{
 "id": "concept/judaism-in-arabia",
 "class": "concept",
 "slug": "judaism-in-arabia",
 "label": {
  "ar": "اليهودية في جزيرة العرب قبل الإسلام",
  "en": "Judaism in Arabia before Islam"
 },
 "summary": {
  "ar": "دخلت اليهودية جزيرة العرب في دورين على الأقل في عرض الرحيق المختوم: هجرة اليهود إلى شمالي الحجاز بعد تخريب بختنصر فلسطين سنة 587 ق.م، ثم بعد احتلال الرومان فلسطين سنة 70م حين رحلت قبائل عديدة إلى يثرب وخيبر وتيماء وأنشأت القرى والآطام؛ وكانت القبائل اليهودية المشهورة عند مجيء الإسلام خيبر والنضير والمصطلق وقريظة وقينقاع، وزاد السمهودي عددها على عشرين؛ ودخلت اليمن من قبل تبّان أسعد أبي كرب.",
  "en": "Judaism reached Arabia in at least two stages in al-Raheeq al-Makhtum's account: Jewish migration to northern Hijaz after Nebuchadnezzar's destruction of Palestine in 587 BCE, then after the Roman occupation of Palestine in 70 CE, when many tribes settled Yathrib, Khaybar and Tayma and built villages and forts; the well-known Jewish tribes at the coming of Islam were Khaybar, al-Nadir, al-Mustaliq, Qurayza and Qaynuqa, and al-Samhudi counts more than twenty; it entered Yemen through Tuban As'ad Abu Karib."
 },
 "stub": false,
 "wings": [
  "ideas",
  "people"
 ],
 "regions": [
  "arabia"
 ],
 "periods": [
  "period/pre-islamic-arabia"
 ],
 "tags": [],
 "aliases": [],
 "themes": [
  "non-muslim-minorities-under-muslim-rule",
  "refugees-migrants-diaspora"
 ],
 "data": {
  "kind": "belief",
  "provenance": {
   "layer": "own-research",
   "source": "الرحيق المختوم ص35–42 نقلاً عن مختصر سيرة الرسول لمحمد بن عبد الوهاب ص12–54 وصحيح البخاري 1/222 و1/499 وابن هشام 1/20–36 و1/89–90 و1/152–153 و1/199–203 وقلب جزيرة العرب ص151 وتفهيم القرآن 6/297–298 وتاريخ أرض القرآن 2/193–208",
   "generated_by": "Claude Code",
   "model": "claude-fable-5-1",
   "run": "raheeq-prose-batch-3a"
  },
  "sources": [
   "source/mubarakpuri-raheeq",
   "source/qalb-jazirat-al-arab",
   "source/tafhim-al-quran",
   "source/ibn-hisham-sira",
   "source/wafa-al-wafa"
  ],
  "status": {
   "review": "draft",
   "completeness": 2,
   "generated_by": "Claude Code (claude-fable-5-1); al-Raheeq al-Makhtum pp. 40, 42"
  }
 },
 "prose": {
  "ar": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "موجز",
     "markdown": "لليهود دوران على الأقل مثّلوهما في جزيرة العرب في عرض الرحيق المختوم: هجرة بعد الفتوح البابلية والأشورية في فلسطين، وهجرة بعد احتلال الرومان لها؛ وبهم انتشرت اليهودية بين قسم من العرب وصار لها شأن في الحوادث السياسية التي سبقت ظهور الإسلام والتي حدثت في صدره {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.40} {cite:qalb-jazirat-al-arab p.151}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "الدور الأول",
     "markdown": "هجرة اليهود في عهد الفتوح البابلية والأشورية في فلسطين: نشأ عن الضغط عليهم وتخريب بلادهم وتدمير هيكلهم على يد [[person/bukhtanasar|بختنصر]] سنة 587 ق.م وسبي أكابرهم إلى بابل أن قسماً منهم هجر فلسطين إلى الحجاز وتوطن في ربوعه الشمالية {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.40} {cite:qalb-jazirat-al-arab p.151}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "الدور الثاني",
     "markdown": "يبدأ من احتلال الرومان لفلسطين بقيادة تيطس سنة 70م: نشأ عن ضغط الرومان على اليهود وتخريب الهيكل وتدميره أن قبائل عديدة منهم رحلت إلى الحجاز، واستقرت في يثرب ([[place/medina|المدينة]]) و[[place/khaybar|خيبر]] و[[place/tayma|تيماء]]، وأنشأت فيها القرى والآطام والقلاع {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.40} {cite:qalb-jazirat-al-arab p.151}. وانتشرت اليهودية بين قسم من العرب عن طريق هؤلاء المهاجرين {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.40}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "القبائل اليهودية",
     "markdown": "حين جاء الإسلام كانت القبائل اليهودية المشهورة هي خيبر و[[group/banu-nadir|النضير]] والمصطلق و[[group/banu-qurayza|قريظة]] و[[group/banu-qaynuqa|قينقاع]]، وذكر السمهودي في وفاء الوفا أن عدد القبائل اليهودية يزيد على عشرين {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.40} {cite:wafa-al-wafa p.116}. انظر [[group/jewish-tribes-of-hijaz|القبائل اليهودية في الحجاز]]."
