{
 "id": "concept/kalam-allah",
 "class": "concept",
 "slug": "kalam-allah",
 "label": {
  "ar": "القرآن كلام الله (في العقيدة الطحاوية)",
  "en": "The Qur'an as the speech of God (in the Tahawi creed)"
 },
 "summary": {
  "ar": "قول الطحاوي إن القرآن كلام الله منه بدا بلا كيفية قولاً، أنزله على رسوله وحياً، وليس بمخلوق ككلام البشر.",
  "en": "al-Tahawi's statement that the Qur'an is the speech of God, which began from Him without how, sent down on His messenger as revelation, and is not created like human speech."
 },
 "stub": false,
 "wings": [
  "ideas"
 ],
 "regions": [
  "global"
 ],
 "periods": [
  "period/abbasid-fragmentation"
 ],
 "tags": [],
 "aliases": [],
 "themes": [
  "creed",
  "scripture-and-its-sciences"
 ],
 "data": {
  "kind": "doctrine",
  "issue": {
   "ar": "هل القرآن كلام الله غير مخلوق، وما صفة كلامه؟",
   "en": "Is the Qur'an the uncreated speech of God, and what is the nature of His speech?"
  },
  "perspectives": [
   {
    "tradition": "sunni-hanafi",
    "id": "aqida-tahawiyya",
    "stance": {
     "ar": "القرآن كلام الله منه بدا بلا كيفية وليس بمخلوق",
     "en": "The Qur'an is God's speech, from Him it began without how, and it is not created"
    },
    "summary": {
     "ar": "يقول الطحاوي إن القرآن كلام الله منه بدا بلا كيفية قولاً، أنزله على رسوله وحياً، وليس بمخلوق ككلام البرية، ويحكم بالكفر على من زعم أنه كلام البشر."
    },
    "holders": [
     "person/al-tahawi",
     "work/aqida-tahawiyya"
    ],
    "evidence": [
     {
      "ref": "source/aqida-tahawiyya",
      "note": {
       "ar": "البنود 36 إلى 38 و75 و76، ص 12 و13 و20",
       "en": "articles 36 to 38, 75 and 76, pp. 12, 13 and 20"
      }
     }
    ],
    "sources": [
     "source/aqida-tahawiyya"
    ]
   },
   {
    "tradition": "sunni-hanbali",
    "id": "lumat-al-itiqad",
    "stance": {
     "ar": "الله متكلم بكلام قديم والقرآن منزل غير مخلوق وهو حروف وكلمات",
     "en": "God speaks with an eternal speech, and the Qur'an is sent down, uncreated, and consists of letters and words"
    },
    "summary": {
     "ar": "يقول ابن قدامة إن الله «متكلم بكلام قديم، يسمعه منه من شاء من خلقه»، سمعه موسى من غير واسطة، وإن القرآن «منزل غير مخلوق، منه بدأ وإليه يعود»، وهو سور وآيات وحروف وكلمات، «متلو بالألسنة، محفوظ في الصدور، مسموع بالآذان، مكتوب في المصاحف»، ويحتج بأن جاحد حرف منه كافر.",
     "en": "Ibn Qudama says God speaks with an eternal speech that whoever He wills of His creatures hears, that Musa heard it without an intermediary, and that the Qur'an is sent down, uncreated, from Him it began and to Him it returns, made of suras, verses, letters and words, recited by tongues, kept in hearts, heard by ears and written in copies, and he argues that whoever denies one letter of it is an unbeliever."
    },
    "holders": [
     "person/ibn-qudama-al-maqdisi",
     "work/lumat-al-itiqad"
    ],
    "evidence": [
     {
      "ref": "source/lumat-al-itiqad",
      "note": {
       "ar": "ص 15 إلى 22",
       "en": "pp. 15 to 22"
      }
     }
    ],
    "sources": [
     "source/lumat-al-itiqad"
    ]
   },
   {
    "tradition": "sunni-hanbali",
    "id": "aqida-wasitiyya",
    "stance": {
     "ar": "القرآن كلام الله حروفه ومعانيه، منزل غير مخلوق، تكلم الله به حقيقة",
     "en": "The Qur'an is the speech of God, its letters and meanings, sent down and uncreated; God spoke it in reality"
    },
    "summary": {
     "ar": "يقول ابن تيمية إن القرآن «كلام الله منزل غير مخلوق، منه بدأ وإليه يعود»، وإن الله تكلم به حقيقة، ولا يجوز عنده إطلاق القول بأنه حكاية عن كلام الله أو عبارة عنه، وهو «كلام الله حروفه ومعانيه».",
     "en": "Ibn Taymiyya says the Qur'an is the speech of God, sent down and uncreated, from Him it began and to Him it returns, that God spoke it in reality, and that it may not be said without qualification to be a narration of God's speech or an expression of it; it is the speech of God, its letters and its meanings."
