{
 "id": "concept/manasib-quraysh",
 "class": "concept",
 "slug": "manasib-quraysh",
 "label": {
  "ar": "مناصب قريش في مكة",
  "en": "The offices of Quraysh at Mecca"
 },
 "summary": {
  "ar": "المناصب التي قامت عليها حكومة مكة قبل الإسلام في عرض الرحيق المختوم: الخمسة التي جمعها قصي (رياسة دار الندوة واللواء والحجابة والسقاية والرفادة) واقتسمها بعده بنو عبد الدار وبنو عبد مناف، وما وُزّع بين بطون قريش من الإيسار وتحجير الأموال والشورى والأشناق والعقاب والقبة والسفارة، حتى كوّنوا بها ما يسميه المؤلف شبه دويلة ديمقراطية؛ وقبلها خلال مضر الثلاث في الحج.",
  "en": "The offices on which Mecca's pre-Islamic government rested in al-Raheeq al-Makhtum's account: the five gathered by Qusayy (Dar al-Nadwa, the banner, the custody of the Kaaba, the watering and the feeding of pilgrims) later divided between Abd al-Dar and Abd Manaf, and the further offices distributed among the clans (divination arrows, votive property, counsel, blood-money, the war standard, the camp and cavalry, embassy), forming what the author calls a quasi-democratic statelet; before them, the three hajj prerogatives of Mudar."
 },
 "stub": false,
 "wings": [
  "ideas",
  "people"
 ],
 "regions": [
  "arabia"
 ],
 "periods": [
  "period/pre-islamic-arabia"
 ],
 "tags": [],
 "aliases": [],
 "themes": [
  "sacred-space-and-pilgrimage",
  "laws-of-war-and-peace"
 ],
 "data": {
  "kind": "political",
  "provenance": {
   "layer": "own-research",
   "source": "الرحيق المختوم ص27–34 نقلاً عن ابن هشام 1/111–132 وقلب جزيرة العرب ص230–232 ومحاضرات الخضري 1/35–36 وتاريخ أرض القرآن 2/104–106",
   "generated_by": "Claude Code",
   "model": "claude-fable-5-1",
   "run": "raheeq-prose-batch-2c"
  },
  "sources": [
   "source/mubarakpuri-raheeq",
   "source/ibn-hisham-sira",
   "source/muhadarat-tarikh-al-umam-al-islamiyya",
   "source/tarikh-ard-al-quran"
  ],
  "status": {
   "review": "draft",
   "completeness": 2,
   "generated_by": "Claude Code (claude-fable-5-1); al-Raheeq al-Makhtum pp. 29–32"
  }
 },
 "prose": {
  "ar": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "موجز",
     "markdown": "قامت حكومة [[place/mecca|مكة]] قبل الإسلام على مناصب موزعة بين بطون [[group/quraysh|قريش]]: خمسة جمعها [[person/qusayy-ibn-kilab|قصي بن كلاب]] في يده ثم اقتُسمت بعده، ومناصب أخرى وُزعت بين البطون حتى كوّنوا بها ما يسميه الرحيق المختوم دويلة، بل شبه دويلة ديمقراطية، لها من الدوائر ما يشبه في عصرنا دوائر البرلمان ومجالسها {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.31} {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.32}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "قبل قصي: خلال مضر الثلاث",
     "markdown": "لما استبدت [[group/khuzaa|خزاعة]] بأمر مكة كانت لقبائل [[group/mudar-ibn-nizar|مضر]] ثلاث خلال: الأولى الدفع بالناس من عرفة إلى المزدلفة والإجازة بهم يوم النفر من منى، وكان يليها بنو الغوث بن مرة من بطون إلياس بن مضر وكانوا يسمون [[group/sufa|صوفة]]؛ والثانية الإفاضة من جُمَع غداة النحر إلى منى، وكانت في بني [[group/adwan|عدوان]]؛ والثالثة إنساء الأشهر الحرم، وكانت إلى بني تميم بن عدي من بني كنانة {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.29} {cite:ibn-hisham-sira 1/44} {cite:ibn-hisham-sira 1/119-122}. انظر [[concept/nasi|النسيء]]. وأقرّ قصي النسأة وآل صفوان وعدوان ومرة بن عوف على ما كانوا عليه من المناصب لأنه كان يراه ديناً لا ينبغي تغييره {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.30} {cite:ibn-hisham-sira 1/124-125}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "مناصب قصي الخمسة",
     "markdown": "كان لقصي من مظاهر الرياسة والتشريف {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.31} {cite:ibn-hisham-sira 1/130} {cite:muhadarat-tarikh-al-umam-al-islamiyya 1/36}:\n- رياسة [[building/dar-al-nadwa|دار الندوة]]، ففيها كانوا يتشاورون فيما نزل بهم من جسام الأمور ويزوّجون فيها بناتهم.\n- اللواء، فلا تُعقد راية الحرب إلا بيده.\n- الحجابة، حجابة الكعبة، فلا يفتح بابها إلا هو، وهو الذي يلي أمر خدمتها وسدانتها.\n- سقاية الحاج: يملأون للحجاج حياضاً من الماء يحلّونها بشيء من التمر والزبيب فيشرب الناس منها إذا وردوا مكة.\n- رفادة الحاج: طعام يُصنع للحاج على طريقة الضيافة، فرض قصي على قريش خرجاً تخرجه في الموسم من أموالها إليه فيصنع به طعاماً للحاج يأكله من لم يكن له سعة ولا زاد {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.31} {cite:ibn-hisham-sira 1/130}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "الاقتسام بعد قصي",
