{
 "id": "concept/caliphate-not-kingship",
 "class": "concept",
 "slug": "caliphate-not-kingship",
 "label": {
  "ar": "الفرق بين الخلافة والملك",
  "en": "The difference between caliphate and kingship"
 },
 "summary": {
  "ar": "يعرض شكيب أرسلان تمييزه بين الخلافة والملك: الخلافة في نظره رعاية عامة للأمة لإقامتها على الشرع، وردّ القوي عن الضعيف في الداخل، وحماية الإسلام من المعتدي في الخارج، ولا تنعقد إلا بإرادة الأمة، فسلطة الخليفة مستمدة منها. ويذكر أن المؤرخ لوثروب ستودارد فهم هذا الباب، وينتقد من يزعم أن فكرة السلطة المستمدة من الأمة من أوضاع الغرب وحده. ويستشهد بسيرة أبي بكر، وقد رجع إلى التجارة والرعي بعد البيعة ثم اقتصر على نفقة من مال المسلمين. هذا عرض لتصور المؤلف، ويُنسب إليه لا إلى الإجماع.",
  "en": "Arslan separates caliphate from kingship. In his account the caliphate is a general trusteeship of the community to uphold the Sharia, restrain the strong against the weak and defend Islam from outside attack. It exists only by the community's will, so the caliph's authority comes from the community. He credits Lothrop Stoddard with understanding this and rejects the view that popular sovereignty is purely Western. He illustrates the point with Abu Bakr, who after his accession kept working and took only a modest allowance from public funds. This is the author's account of the principle."
 },
 "stub": false,
 "wings": [
  "ideas",
  "people"
 ],
 "regions": [],
 "periods": [
  "period/rashidun"
 ],
 "tags": [],
 "aliases": [],
 "themes": [],
 "data": {
  "kind": "political",
  "sources": [
   "source/stoddard-arslan-hadir-1923"
  ],
  "status": {
   "review": "draft",
   "completeness": 1
  },
  "provenance": {
   "layer": "own-research",
   "generated_by": "Claude Haiku 5.5",
   "extraction_flow": "Apple Vision OCR (text layer) -> manual reading of scan pages 257-260 -> summary in own words, labelled as the commentator's view"
  }
 },
 "prose": {
  "ar": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "موجز",
     "markdown": "يعرض شكيب أرسلان تمييزه بين الخلافة والملك: الخلافة في نظره رعاية عامة للأمة لإقامتها على الشرع، وردّ القوي عن الضعيف في الداخل، وحماية الإسلام من المعتدي في الخارج، ولا تنعقد إلا بإرادة الأمة، فسلطة الخليفة مستمدة منها. ويذكر أن المؤرخ لوثروب ستودارد فهم هذا الباب، وينتقد من يزعم أن فكرة السلطة المستمدة من الأمة من أوضاع الغرب وحده. ويستشهد بسيرة أبي بكر، وقد رجع إلى التجارة والرعي بعد البيعة ثم اقتصر على نفقة من مال المسلمين. هذا عرض لتصور المؤلف، ويُنسب إليه لا إلى الإجماع. {cite:stoddard-arslan-hadir-1923}\n\nما لم يُذكر هنا يحتاج إلى مصدر إضافي."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "concept/caliphate-not-kingship",
    "lang": "ar",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": []
   }
  },
  "en": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "Overview",
     "markdown": "Shakib Arslan sets out his distinction between the caliphate and kingship. In his view the caliphate is the general care of the community for the purpose of establishing it on the Law, restraining the strong from the weak within, and protecting Islam from the aggressor without. It is not concluded except by the will of the community, so the caliph's authority derives from it. He notes that the historian Lothrop Stoddard understood this principle, and he criticises those who claim that the idea of authority derived from the community is an invention of the West alone. He cites the example of Abu Bakr, who returned to trade and herding after his allegiance was given, and then limited himself to a maintenance from the wealth of the Muslims. This is a presentation of the author's conception, and it is attributed to him, not to a consensus. {cite:stoddard-arslan-hadir-1923}\n\nWhat is not recorded here needs a further source."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "concept/caliphate-not-kingship",
    "lang": "en",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": [
     "Claude Haiku 5.5 (claude-haiku-5-5), draft translation"
    ]
   }
  }
 },
 "degree": 0,
 "contemporaries": [],
 "connections": [],
 "related": [],
 "license": {
  "prose": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "data": "CC0 1.0"
 }
}