    },
    "holders": [
     "person/ibn-taymiyya",
     "work/aqida-wasitiyya"
    ],
    "evidence": [
     {
      "ref": "source/aqida-wasitiyya",
      "note": {
       "ar": "ص 17 و18",
       "en": "pp. 17 and 18"
      }
     }
    ],
    "sources": [
     "source/aqida-wasitiyya"
    ]
   },
   {
    "tradition": "sunni-ashari",
    "id": "maqalat-ashari",
    "stance": {
     "ar": "القرآن كلام الله غير مخلوق، والكلام في اللفظ والوقف بدعة",
     "en": "The Qur'an is the speech of God, uncreated, and speaking about pronunciation and stopping is an innovation"
    },
    "summary": {
     "ar": "يذكر الأشعري أنهم يقولون إن القرآن كلام الله غير مخلوق، وأن من قال باللفظ أو بالوقف فهو مبتدع عندهم، فلا يقال إن اللفظ بالقرآن مخلوق ولا غير مخلوق.",
     "en": "Al-Ash'ari reports they say the Qur'an is the speech of God, uncreated, and that whoever speaks of the utterance or of stopping is an innovator in their view, so it is not said that the utterance of the Qur'an is created or uncreated."
    },
    "holders": [
     "person/al-ashari",
     "work/maqalat-islamiyyin"
    ],
    "evidence": [
     {
      "ref": "source/maqalat-islamiyyin",
      "note": {
       "ar": "ص 346",
       "en": "p. 346"
      }
     }
    ],
    "sources": [
     "source/maqalat-islamiyyin"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "provenance": {
   "layer": "own-research",
   "source": "العقيدة الطحاوية، طبعة دار ابن حزم 1995 (نص كامل؛ 134 بنداً، الصفحات 7-32)",
   "generated_by": "Claude (maintainer session)",
   "model": "claude-sonnet-5-5",
   "run": "tahawiyya-1"
  },
  "sources": [
   "source/aqida-tahawiyya",
   "source/lumat-al-itiqad",
   "source/aqida-wasitiyya",
   "source/maqalat-islamiyyin"
  ],
  "status": {
   "review": "draft",
   "completeness": 2,
   "generated_by": "Claude Sonnet 5.5; read from the full text of al-Tahawiyya (Dar Ibn Hazm 1995, pp. 12, 13, 20); Lum'at al-I'tiqad (Maktab Islami ed., pp. 15 إلى 22) added as a second opinion"
  }
 },
 "prose": {
  "ar": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "موجز",
     "markdown": "«وإن القرآن كلام الله، منه بدا بلا كيفية قولاً، وأنزله على رسوله وحياً، وصدَّقه المؤمنون على ذلك حقاً» {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p.12}، وهو عنده «ليس بمخلوق ككلام البرية» {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p.12}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "الأدلة التي يوردها",
     "markdown": "يستشهد الطحاوي بآيتين من سورة المدثر في الوعيد على من قال إن القرآن قول البشر، ثم يستنتج أنه «قول خالق البشر، ولا يشبه قول البشر» {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p.13} (المرجع: [[passage/quran-74-25|المدثر 25]] و[[passage/quran-74-26|المدثر 26]])."
