{
 "id": "concept/diwan-al-khatim",
 "class": "concept",
 "slug": "diwan-al-khatim",
 "label": {
  "ar": "ديوان الخاتم"
 },
 "summary": {
  "ar": "أول من اتخذ ديوان الخاتم معاوية وولاه عبيد الله بن أوس الغساني وسلم إليه الخاتم وعلى فصه لكل عمل ثواب، وسبب اتخاذه أنه أمر لرجل بمئة ألف ففك الكتاب وجعله مئتي ألف فلما رفع الحساب أنكر فاتخذ ديوان الخاتم من يومئذ يختم به الكتب حتى لا تفك ولا تزاد، واستمر ذلك في الخلفاء العباسيين إلى آخر وقتهم {cite:tarikh-khulafa-minhaj-1434 p. 332}.",
  "en": "The seal registry: Mu'awiya was the first to institute it, appointing Ubayd Allah ibn Aws al-Ghassani and handing him the seal, whose bezel read 'for every deed a recompense'. Its occasion was a warrant for one hundred thousand which a man unsealed and raised to two hundred thousand; when the account came up and Mu'awiya disavowed it he established the diwan al-khatim thenceforth, sealing letters so they could neither be opened nor padded — a practice that lasted among the Abbasid caliphs to their last days {cite:tarikh-khulafa-minhaj-1434 p. 332}."
 },
 "stub": false,
 "wings": [
  "ideas"
 ],
 "regions": [],
 "periods": [
  "period/umayyad"
 ],
 "tags": [],
 "aliases": [],
 "themes": [],
 "data": {
  "kind": "political",
  "provenance": {
   "layer": "own-research",
   "source": "تاريخ الخلفاء للسيوطي (ط المنهاج 1434هـ/2013م) ص 332",
   "generated_by": "Devin (SWE-2 High) from Apple Vision OCR",
   "run": "lib-tarikh-khulafa-batch-7"
  },
  "sources": [
   "source/tarikh-khulafa-minhaj-1434"
  ],
  "status": {
   "review": "draft",
   "completeness": 2,
   "generated_by": "Devin (SWE-2 High)"
  }
 },
 "prose": {
  "ar": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "موجز",
     "markdown": "يذكر السيوطي أن معاوية أول من اتخذ ديوان الخاتم، وأن هذا الديوان استمر عند الخلفاء العباسيين إلى آخر أيامهم. {cite:tarikh-khulafa-minhaj-1434 p.332}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "الخبر",
     "markdown": "ولّى معاوية على الديوان عبيد الله بن أوس الغساني وسلمه الخاتم، وعلى فصه «لكل عمل ثواب». {cite:tarikh-khulafa-minhaj-1434 p.332}\n\nوسبب اتخاذه، بحسب الرواية، أن معاوية أمر لرجل بمئة ألف، ففك الرجل الكتاب وجعلها مئتي ألف. فلما رُفع الحساب أنكر معاوية، فاتخذ الديوان ليُختم به الكتب فلا تُفك ولا يُزاد فيها. {cite:tarikh-khulafa-minhaj-1434 p.332}"
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "concept/diwan-al-khatim",
    "lang": "ar",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": []
   }
  },
  "en": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "Overview",
     "markdown": "Al-Suyuti notes that Mu'awiya was the first to establish the *diwan al-khatim* (the office of the seal), and that this office continued under the Abbasid caliphs until the end of their days. {cite:tarikh-khulafa-minhaj-1434 p.332}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "The account",
     "markdown": "Mu'awiya appointed 'Ubayd Allah ibn Aws al-Ghassani over the office and handed him the seal, on whose bezel was inscribed: \"For every deed there is a reward.\" {cite:tarikh-khulafa-minhaj-1434 p.332}\n\nAccording to the report, the reason for its establishment was that Mu'awiya ordered a man to be given a hundred thousand, and the man altered the document to make it two hundred thousand. When the account was raised, Mu'awiya denied it, and so he established the office so that letters would be sealed with it, and could not be opened or added to. {cite:tarikh-khulafa-minhaj-1434 p.332}"
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "concept/diwan-al-khatim",
    "lang": "en",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": [
     "Claude Haiku 5.5 (claude-haiku-5-5), draft translation"
    ]
   }
  }
 },
 "degree": 0,
 "contemporaries": [],
 "connections": [],
 "related": [],
 "license": {
  "prose": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "data": "CC0 1.0"
 }
}