     "markdown": "أوصى قصي بهذه المناصب لبكره عبد الدار، فلما هلك [[person/abd-manaf-ibn-qusayy|عبد مناف]] نافس أبناؤه بني عمهم عبد الدار فيها، فتداعوا إلى الصلح واقتسموها: السقاية والرفادة لبني عبد مناف، ودار الندوة واللواء والحجابة بيد بني عبد الدار {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.31} {cite:ibn-hisham-sira 1/129-132}. ثم خرجت السقاية والرفادة بالقرعة ل[[person/hashim-ibn-abd-manaf|هاشم]] فوليهما طول حياته، ثم [[person/al-muttalib-ibn-abd-manaf|المطلب]]، ثم [[person/abd-al-muttalib|عبد المطلب]]، وبعده أبناؤه حتى جاء الإسلام والولاية إلى [[person/abbas-ibn-abd-al-muttalib|العباس بن عبد المطلب]] {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.31} {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.32} {cite:ibn-hisham-sira 1/129-142}. تفصيله في [[event/partition-of-meccan-offices|اقتسام المناصب]]."
    },
    {
     "heading": "سائر المناصب",
     "markdown": "كانت لقريش مناصب سوى ذلك وزعوها فيما بينهم، يعدّها المؤلف عن تاريخ أرض القرآن {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.32} {cite:tarikh-ard-al-quran 2/104-106}:\n- الإيسار، أي تولية قداح الأصنام للاستقسام، في [[group/banu-jumah|بني جمح]] (انظر [[concept/azlam|الأزلام]]).\n- تحجير الأموال، أي نظم القربات والنذور التي تُهدى إلى الأصنام، وكذلك فصل الخصومات، في [[group/banu-sahm|بني سهم]].\n- الشورى، في [[group/banu-asad|بني أسد]].\n- الأشناق، أي نظم الديات والغرامات، في بني تيم.\n- العقاب، أي حمل اللواء القومي، في [[group/banu-umayya|بني أمية]].\n- القبة، أي نظم المعسكر وقيادة الخيل، في [[group/banu-makhzum|بني مخزوم]].\n- السفارة، في [[group/banu-adi|بني عدي]]."
    },
    {
     "heading": "ما لم يُذكر هنا",
     "markdown": "تسمية المؤلف هذا النظام «شبه دويلة ديمقراطية» وتشبيهه بالبرلمان رأيه هو؛ انظر تقديره في [[concept/pre-islamic-political-condition|الحالة السياسية]] و[[polity/emirate-of-hijaz|الإمارة بالحجاز]]."
    },
    {
     "heading": "للزوار الصغار",
     "markdown": "كانت لقريش وظائف مقسّمة بين عائلاتها: من يسقي الحجاج، ومن يطعمهم، ومن يحمل راية الحرب، ومن يفتح باب الكعبة."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "concept/manasib-quraysh",
    "lang": "ar",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": []
   }
  },
  "en": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "Overview",
     "markdown": "The government of [[place/mecca|Mecca]] before Islam rested on offices distributed among the clans of [[group/quraysh|Quraysh]]. Five of them were gathered into the hand of [[person/qusayy-ibn-kilab|Qusayy ibn Kilab]] and then divided after him. Other offices were shared among the clans until they formed what *al-Rahiq al-Makhtum* calls a mini-state, even a quasi-democratic state, with councils resembling in our age the councils and chambers of a parliament. {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.31} {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.32}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "Before Qusayy: the three attributes of Mudar",
     "markdown": "When [[group/khuzaa|Khuza'a]] held sole authority over Mecca, the tribes of [[group/mudar-ibn-nizar|Mudar]] had three attributes. The first was directing the people from Arafat to Muzdalifa and dispatching them from Mina on the day of departure; it was held by the Banu al-Ghawth ibn Murr of the clans of Ilyas ibn Mudar, who were called [[group/sufa|Sufa]]. The second was the departure from Jam' on the morning of the sacrifice to Mina, which belonged to the Banu [[group/adwan|Adwan]]. The third was the postponement of the sacred months, which belonged to the Banu Tamim ibn 'Adi of the Kinana. {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.29} {cite:ibn-hisham-sira 1/44} {cite:ibn-hisham-sira 1/119-122} See [[concept/nasi|the intercalation]]. Qusayy confirmed the custodians, the families of Safwan, 'Adwan, and Murra ibn 'Awf in the offices they held, because he considered it a religion that should not be changed. {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.30} {cite:ibn-hisham-sira 1/124-125}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "The five offices of Qusayy",
