{
 "id": "concept/medina-society-at-hijra",
 "class": "concept",
 "slug": "medina-society-at-hijra",
 "label": {
  "ar": "المجتمع في المدينة عند الهجرة",
  "en": "Medina's society at the Hijra"
 },
 "summary": {
  "ar": "الصورة التي يرسمها الرحيق المختوم للمدينة عند الهجرة: ثلاث مراحل للعهد المدني، وثلاث فئات تواجه النبي، هي الصحابة من المهاجرين والأنصار، والمشركون من قبائل المدينة وعلى رأسهم عبد الله بن أبي، واليهود الذين يعيشون بالربا والتحريض بين القبائل، وقريش خارجاً.",
  "en": "The picture al-Raheeq al-Makhtum draws of Medina at the Hijra: three phases of the Medinan period and three groups facing the Prophet, namely the Companions among the Emigrants and Helpers, the pagans of Medina's tribes led by Abdullah ibn Ubayy, and the Jews who lived by usury and by stirring enmity between tribes; and Quraysh from outside."
 },
 "stub": false,
 "wings": [
  "ideas"
 ],
 "regions": [
  "arabia"
 ],
 "periods": [
  "period/prophetic-era"
 ],
 "tags": [],
 "aliases": [],
 "themes": [],
 "data": {
  "kind": "social",
  "provenance": {
   "layer": "own-research",
   "source": "الرحيق المختوم ص175–182 نقلاً عن ابن هشام 1/518–519 وصحيح البخاري 1/459، 1/556–561 ومحمد الغزالي في فقه السيرة ص162",
   "generated_by": "Claude Code",
   "model": "claude-haiku-5-5",
   "run": "raheeq-prose-batch-13a"
  },
  "sources": [
   "source/mubarakpuri-raheeq",
   "source/ibn-hisham-sira",
   "source/sahih-al-bukhari"
  ],
  "status": {
   "review": "draft",
   "completeness": 2,
   "generated_by": "Claude Code (claude-haiku-5-5); al-Raheeq al-Makhtum pp. 175–182"
  }
 },
 "prose": {
  "ar": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "موجز",
     "markdown": "يقسم الرحيق المختوم العهد المدني إلى ثلاث مراحل: مرحلة القلاقل والفتن حتى صلح الحديبية في ذي القعدة سنة ست من الهجرة، ومرحلة الهدنة مع الزعامة الوثنية حتى فتح مكة في رمضان سنة ثمان، ومرحلة دخول الناس في دين الله أفواجاً حتى وفاة النبي في ربيع الأول سنة إحدى عشرة {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.175}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "ثلاث فئات",
     "markdown": "واجه النبي في المدينة ثلاث فئات: الصحابة، والمشركون من صميم قبائل المدينة، واليهود {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.177}. أما الصحابة فكانوا قد صاروا أمرهم بأيديهم بعد أن كانوا في مكة مقهورين مطرودين، فصار الواجب أن يبنوا مجتمعاً جديداً في مسائل الحضارة والاقتصاد والسياسة والحرب، وأن تتكامل فيه التشريعات مع التربية تدريجياً {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.177} {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.178}. وكان بينهم قسمان: [[group/ansar|الأنصار]] أصحاب الديار والأموال، و[[group/muhajirun|المهاجرون]] الذين لا ملجأ لهم ولا عمل، فزاد ضغط اللاجئين على اقتصاد المدينة {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.178} {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.179}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "المشركون وعبد الله بن أبي",
     "markdown": "كان من المشركين من يتردد في ترك دين آبائه، ومنهم من أسلم وأخلص، ومنهم من يبطن العداوة ولا يستطيع مناوأة المسلمين {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.179}. وعلى رأس هؤلاء [[person/abdullah-ibn-ubayy|عبد الله بن أبي]]، فقد كانت الأوس والخزرج اجتمعوا على سيادته بعد حرب بعاث، ونظموا له الخرز ليتوجوه، فلما جاء النبي انصرف قومه عنه إليه، فأظهر الإسلام بعد بدر وبقي مستبطناً الكفر، وكان يساهمه في خططه أصحابه من الرؤساء الذين حُرموا المناصب المرجوة {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.179}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "اليهود",
     "markdown": "كان اليهود قد انحازوا إلى الحجاز، وصبغوا بالصبغة العربية في الزي واللغة، لكنهم حافظوا على عصبيتهم الجنسية ولم يندمجوا، وكانوا يحتقرون العرب ويعدّونهم الأميين، ويرون أموالهم مباحة، ويكسبون بالربا وبالرهن، ويحرضون القبائل بعضها على بعض {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.179} {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.180}. وكانت في يثرب ثلاث قبائل منهم: [[group/banu-qaynuqa|بنو قينقاع]] حلفاء الخزرج وديارهم داخل المدينة، و[[group/banu-nadir|بنو النضير]] و[[group/banu-qurayza|بنو قريظة]] حلفاء الأوس وديارهم في ضواحيها، وقد ساهموا في حرب بعاث {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.180}. ورأى الكتاب أن دعوة الإسلام لم تكن تروق لهم، فهم يخشون أن تؤلف بين القبائل فيفشل نشاطهم وتذهب أموال الربا {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.181}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "أمثلة من الكتاب",
