{
 "id": "concept/jahili-marriage-forms",
 "class": "concept",
 "slug": "jahili-marriage-forms",
 "label": {
  "ar": "أشكال الزواج الأربعة",
  "en": "Jāhilī Marriage Forms"
 },
 "summary": {
  "ar": "أربعة أشكال للنكاح عندهم: الحرامي في الطرق، ونكاح الاستبداع، والزنا بين تسعة أو عشرة بالمرأة الحامل يضم الولد للسادس، ونكاح البدل؛ أبطلها الإسلام إلا الأول.",
  "en": "Four pagan marriage forms — common, istibda‘ (lending a wife for a better lineage), communal paternity assignment, and wife-swapping (al-badal) — Islam abolished all but the first."
 },
 "stub": false,
 "wings": [],
 "regions": [],
 "periods": [],
 "tags": [],
 "aliases": [],
 "themes": [
  "tradition-versus-culture",
  "women",
  "family-marriage-kinship"
 ],
 "data": {
  "kind": "social",
  "sources": [
   "source/mubarakpuri-raheeq",
   "source/sunan-abi-dawud"
  ],
  "status": {
   "review": "draft",
   "completeness": 1,
   "generated_by": "Devin; al-Raheeq al-Makhtum pp. 35–47"
  }
 },
 "prose": {
  "ar": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "نبذة",
     "markdown": "أشكال النكاح الأربعة في الجاهلية: الحرامي ونكاح الاستبضاع والجماعة ونكاح البدل؛ أبطلها الإسلام إلا الأول."
    },
    {
     "heading": "القصة",
     "markdown": "روى أبو داود عن عائشة أن النكاح في الجاهلية كان على أربعة أنحاء: نكاح على طريقة نكاح الناس اليوم، ونكاح الاستبضاع بأن يرسل الرجل امرأته إلى رجل لتحمل منه طلباً للنجابة، ونكاح يجتمع فيه قوم دون العشرة فيطؤون المرأة فإذا حملت وولدت نسب الولد إلى من تشير عليه، ونكاح الزنى المعلن {cite:sunan-abi-dawud}.\n\nوكان فيهم نكاح البَدَل: يقول الرجل لصاحبه انزل عن امرأتك وأنزل عن امرأتي وأزيدك {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "في القرآن",
     "markdown": "فأبطل الإسلام هذه الأشكال كلها إلا الأولى، وحرّم نكاح ما ملكت أيمان الآباء: «وَلَا تَنكِحُوا مَا نَكَحَ آبَاؤُكُم مِّنَ النِّسَاءِ» ([[passage/quran-4-22|النساء 22]]) {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "للزوار الصغار",
     "markdown": "كان عندهم صور غريبة للزواج فيها ظلم للمرأة والولد، فأبطلها الإسلام وأقرّ النكاح الحلال المعروف."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "concept/jahili-marriage-forms",
    "lang": "ar",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": []
   }
  },
  "en": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "Overview",
     "markdown": "The four forms of marriage in the Jahiliyya: the unlawful, the istibda' marriage, the group marriage, and the badal marriage; Islam abolished them all except the first."
    },
    {
     "heading": "The story",
     "markdown": "Abu Dawud related from A'isha that marriage in the Jahiliyya was of four kinds: a marriage on the pattern of people's marriage today; the istibda' marriage — a man sending his wife to another man to conceive by him, seeking nobility of offspring; a marriage in which a group under ten men gather and lie with a woman, and when she conceives and gives birth the child is attributed to whom she indicates; and open prostitution-marriage {cite:sunan-abi-dawud}.\n\nThey also had the badal marriage: a man saying to his fellow, \"Give up your wife and I will give up mine — and I will give you more\" {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "In the Qur'an",
     "markdown": "Islam abolished all these forms except the first, and forbade marrying what the fathers had possessed: \"Do not marry women whom your fathers married\" ([[passage/quran-4-22|al-Nisa' 22]]) {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "For young visitors",
     "markdown": "They had strange forms of marriage in which women and children were wronged; Islam abolished them and affirmed the known lawful marriage."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "concept/jahili-marriage-forms",
    "lang": "en",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": [
     "Devin (SWE-2), draft translation"
    ]
   }
  }
 },
 "degree": 4,
 "contemporaries": [],
 "connections": [
  {
   "to": "passage/quran-4-22",
   "type": "revealed_in",
   "inverse": true
  },
  {
   "to": "passage/quran-4-23",
   "type": "revealed_in",
   "inverse": true
  }
 ],
 "related": [
  "concept/wad",
  "event/marriage-of-fatima-and-ali",
  "event/marriage-to-khadija",
  "event/marriage-to-sawda",
  "event/marriage-to-zaynab-bint-jahsh",
  "event/the-choice-of-the-prophets-wives",
  "group/mothers-of-the-believers",
  "person/al-jawniyya"
 ],
 "license": {
  "prose": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "data": "CC0 1.0"
 }
}