{
 "id": "concept/diyanat-al-jahiliyya",
 "class": "concept",
 "slug": "diyanat-al-jahiliyya",
 "label": {
  "ar": "ديانات العرب في الجاهلية",
  "en": "Religions of Jahiliyya Arabia"
 },
 "summary": {
  "ar": "صنف المسعودي العرب في جاهليتهم فرقاً: فمنهم الموحد المقر بخالقه المصدق بالبعث والنشور وقد دعا في الفترة قس بن ساعدة الإيادي ورئاب الشني وبحيرا الراهب وكان من عبد القيس، ومنهم من أقر بالخالق وأثبت حدوث العالم وأقر بالبعث وأنكر الرسل وعكف على الأصنام يقولون ما نعبدهم إلا ليقربونا إلى الله زلفى فحجوا إليها ونحروا لها البدن وأحلوا لها وحرموا، ومنهم من أقر بالخالق وكذب بالرسل والبعث ومال إلى قول أهل الدهر القائلين ما هي إلا حياتنا الدنيا نموت ونحيا وما يهلكنا إلا الدهر {cite:muruj-al-dhahab p. 442}.، وكانت لهم مذاهب في النفوس فمنهم من جعل النفس هي الدم والروح الهواء في باطن الجسم {cite:muruj-al-dhahab p. 467-468}",
  "en": "Al-Mas'udi's taxonomy of the Arabs before Islam: unitarians affirming the Creator and resurrection — with the intermission-preachers Quss ibn Sa'ida, Ri'ab al-Shanni and Bahira the monk of Abd al-Qays; idolaters who acknowledged creation and resurrection yet denied the prophets and sought nearness through idols; and materialists denying resurrection and messengers alike {cite:muruj-al-dhahab p. 442}."
 },
 "stub": false,
 "wings": [
  "ideas"
 ],
 "regions": [],
 "periods": [],
 "tags": [],
 "aliases": [],
 "themes": [],
 "data": {
  "kind": "doctrine",
  "provenance": {
   "layer": "own-research",
   "source": "مروج الذهب للمسعودي (ط الدار الإفريقية/الشركة العالمية) ج1 ص 442",
   "generated_by": "Devin (SWE-2 High) from Apple Vision OCR",
   "run": "lib-muruj-dhahab-batch-12"
  },
  "sources": [
   "source/muruj-al-dhahab",
   "source/mubarakpuri-raheeq",
   "source/mukhtasar-sirat-al-rasul",
   "source/sahih-al-bukhari"
  ],
  "status": {
   "review": "draft",
   "completeness": 1,
   "generated_by": "Devin (SWE-2 High)"
  }
 },
 "prose": {
  "ar": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "موجز",
     "markdown": "يرسم الرحيق المختوم ديانات العرب قبل الإسلام هكذا: كان معظمهم على دين إبراهيم بدعوة [[person/ismail|إسماعيل]] حتى طال عليهم الأمد، فأدخل [[person/amr-ibn-luhayy|عمرو بن لحي]] الأصنام فصار الشرك أكبر مظهر لدين أهل الجاهلية، ووجدت اليهودية والنصرانية والمجوسية والصابئية سبيلاً إلى ربوع العرب، ثم أصاب هذه الديانات كلها الانحلال {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.35} {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.39} {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.41}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "بقايا دين إبراهيم",
     "markdown": "كان معظم العرب اتبعوا دعوة إسماعيل حين دعاهم إلى دين أبيه إبراهيم، فكانت تعبد الله وتوحده وتدين بدينه، حتى طال عليهم الأمد ونسوا حظاً مما ذُكّروا به، إلا أنه بقي فيهم التوحيد وعدة شعائر من دين إبراهيم {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.35} {cite:mukhtasar-sirat-al-rasul p.12}. وبقيت فيهم بعد الشرك بقايا من دين إبراهيم لم يتركوه كله، مثل تعظيم البيت والطواف به والحج والعمرة والوقوف بعرفة والمزدلفة وإهداء البدن، وإن ابتدعوا في ذلك بدعاً {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.38}؛ انظر [[concept/hums|الحُمْس]]."