    },
    {
     "heading": "الحكم على من جعله كلام البشر",
     "markdown": "يقول: «فمن سمعه فزعم أنه كلام البشر فقد كفر» {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p.12}، ويضيف في موضع آخر أنه لا يجادل في القرآن، ويشهد أنه كلام رب العالمين نزل به الروح الأمين فعلَّمه سيد المرسلين، وأنه لا يساويه شيء من كلام المخلوقين، «ولا نقول بخلقه» {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p.20}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "الوصف بالصفات",
     "markdown": "ويقرن بذلك قوله: «ومن وصف الله بمعنى من معاني البشر فقد كفر» {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p.13}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "في لمعة الاعتقاد لابن قدامة المقدسي",
     "markdown": "يقول ابن قدامة إن من صفات الله أنه «متكلم بكلام قديم، يسمعه منه من شاء من خلقه، سمعه موسى منه من غير واسطة» {cite:lumat-al-itiqad p.15}. والقرآن عنده «منزل غير مخلوق، منه بدأ وإليه يعود»، «له أول وآخر، وأجزاء وأبعاض، متلو بالألسنة، محفوظ في الصدور، مسموع بالآذان، مكتوب في المصاحف» {cite:lumat-al-itiqad p.18}. ويستدل بأن المسلمين لا يختلفون في أن من جحد منه سورة أو آية أو كلمة أو حرفاً متفقاً عليه فهو كافر، وفي ذلك عنده «حجة قاطعة على أنه حروف» {cite:lumat-al-itiqad p.22}. وهو أشد تفصيلاً من عبارة الطحاوي في وصف كلام الله."
    },
    {
     "heading": "في العقيدة الواسطية لابن تيمية",
     "markdown": "يقول ابن تيمية: «ومن الإيمان بالله وكتبه: الإيمان بأن القرآن كلام الله منزل غير مخلوق، منه بدأ وإليه يعود، وأن الله تعالى تكلم به حقيقة» {cite:aqida-wasitiyya p.17} {cite:aqida-wasitiyya p.18}. «ولا يجوز إطلاق القول بأنه حكاية عن كلام الله أو عبارة عنه»، فإذا قرأه الناس أو كتبوه في المصاحف لم يخرج بذلك عن أن يكون كلام الله حقيقة، لأن الكلام «إنما يضاف حقيقة إلى من قاله مبتدئاً لا إلى من قاله مبلغاً مؤدياً»، وهو «كلام الله حروفه ومعانيه، ليس كلام الله الحروف دون المعاني ولا المعاني دون الحروف» {cite:aqida-wasitiyya p.18}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "في «مقالات الإسلاميين» للأشعري",
     "markdown": "في «حكاية جملة قول أصحاب الحديث وأهل السنة» من «مقالات الإسلاميين» يعرض أبو الحسن الأشعري ما عليه أهل الحديث والسنة، ويختم بقوله: «وبكل ما ذكرنا من قولهم نقول، وإليه نذهب» {cite:maqalat-islamiyyin p.350}. يذكر فيه أنهم «يقولون: إن القرآن كلام الله غير مخلوق، والكلام في الوقف واللفظ من قال باللفظ أو بالوقف فهو مبتدع عندهم، لا يقال: اللفظ بالقرآن مخلوق، ولا يقال: غير مخلوق» {cite:maqalat-islamiyyin p.346}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "ما لم يُذكر هنا",
     "markdown": "يعرض هذا المدخل مواقف العقيدة الطحاوية ولمعة الاعتقاد لابن قدامة والعقيدة الواسطية لابن تيمية وما حكاه الأشعري في «مقالات الإسلاميين» عن أهل الحديث والسنة وقال إنه يذهب إليه، منسوباً كل منها إلى كتابه. ولم تُضف بعد أقوال الماتريدية وبقية المدارس السنية وغير السنية من كتبها، ويحتاج المدخل إلى مراجعة متخصص قبل ترقيته."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "concept/kalam-allah",
    "lang": "ar",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": []
   }
  },
  "en": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "Summary",
     "markdown": "\"The Qur'an is God's speech; it began from Him without modality as utterance, He sent it down upon His messenger as revelation, and the believers affirmed it truly as such\" {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p. 12}; for him it is \"uncreated, unlike the speech of mortals\" {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p. 12}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "The proofs he cites",
     "markdown": "Al-Tahawi cites two verses of Surat al-Muddaththir in warning whoever says the Qur'an is the speech of mortals, then concludes it is \"the speech of the Creator of mortals, unlike the speech of mortals\" {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p. 13} (reference: [[passage/quran-74-25|al-Muddaththir 25]] and [[passage/quran-74-26|al-Muddaththir 26]])."
