{
 "id": "concept/khatm-al-nubuwwa",
 "class": "concept",
 "slug": "khatm-al-nubuwwa",
 "label": {
  "ar": "ختم النبوة",
  "en": "Finality of prophethood"
 },
 "summary": {
  "ar": "عقيدة أن محمداً خاتم الأنبياء وأن كل دعوى للنبوة بعده ضلال، كما يصوغها الطحاوي في العقيدة الطحاوية.",
  "en": "The doctrine that Muhammad is the last of the prophets and that any claim to prophethood after him is error, as al-Tahawi states it."
 },
 "stub": false,
 "wings": [
  "ideas"
 ],
 "regions": [
  "global"
 ],
 "periods": [
  "period/abbasid-fragmentation"
 ],
 "tags": [],
 "aliases": [],
 "themes": [
  "creed"
 ],
 "data": {
  "kind": "doctrine",
  "issue": {
   "ar": "ما منزلة محمد بين الأنبياء، وما حكم الإيمان برسالته؟",
   "en": "What is Muhammad's standing among the prophets, and what of believing in his message?"
  },
  "perspectives": [
   {
    "tradition": "sunni-hanafi",
    "id": "aqida-tahawiyya",
    "stance": {
     "ar": "خاتم الأنبياء وكل دعوى نبوة بعده ضلال",
     "en": "The last of the prophets, and every claim to prophethood after him is error"
    },
    "summary": {
     "ar": "يقول الطحاوي إن محمداً خاتم الأنبياء وسيد المرسلين وإن كل دعوى للنبوة بعده غي وهوى."
    },
    "holders": [
     "person/al-tahawi",
     "work/aqida-tahawiyya"
    ],
    "evidence": [
     {
      "ref": "source/aqida-tahawiyya",
      "note": {
       "ar": "البنود 32 إلى 35، ص 12",
       "en": "articles 32 to 35, p. 12"
      }
     }
    ],
    "sources": [
     "source/aqida-tahawiyya"
    ]
   },
   {
    "tradition": "sunni-hanbali",
    "id": "lumat-al-itiqad",
    "stance": {
     "ar": "خاتم النبيين وسيد المرسلين، ولا يصح إيمان عبد حتى يؤمن برسالته",
     "en": "The seal of the prophets and master of the messengers; no servant's belief is sound until he believes in his message"
    },
    "summary": {
     "ar": "يقول ابن قدامة: «ومحمد رسول الله خاتم النبيين وسيد المرسلين، لا يصح إيمان عبد حتى يؤمن برسالته، ويشهد بنبوته»، وإن أمته خير الأمم وأصحابه خير أصحاب الأنبياء.",
     "en": "Ibn Qudama says Muhammad is the Messenger of God, seal of the prophets and master of the messengers, no servant's belief is sound until he believes in his message and testifies to his prophethood, and that his community is the best of communities and his companions the best of the prophets' companions."
    },
    "holders": [
     "person/ibn-qudama-al-maqdisi",
     "work/lumat-al-itiqad"
    ],
    "evidence": [
     {
      "ref": "source/lumat-al-itiqad",
      "note": {
       "ar": "ص 35 و36",
       "en": "pp. 35 and 36"
      }
     }
    ],
    "sources": [
     "source/lumat-al-itiqad"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "provenance": {
   "layer": "own-research",
   "source": "العقيدة الطحاوية، طبعة دار ابن حزم 1995 (نص كامل؛ 134 بنداً، الصفحات 7-32)",
   "generated_by": "Claude (maintainer session)",
   "model": "claude-sonnet-5-5",
   "run": "tahawiyya-1"
  },
  "sources": [
   "source/aqida-tahawiyya",
   "source/lumat-al-itiqad"
  ],
  "status": {
   "review": "draft",
   "completeness": 2,
   "generated_by": "Claude Sonnet 5.5; read from the full text of al-Tahawiyya (Dar Ibn Hazm 1995, pp. 12, 20, 22, 30, 31); Lum'at al-I'tiqad (Maktab Islami ed., pp. 35 و36) added as a second opinion"
  }
 },
 "prose": {
  "ar": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "موجز",
     "markdown": "يقول الطحاوي: إن محمداً «عبده المصطفى، ونبيه المجتبى، ورسوله المرتضى» {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p.12}، وإنه «خاتم الأنبياء، وإمام الأتقياء، وسيد المرسلين، وحبيب رب العالمين» {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p.12}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "الحكم على دعوى النبوة بعده",
     "markdown": "«وكل دعوى النبوة بعده فَغيٌّ وهوى» {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p.12}. وهو عنده «المبعوث إلى عامة الجن وكافة الورى» {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p.12}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "الإيمان بالأنبياء والكتب",