    },
    {
     "heading": "الشرك وعبادة الأصنام",
     "markdown": "جاء عمرو بن لحي رئيس خزاعة بهبل من الشام فجعله في جوف الكعبة ودعا أهل مكة إلى الشرك فأجابوه، ثم تبعهم أهل الحجاز لأنهم ولاة البيت وأهل الحرم {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.35} {cite:mukhtasar-sirat-al-rasul p.12}. وأقدم أصنامهم [[object/manat|مناة]] بالمشلل قرب قديد، ثم [[object/al-lat|اللات]] بالطائف، ثم [[object/al-uzza|العزى]] بوادي نخلة، وهذه الثلاث أكبر أوثانهم، ثم كثر الشرك وكثرت الأوثان في كل بقعة من الحجاز حتى صار لكل قبيلة ثم في كل بيت صنم، وملأوا المسجد الحرام بالأصنام {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.35} {cite:sahih-al-bukhari 1/222}. وهكذا صار الشرك وعبادة الأصنام أكبر مظهر من مظاهر دين أهل الجاهلية الذين كانوا يزعمون أنهم على دين إبراهيم {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.36}. مراسم عبادتهم في [[concept/ibadat-al-asnam-jahiliyya|عبادة الأصنام في الجاهلية]]، والاستقسام في [[concept/azlam|الأزلام]] و[[concept/maysar|الميسر]]، والكهانة والتنجيم في [[concept/kahana|الكهانة]] و[[concept/anwa|الأنواء]]، والتشاؤم في [[concept/tiyara|الطيرة]] و[[concept/hama|الهامة]]."
    },
    {
     "heading": "الديانات الأخرى",
     "markdown": "كانت هذه الديانة، ديانة الشرك وعبادة الأوثان والاعتقاد بالأوهام والخرافات، ديانة معظم العرب، وقد وجدت اليهودية والمسيحية والمجوسية والصابئية سبيلاً للدخول في ربوع العرب {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.39}. اليهودية في [[concept/judaism-in-arabia|مدخلها]] والنصرانية في [[concept/christianity-in-arabia|مدخلها]].\n\nالمجوسية كان معظمها في العرب الذين كانوا بجوار الفرس: في عراق العرب وفي [[place/bahrayn|البحرين]] (الأحساء) وهجر وما جاورها من سواحل الخليج، ودان لها رجال من اليمن في زمن الاحتلال الفارسي {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.41} {cite:tarikh-ard-al-quran 2/193-208}.\n\nوالصابئية دلّت الحفريات في بلاد العراق وغيرها أنها كانت ديانة قوم إبراهيم الكلدانيين، ودان بها كثير من أهل الشام وأهل اليمن في غابر الزمان، وبعد تتابع اليهودية والنصرانية تضعضع بنيانها وخمد نشاطها، ولكن بقيت بقايا من أهلها مختلطين مع المجوس أو مجاورين لهم في عراق العرب وعلى شواطئ الخليج {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.41} {cite:tarikh-ard-al-quran 2/193-208}. انظر [[group/sabia-harraniyyun|الصابئة الحرانيين]]."
    },
    {
     "heading": "الحالة الدينية في تقدير المؤلف",
     "markdown": "يرى المؤلف أن هذه الديانات حين جاء الإسلام كان قد أصابها الانحلال والبوار: فالمشركون الذين يدّعون دين إبراهيم كانوا بعيدين عن أوامر شريعته ونواهيها، ونشأ فيهم على توالي الزمان ما ينشأ في الوثنيين من عادات وتقاليد تجري مجرى الخرافات الدينية {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.41}. واليهودية، في تقديره، انقلبت رياءً وتحكماً وصار رؤساؤها يتحكمون في الناس ويجعلون همّهم الحظوة بالمال والرياسة؛ والنصرانية عادت عسرة الفهم وأوجدت خلطاً بين الله والإنسان، ولم يكن لها في نفوس العرب المتدينين بها تأثير حقيقي لبعد تعاليمها عن طراز معيشتهم؛ وسائر الأديان كانت أحوال أهلها كأحوال المشركين {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.42}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "ما لم يُذكر هنا",
     "markdown": "الفقرة الأخيرة حكم المؤلف من داخل الإطار السني؛ لم تُضف بعد نظرة الدراسات الحديثة في ديانات العرب قبل الإسلام، ولا رؤية اليهود والنصارى لتاريخهم في الجزيرة. وتصنيف المسعودي للعرب في جاهليتهم فرقاً مذكور في بيانات هذا المدخل."
    },
    {
     "heading": "للزوار الصغار",
     "markdown": "قبل الإسلام كان أكثر العرب يعبدون الأصنام، ومنهم من كان يهودياً أو نصرانياً أو مجوسياً، وبقي عندهم من دين إبراهيم أشياء مثل الحج إلى الكعبة."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "concept/diyanat-al-jahiliyya",
    "lang": "ar",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": []
   }
  },
  "en": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "Overview",
     "markdown": "*Al-Rahiq al-Makhtum* sketches the religions of the Arabs before Islam as follows. Most of them were on the religion of Abraham through the call of [[person/ismail|Isma'il]], until time lengthened on them, and then [[person/amr-ibn-luhayy|Amr ibn Luhayy]] introduced idols, so that polytheism became the most visible mark of the religion of the people of the Jahiliyya. Judaism, Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Sabianism found their way into the lands of the Arabs, and then all these religions fell into decay. {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.35} {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.39} {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.41}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "Remnants of the religion of Abraham",
     "markdown": "Most Arabs had followed the call of Isma'il when he invited them to the religion of their father Abraham. They worshipped God, affirmed His oneness, and professed His religion, until time lengthened and they forgot part of what they had been reminded of. Monotheism remained among them, and several rites of the religion of Abraham. {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.35} {cite:mukhtasar-sirat-al-rasul p.12} Remnants of the religion of Abraham also remained after polytheism, which they never entirely abandoned, such as honouring the House, circumambulating it, the pilgrimage and the lesser pilgrimage, standing at Arafat and Muzdalifa, and offering camels, though they introduced innovations in these. {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.38}; see [[concept/hums|the Hums]]."