    },
    {
     "heading": "اليمن",
     "markdown": "دخلت اليهودية في اليمن من قبل [[person/tuban-asad-abu-karib|تبّان أسعد أبي كرب]]، الذي ذهب مقاتلاً إلى يثرب واعتنق هناك اليهودية وجاء بحبرين من بني قريظة إلى اليمن، فأخذت اليهودية إلى التوسع والانتشار فيها، ثم كان من ابنه [[person/dhu-nuwas|ذي نواس]] ما كان بنصارى نجران في [[event/massacre-of-najran|الأخدود]] {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.40} {cite:tafhim-al-quran 6/297-298} {cite:ibn-hisham-sira 1/20-36}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "تقدير المؤلف",
     "markdown": "يرى المؤلف أن اليهودية حين جاء الإسلام كانت قد انقلبت رياءً وتحكماً، وصار رؤساؤها يتحكمون في الناس ويحاسبونهم حتى على خطرات النفس، وجعلوا همّهم الحظوة بالمال والرياسة {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.42}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "ما لم يُذكر هنا",
     "markdown": "الفقرة الأخيرة حكم المؤلف وليس وصفاً محايداً؛ ولم تُضف بعد رؤية الدراسات الحديثة واليهودية نفسها لتاريخ يهود الحجاز. وذكر «المصطلق» في القبائل اليهودية كما ورد في الكتاب، مع أن بني المصطلق عند أهل السير بطن من خزاعة؛ يحتاج إلى مقابلة."
    },
    {
     "heading": "للزوار الصغار",
     "markdown": "عاش في المدينة وخيبر وتيماء قبائل يهودية جاءت من فلسطين قبل الإسلام بقرون، وبنت هناك قرى وحصوناً."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "concept/judaism-in-arabia",
    "lang": "ar",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": []
   }
  },
  "en": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "Overview",
     "markdown": "Jews came to the Arabian Peninsula in at least two movements, as *al-Rahiq al-Makhtum* presents them: a migration after the Babylonian and Assyrian conquests of Palestine, and a migration after the Roman occupation of it. Through them Judaism spread among a part of the Arabs, and it came to have a place in the political events that preceded the rise of Islam and that occurred in its early days. {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.40} {cite:qalb-jazirat-al-arab p.151}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "The first phase",
     "markdown": "The migration of the Jews in the time of the Babylonian and Assyrian conquests of Palestine arose from the pressure upon them, the devastation of their land, and the destruction of their temple by [[person/bukhtanasar|Nebuchadnezzar]] in 587 BCE, and the captivity of their leaders to Babylon. A part of them left Palestine for the Hijaz and settled in its northern regions. {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.40} {cite:qalb-jazirat-al-arab p.151}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "The second phase",
     "markdown": "It begins with the Roman occupation of Palestine under Titus in 70 CE. The pressure of the Romans on the Jews and the destruction of the temple led many of their tribes to travel to the Hijaz, where they settled in Yathrib ([[place/medina|Medina]]), [[place/khaybar|Khaybar]], and [[place/tayma|Tayma]], and founded villages, fortified towers, and castles there. {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.40} {cite:qalb-jazirat-al-arab p.151} Judaism spread among a part of the Arabs through these migrants. {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.40}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "The Jewish tribes",
     "markdown": "When Islam came, the best-known Jewish tribes were those of Khaybar, [[group/banu-nadir|al-Nadir]], al-Mustaliq, [[group/banu-qurayza|Qurayza]], and [[group/banu-qaynuqa|Qaynuqa']]. Al-Samhudi in *Wafa al-wafa* noted that the number of Jewish tribes exceeded twenty. {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.40} {cite:wafa-al-wafa p.116} See [[group/jewish-tribes-of-hijaz|the Jewish tribes of the Hijaz]]."