     "markdown": "ويؤمن الطحاوي بالملائكة والنبيين والكتب المنزلة على المرسلين، ويشهد بأنهم على الحق المبين {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p.20}، «لا نفرق بين أحد من رسله» {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p.22}. وفي الأولياء يقول إنه لا يُفضَّل أحد منهم على نبي، وإن نبياً واحداً أفضل من جميع الأولياء {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p.30} {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p.31}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "في لمعة الاعتقاد لابن قدامة المقدسي",
     "markdown": "يقول ابن قدامة: «ومحمد رسول الله خاتم النبيين وسيد المرسلين، لا يصح إيمان عبد حتى يؤمن برسالته، ويشهد بنبوته» {cite:lumat-al-itiqad p.35}، وإن أمته خير الأمم وأصحابه خير أصحاب الأنبياء {cite:lumat-al-itiqad p.36}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "ما لم يُذكر هنا",
     "markdown": "يعرض هذا المدخل موقف العقيدة الطحاوية وموقف لمعة الاعتقاد لابن قدامة المقدسي وحدهما، منسوباً كل منهما إلى كتابه. ولم تُضف بعد أقوال الأشاعرة والماتريدية وبقية المدارس السنية وغير السنية من كتبها، ويحتاج المدخل إلى مراجعة متخصص قبل ترقيته."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "concept/khatm-al-nubuwwa",
    "lang": "ar",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": []
   }
  },
  "en": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "Summary",
     "markdown": "Al-Tahawi says: Muhammad is \"His chosen servant, His elect prophet, and His pleasing messenger\" {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p. 12}, and he is \"the seal of the prophets, the imam of the pious, the master of the messengers, and the beloved of the Lord of the worlds\" {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p. 12}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "The ruling on claiming prophethood after him",
     "markdown": "\"Every claim to prophethood after him is delusion and desire\" {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p. 12}. He is, for al-Tahawi, \"the one sent to all the jinn and all mankind\" {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p. 12}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "Belief in the prophets and the books",
     "markdown": "Al-Tahawi believes in the angels, the prophets and the books sent down upon the messengers, and testifies they are upon clear truth {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p. 20}, \"we make no distinction between any of His messengers\" {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p. 22}. Of the awliya he says none of them is preferred over a prophet, and a single prophet is better than all the awliya {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p. 30} {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p. 31}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "In Ibn Qudama al-Maqdisi's Lum'at al-I'tiqad",
     "markdown": "Ibn Qudama says: \"Muhammad is God's messenger, the seal of the prophets and the master of the messengers; a servant's faith is not valid until he believes in his message and testifies to his prophethood\" {cite:lumat-al-itiqad p. 35}; his umma is the best of nations and his companions the best of the prophets' companions {cite:lumat-al-itiqad p. 36}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "What is not covered here",
     "markdown": "This entry presents the position of the 'Aqida al-Tahawiyya and that of Ibn Qudama al-Maqdisi's Lum'at al-I'tiqad alone — each attributed to its book. The sayings of the Ash'aris, Maturidis and the remaining Sunni and non-Sunni schools from their own books have not yet been added; the entry needs specialist review before promotion."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "concept/khatm-al-nubuwwa",
    "lang": "en",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": [
     "Devin (SWE-2), draft translation"
    ]
   }
  }
 },
 "degree": 0,
 "contemporaries": [],
 "connections": [],
 "related": [
  "concept/ahl-al-qibla",
  "concept/akhira",
  "concept/ashara-mubashshara",
  "concept/ashrat-al-saa",
  "concept/bida",
  "concept/hubb-al-sahaba",
  "concept/huduth-al-alam",
  "concept/hurmat-al-dam"
 ],
 "license": {
  "prose": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "data": "CC0 1.0"
 }
}