     "markdown": "Qusayy held the marks of leadership and honour: {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.31} {cite:ibn-hisham-sira 1/130} {cite:muhadarat-tarikh-al-umam-al-islamiyya 1/36}\n- The presidency of [[building/dar-al-nadwa|Dar al-Nadwa]], where they consulted about the grave affairs that befell them and married off their daughters.\n- The standard: no banner of war was tied except in his hand.\n- The chamberlainship of the Ka'ba: no one opened its door except him, and he managed its service and custody.\n- The provision of water for pilgrims: they filled basins with water for the pilgrims, sweetened with some dates and raisins, and people drank from them when they arrived in Mecca.\n- The provision of food for pilgrims: food prepared for the pilgrim in the manner of hospitality. Qusayy imposed on Quraysh a levy they paid from their wealth during the season, and with it he prepared food for the pilgrims, which anyone without means or provisions could eat. {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.31} {cite:ibn-hisham-sira 1/130}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "The division after Qusayy",
     "markdown": "Qusayy bequeathed these offices to his eldest son, Abd al-Dar. When [[person/abd-manaf-ibn-qusayy|Abd Manaf]] died, his sons contested them with their cousins the sons of Abd al-Dar. They came to an agreement and divided them: the provision of water and of food to the Banu Abd Manaf, and Dar al-Nadwa, the standard, and the chamberlainship in the hands of the Banu Abd al-Dar. {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.31} {cite:ibn-hisham-sira 1/129-132} Then the water and food were drawn by lot to [[person/hashim-ibn-abd-manaf|Hashim]], who held them for his whole life, then [[person/al-muttalib-ibn-abd-manaf|al-Muttalib]], then [[person/abd-al-muttalib|Abd al-Muttalib]], and after him his sons, until Islam came and the office passed to [[person/abbas-ibn-abd-al-muttalib|al-Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib]]. {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.31} {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.32} {cite:ibn-hisham-sira 1/129-142} The details are in [[event/partition-of-meccan-offices|the partition of the offices]]."
    },
    {
     "heading": "The other offices",
     "markdown": "Quraysh had offices other than these, which they distributed among themselves. The author counts them from the history of the land of the Qur'an. {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.32} {cite:tarikh-ard-al-quran 2/104-106}\n- The *iysar* (the drawing of arrows for divination): entrusted to the Banu [[group/banu-jumah|Jumah]] (see [[concept/azlam|the arrows]]).\n- The *tahjir al-amwal* (the arrangement of offerings and vows dedicated to idols), and likewise the settling of disputes: among the Banu [[group/banu-sahm|Sahm]].\n- The consultation (*shura*): among the Banu [[group/banu-asad|Asad]].\n- The *ashnaq* (the arrangement of blood-money and fines): among the Banu Taym.\n- The *iqab* (bearing the national banner): among the Banu [[group/banu-umayya|Umayya]].\n- The *qubba* (the arrangement of the camp and the command of horses): among the Banu [[group/banu-makhzum|Makhzum]].\n- The embassy (*sifara*): among the Banu [[group/banu-adi|Adi]]."
    },
    {
     "heading": "What is not recorded here",
     "markdown": "The author's description of this system as a \"quasi-democratic mini-state,\" with a comparison to parliament, is his own view. See his assessment in [[concept/pre-islamic-political-condition|the political condition]] and [[polity/emirate-of-hijaz|the emirate of the Hijaz]]."
    },
    {
     "heading": "For young visitors",
     "markdown": "Quraysh divided its duties among its families: one gave water to the pilgrims, another fed them, another carried the war banner, and another opened the door of the Ka'ba."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "concept/manasib-quraysh",
    "lang": "en",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": [
     "Claude Haiku 5.5 (claude-haiku-5-5), draft translation"
    ]
   }
  }
 },
 "degree": 4,
 "contemporaries": [],
 "connections": [
  {
   "to": "group/quraysh",
   "type": "practiced_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "sources": [
    "source/mubarakpuri-raheeq",
    "source/ibn-hisham-sira"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "place/mecca",
   "type": "practiced_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "sources": [
    "source/mubarakpuri-raheeq"
   ]
  }
 ],
 "related": [
  "event/capture-and-islam-of-thumama-ibn-uthal",
  "event/partition-of-meccan-offices",
  "event/treaty-of-hudaybiyya",
  "person/abdullah-ibn-khatal",
  "person/al-huwayrith-ibn-nuqayd",
  "person/miqyas-ibn-subaba",
  "concept/ibadat-al-asnam-jahiliyya",
  "event/conquest-of-mecca"
 ],
 "license": {
  "prose": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "data": "CC0 1.0"
 }
}