    },
    {
     "heading": "Polytheism and idol worship",
     "markdown": "Amr ibn Luhayy, chief of Khuza'a, brought Hubal from Syria and placed it inside the Ka'ba, and he invited the people of Mecca to polytheism, and they answered him. Then the people of the Hijaz followed them, because they were the custodians of the House and the people of the sanctuary. {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.35} {cite:mukhtasar-sirat-al-rasul p.12} The oldest of their idols was [[object/manat|Manat]] at al-Mushallal near Qudayd; then [[object/al-lat|al-Lat]] at al-Ta'if; then [[object/al-uzza|al-Uzza]] in Wadi Nakhla. These three were their greatest idols. Then polytheism and the number of idols multiplied in every part of the Hijaz, until each tribe had an idol and then each house had one, and they filled the Sacred Mosque with idols. {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.35} {cite:sahih-al-bukhari 1/222} Thus polytheism and idol worship became the greatest manifestation of the religion of the people of the Jahiliyya, who claimed that they were on the religion of Abraham. {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.36} The rites of their worship are in [[concept/ibadat-al-asnam-jahiliyya|idol worship in the Jahiliyya]]; divination by arrows is in [[concept/azlam|the arrows]] and [[concept/maysar|gambling]]; soothsaying and astrology in [[concept/kahana|soothsaying]] and [[concept/anwa|the rising of the stars]]; and augury in [[concept/tiyara|tiyara]] and [[concept/hama|the owl]]."
    },
    {
     "heading": "Other religions",
     "markdown": "This religion, the religion of polytheism, idol worship, and belief in illusions and superstitions, was the religion of most Arabs, and Judaism, Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Sabianism found their way into the lands of the Arabs. {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.39} Judaism, on its entry, is in [[concept/judaism-in-arabia|its own entry]], and Christianity in [[concept/christianity-in-arabia|its own entry]].\n\nZoroastrianism was mostly found among the Arabs who lived next to the Persians: in the Arab part of Iraq and in [[place/bahrayn|Bahrain]] (al-Ahsa'), Hajar, and the coasts of the Gulf near them. Men from Yemen also adopted it during the Persian occupation. {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.41} {cite:tarikh-ard-al-quran 2/193-208}\n\nThe Sabians: excavations in Iraq and elsewhere showed that their religion was that of the people of Abraham, the Chaldeans. Many people in Syria and Yemen adhered to it in ancient times. After Judaism and Christianity followed one another, its structure weakened and its activity faded, but remnants of its adherents remained, mixed with or neighbouring the Zoroastrians, in the Arab part of Iraq and on the shores of the Gulf. {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.41} {cite:tarikh-ard-al-quran 2/193-208} See [[group/sabia-harraniyyun|the Harranian Sabians]]."
    },
    {
     "heading": "The religious state in the author's assessment",
     "markdown": "The author holds that when Islam came, these religions had fallen into decay and ruin. The polytheists who claimed the religion of Abraham were far from the commands and prohibitions of his law, and there grew up among them, over time, what grows among pagans of customs and traditions that function as religious superstitions. {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.41} Judaism, in his view, had turned into hypocrisy and arbitrariness, and its leaders controlled the people and made their aim the favour of wealth and leadership. Christianity had become hard to understand and had confused God with man, and it had no real influence on the souls of the Arabs who professed it, because its teachings were distant from their way of life. The rest of the religions were in the condition of their adherents, like that of the polytheists. {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.42}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "What is not recorded here",
     "markdown": "The last paragraph is the author's judgement from within the Sunni framework. The views of modern scholarship on the religions of the Arabs before Islam, and the views of Jews and Christians on their history in the Peninsula, have not been added. Al-Masudi's classification of the Arabs of the Jahiliyya into sects is mentioned in this entry's data."
    },
    {
     "heading": "For young visitors",
     "markdown": "Before Islam most Arabs worshipped idols. Some were Jews, Christians, or Zoroastrians. Some practices from the religion of Abraham remained among them, such as the pilgrimage to the Ka'ba."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "concept/diyanat-al-jahiliyya",
    "lang": "en",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": [
     "Claude Haiku 5.5 (claude-haiku-5-5), draft translation"
    ]
   }
  }
 },
 "degree": 0,
 "contemporaries": [],
 "connections": [],
 "related": [],
 "license": {
  "prose": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "data": "CC0 1.0"
 }
}