    },
    {
     "heading": "The ruling on one who makes it mortal speech",
     "markdown": "He says: \"Whoever hears it and claims it is the speech of mortals has disbelieved\" {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p. 12}; elsewhere he adds that he does not dispute over the Qur'an, testifying it is the speech of the Lord of the worlds, brought down by the Trustworthy Spirit who taught it to the master of the messengers — nothing of created speech equals it — \"and we do not say it is created\" {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p. 20}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "Describing God with attributes",
     "markdown": "Joined to that is his saying: \"Whoever describes God with a meaning of the meanings of mortals has disbelieved\" {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p. 13}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "In Ibn Qudama al-Maqdisi's Lum'at al-I'tiqad",
     "markdown": "Ibn Qudama says that among God's attributes is that He is \"speaking with eternal speech, heard from Him by whom He wills of His creation — Moses heard it from Him without intermediary\" {cite:lumat-al-itiqad p. 15}. The Qur'an for him is \"sent down, uncreated; from Him it began and to Him it returns\", \"having a beginning and an end, parts and portions, recited by tongues, kept in breasts, heard by ears, written in the codices\" {cite:lumat-al-itiqad p. 18}. He argues that Muslims do not differ that whoever denies a sura, verse, word or agreed letter of it is an unbeliever — for him \"a conclusive proof that it is letters\" {cite:lumat-al-itiqad p. 22}. His wording is more detailed than al-Tahawi's in describing God's speech."
    },
    {
     "heading": "In Ibn Taymiyya's al-'Aqida al-Wasitiyya",
     "markdown": "Ibn Taymiyya says: \"Part of belief in God and His books is believing that the Qur'an is God's sent-down speech, uncreated — from Him it began and to Him it returns — and that God truly spoke it\" {cite:aqida-wasitiyya p. 17} {cite:aqida-wasitiyya p. 18}. \"It is not permissible to say unqualifiedly that it is a report of God's speech or an expression of it\"; when people recite it or write it in codices it does not thereby cease to be God's speech in truth, since speech \"is truly attributed only to the one who originated it, not to one who conveys and transmits it\"; it is \"God's speech in letters and meanings — not God's speech in letters without meanings nor meanings without letters\" {cite:aqida-wasitiyya p. 18}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "In al-Ash'ari's Maqalat al-Islamiyyin",
     "markdown": "In \"the account of the sum of the saying of the people of hadith and sunna\" in Maqalat al-Islamiyyin, Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari presents what the people of hadith and sunna hold, ending: \"And in all we have mentioned of their saying we speak, and to it we go\" {cite:maqalat-islamiyyin p. 350}. He relates there that they \"say: the Qur'an is God's speech, uncreated; and as for speech about pause and articulation — whoever speaks of articulation or pause is, for them, an innovator; it is not said the articulation of the Qur'an is created, nor that it is uncreated\" {cite:maqalat-islamiyyin p. 346}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "What is not covered here",
     "markdown": "This entry presents the positions of the 'Aqida al-Tahawiyya, Ibn Qudama's Lum'at al-I'tiqad, Ibn Taymiyya's al-Wasitiyya, and what al-Ash'ari related in Maqalat al-Islamiyyin of the people of hadith and sunna and declared his own — each attributed to its book. The sayings of the Maturidis and the remaining Sunni and non-Sunni schools from their own books have not yet been added; the entry needs specialist review before promotion."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "concept/kalam-allah",
    "lang": "en",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": [
     "Devin (SWE-2), draft translation"
    ]
   }
  }
 },
 "degree": 0,
 "contemporaries": [],
 "connections": [],
 "related": [
  "event/incident-of-the-slander",
  "concept/ahl-al-qibla",
  "concept/akhira",
  "concept/ashara-mubashshara",
  "concept/ashrat-al-saa",
  "concept/hubb-al-sahaba",
  "concept/ihsan",
  "concept/iman"
 ],
 "license": {
  "prose": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "data": "CC0 1.0"
 }
}