{
 "id": "concept/dhimma-liability",
 "class": "concept",
 "slug": "dhimma-liability",
 "label": {
  "ar": "الذمة (في الفقه)",
  "en": "Dhimma (the liability that bears rights and duties, in the rulings)",
  "ur": "ذمہ (فقہی اصطلاح: حقوق و واجبات کا محل)"
 },
 "summary": {
  "ar": "الذمة في الفقه وصف في الشخص أو نفس له عهد، يصير به أهلا لثبوت الحقوق له وعليه، وهي لازمة للإنسان من الحمل حتى الموت، واحدة لكل شخص، لا حد لسعتها، متعلقة بالشخص لا بأمواله. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.8482} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.8484} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.8485} وتنتهي الذمة بالموت، فيرى الجمهور أنها تبقى حتى تصفى الحقوق المتعلقة بالتركة، ويرى بعض الحنفية أنها تضعف، ويرى الحنابلة في رواية أنها تنتهي. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.8485} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.8486} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.8487}",
  "en": "In the rulings the dhimma is a quality in a person, or a self with an obligation, by which he is fit to bear rights for and against him. It lasts from conception until death; each person has one; it has no limit of capacity; and it attaches to the person, not to his property. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.8482} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.8484} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.8485} At death the majority hold that it stays until the estate's rights are settled, some Hanafis that it weakens, and a Hanbali narration that it ends. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.8485} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.8486} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.8487}",
  "ur": "فقہ میں ذمہ وہ وصف ہے جس کی بنا پر آدمی پر اور اس کے لیے حقوق ثابت ہوتے ہیں۔ یہ حمل سے موت تک رہتا ہے اور ہر شخص کا ایک ہی ذمہ ہوتا ہے۔ {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.8482} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.8485}"
 },
 "stub": false,
 "wings": [
  "ideas"
 ],
 "regions": [
  "global"
 ],
 "periods": [
  "period/abbasid-early"
 ],
 "tags": [],
 "aliases": [],
 "themes": [
  "law-and-courts"
 ],
 "data": {
  "kind": "legal",
  "provenance": {
   "layer": "own-research",
   "source": "الموسوعة الفقهية الكويتية، نسخة نور بوك، مدخل «ذمة»، ص 8482-8487 من المسح (الأرقام المطبوعة للمجلد ص 274-279)",
   "generated_by": "Claude Haiku 5.5",
   "model": "claude-haiku-5-5",
   "run": "mawsua-w05-batch16"
  },
  "sources": [
   "source/fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3"
  ],
  "status": {
   "review": "draft",
   "completeness": 2,
   "generated_by": "Claude Haiku 5.5; headword read on scan pp.8482-8487 (the next heading ذهب is on p.8487, mid-page). Distinct from concept/dhimma (the protected non-Muslim covenant, other lane), which is not edited. Urdu is a short draft only."
  }
 },
 "prose": {
  "ar": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "موجز",
     "markdown": "الذمة في الفقه وصف في الشخص، أو نفس لها عهد، يصير به أهلا لثبوت الحقوق له وعليه. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.8482}\nوالذمة لازمة للإنسان من الحمل إلى الموت، ولكل شخص ذمة واحدة، ولا حد لسعتها. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.8484} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.8485}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "معانيها",
     "markdown": "يذكر الفقهاء الذمة بمعنى العهد والأمان والضمان، ويطلقها بعض الأصوليين على أهلية الوجوب. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.8482} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.8483}\nوأهلية الوجوب عنصران: قابلية ثبوت الحقوق له، وقابليتها عليه، ولا تتحقق الثانية إلا بالذمة. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.8483} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.8484}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "خصائصها",
     "markdown": "الذمة متعلقة بالشخص لا بأمواله، فلا يمنع الدين صاحبه من التصرف إلا بمانع شرعي كالرهن أو الحجر. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.8485}\nالذمة لا ترجح ديونها بعضها على بعض في الأصل. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.8485}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "انتهاؤها بالموت",
     "markdown": "يرى الجمهور أن الذمة تبقى بعد الموت حتى تصفى الحقوق المتعلقة بالتركة، ويرى بعض الحنفية أنها تضعف، ويرى الحنابلة في رواية أنها تنتهي بالموت. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.8485} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.8486} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.8487}"
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "concept/dhimma-liability",
    "lang": "ar",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": []
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-23"
  },
  "en": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "Summary",
     "markdown": "In the rulings the dhimma is a quality in a person, or a self with an obligation, by which he is fit to bear rights for and against him. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.8482}\nIt lasts from conception to death, each person has one, and it has no limit of capacity. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.8484} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.8485}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "Its senses",
     "markdown": "Jurists use dhimma for covenant, safe-conduct and guarantee, and some principalists use it for the capacity to be owed rights. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.8482} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.8483}\nCapacity to bear obligations has two sides, the fitness to have rights held for one and the fitness to have them held against one, and the second needs the dhimma. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.8483} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.8484}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "Its properties",
     "markdown": "The dhimma attaches to the person, not to his property, so a debt does not stop the debtor trading except by a legal bar such as a pledge or a restraint. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.8485}\nDebts in the dhimma are, in principle, equal, and one does not rank above another by being earlier. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.8485}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "Death",
     "markdown": "The majority hold that the dhimma survives death until the estate's rights are settled, some Hanafis that it is weakened, and a Hanbali narration that it ends at death. {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.8485} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.8486} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.8487}"
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "concept/dhimma-liability",
    "lang": "en",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": []
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-23"
  },
  "ur": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "خلاصہ",
     "markdown": "ذمہ فقہ میں وہ وصف ہے جس کی بنا پر آدمی پر اور اس کے لیے حقوق ثابت ہوتے ہیں۔ {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.8482}\nیہ حمل سے موت تک رہتا ہے، اور ہر شخص کا ایک ہی ذمہ ہوتا ہے۔ {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.8484} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.8485}"
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "concept/dhimma-liability",
    "lang": "ur",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": []
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-23"
  }
 },
 "degree": 0,
 "contemporaries": [],
 "updated": "2026-10-23",
 "connections": [],
 "related": [
  "concept/ahliyya",
  "concept/al-dimuqratiyya-wal-sharia",
  "concept/al-fatwa-ala-al-fadaiyyat",
  "concept/al-ilmaniyya-wal-islam",
  "concept/al-rajm",
  "concept/allusion-to-proposal-in-iddah",
  "concept/aman",
  "concept/amana"
 ],
 "license": {
  "prose": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "data": "CC0 1.0"
 }
}