    },
    {
     "heading": "Yemen",
     "markdown": "Judaism entered Yemen through [[person/tuban-asad-abu-karib|Tubba' As'ad Abu Karib]], who went to Yathrib as a warrior, embraced Judaism there, and brought two rabbis from the Banu Qurayza to Yemen. Judaism then expanded and spread there. Later his son [[person/dhu-nuwas|Dhu Nuwas]] did what he did to the Christians of Najran in [[event/massacre-of-najran|the trench]]. {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.40} {cite:tafhim-al-quran 6/297-298} {cite:ibn-hisham-sira 1/20-36}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "The author's assessment",
     "markdown": "The author holds that by the time Islam came, Judaism had turned into hypocrisy and arbitrariness, its leaders controlled the people and called them to account even for the thoughts of the soul, and they made their aim the favour of wealth and leadership. {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.42}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "What is not recorded here",
     "markdown": "The last paragraph is the author's judgement rather than a neutral description. The views of modern scholarship, and of the Jews themselves, on the history of the Jews of the Hijaz have not yet been added. The name \"al-Mustaliq\" appears among the Jewish tribes as the book gives it, although the biographers count the Banu al-Mustaliq as a branch of Khuza'a; this needs checking."
    },
    {
     "heading": "For young visitors",
     "markdown": "Jewish tribes came to live in Medina, Khaybar, and Tayma from Palestine, centuries before Islam, and built villages and fortresses there."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "concept/judaism-in-arabia",
    "lang": "en",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": [
     "Claude Haiku 5.5 (claude-haiku-5-5), draft translation"
    ]
   }
  }
 },
 "degree": 8,
 "contemporaries": [],
 "connections": [
  {
   "to": "place/medina",
   "type": "practiced_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "note": "استقرت قبائل يهودية بيثرب.",
   "sources": [
    "source/mubarakpuri-raheeq",
    "source/qalb-jazirat-al-arab"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "place/khaybar",
   "type": "practiced_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "sources": [
    "source/mubarakpuri-raheeq",
    "source/qalb-jazirat-al-arab"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "place/tayma",
   "type": "practiced_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "sources": [
    "source/mubarakpuri-raheeq",
    "source/qalb-jazirat-al-arab"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "place/yemen",
   "type": "practiced_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "note": "من قبل تبّان أسعد أبي كرب.",
   "sources": [
    "source/mubarakpuri-raheeq",
    "source/tafhim-al-quran"
   ]
  }
 ],
 "related": [
  "group/jewish-tribes-of-hijaz",
  "group/banu-nadir",
  "group/banu-haritha-al-aws",
  "passage/muwatta-3-762",
  "passage/muwatta-6-927",
  "person/muadh-ibn-jabal",
  "person/tuban-asad-abu-karib",
  "concept/christianity-in-arabia"
 ],
 "license": {
  "prose": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "data": "CC0 1.0"
 }
}