاتا ہے، جبکہ جمہور کے نزدیک باقی حصہ مال میں بدل جاتا ہے {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11681}۔"
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "concept/afw",
    "lang": "ur",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": [
     "Claude Haiku 5.5 (claude-haiku-5-5), draft translation"
    ]
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-23"
  }
 },
 "degree": 0,
 "contemporaries": [],
 "updated": "2026-10-23",
 "connections": [],
 "related": [
  "concept/add",
  "concept/ahd",
  "concept/amal",
  "concept/amal-ahl-madina",
  "concept/uhda",
  "concept/ada-al-dayn",
  "concept/ada-al-shahada",
  "concept/adab-hamil-al-quran"
 ],
 "license": {
  "prose": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "data": "CC0 1.0"
 }
}