     "markdown": "يروي ابن إسحاق عن [[person/safiyya-bint-huyayy|صفية بنت حيي بن أخطب]] أن أباها وعمها أبا ياسر غدوا على النبي حين نزل قباء، ثم رجعا كسلانين ساقطين، ثم قال عمها لأبيها: أهو هو؟ قال: نعم، قال: فما في نفسك منه؟ قال: عداوته والله ما بقيت {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.181} {cite:ibn-hisham-sira 1/518-519}. ويروي البخاري عن إسلام [[person/abdullah-ibn-salam|عبد الله بن سلام]] أنه سمع بقدوم النبي فجاءه يسأله أسئلة لا يعلمها إلا نبي، فآمن ساعته، ثم قال إن اليهود قوم بهت، فأرسل النبي فجاءت اليهود، فسألهم عن عبد الله، فقالوا عنه شرنا وابن شرنا، ثم سألهم عن إسلامه فقالوا كذبت {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.181} {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.182} {cite:sahih-al-bukhari 1/459}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "قريش خارجاً",
     "markdown": "رأى الكتاب أن [[group/quraysh|قريش]] أشد الأعداء، فقد جربت التجويع والمقاطعة والتعذيب، ولما هاجر المسلمون صادرت أموالهم، ثم تآمرت على قتل النبي، ثم بعد نجاة المسلمين أغرت قبائل الجزيرة بأهل المدينة حتى صارت في شبه مقاطعة، وكانت حالة الحرب قائمة بينها وبين المسلمين {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.182}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "ملاحظات للباحثين",
     "markdown": "- التقسيم إلى ثلاث مراحل تقسيم المؤلف، وتعليقه على اليهود يعكس نظرته وعبارة الكتاب الخاصة؛ المتحف يعرضه كرؤية الكتاب.\n- وصف اليهود بالعصبية الجنسية والاحتقار للعرب رواية المؤلف عن الغزالي، ولا يُستعمل هنا حكماً على الجماعة كلها."
    },
    {
     "heading": "للزوار الصغار",
     "markdown": "عندما وصل النبي إلى المدينة كان فيها ثلاث فئات: المسلمون من المهاجرين والأنصار، وأهل المدينة الذين لم يسلموا بعد، واليهود. وكان اليهود يعيشون بالتجارة والربا، وبعضهم ينفر من الإسلام."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "concept/medina-society-at-hijra",
    "lang": "ar",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": []
   }
  },
  "en": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "Overview",
     "markdown": "*Al-Rahiq al-Makhtum* divides the Medinan period into three stages: the stage of unrest and strife until the Treaty of Hudaybiyya in Dhu al-Qa'da of the sixth year after the Hijra; the stage of truce with the pagan leadership until the conquest of Mecca in Ramadan of the eighth year; and the stage of people entering God's religion in multitudes until the Prophet's death in Rabi' al-Awwal of the eleventh year. {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.175}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "Three groups",
     "markdown": "In Medina the Prophet faced three groups: the Companions, the polytheists of the core tribes of Medina, and the Jews. {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.177} The Companions, who had been oppressed and driven out in Mecca, now found their affairs in their own hands, so it was their duty to build a new community in matters of civilisation, economy, politics, and war, and to bring legislation and education together gradually in it. {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.177} {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.178} There were two sections among them: [[group/ansar|the Ansar]], the owners of homes and wealth, and [[group/muhajirun|the Muhajirun]], who had no refuge and no work, so the pressure of the refugees on the economy of Medina grew. {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.178} {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.179}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "The polytheists and Abd Allah ibn Ubayy",
     "markdown": "Among the polytheists were some who hesitated to abandon the religion of their fathers, some who became Muslim and sincere, and some who concealed enmity and could not oppose the Muslims. {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.179} At the head of these was [[person/abdullah-ibn-ubayy|Abd Allah ibn Ubayy]]. The Aws and the Khazraj had united under his leadership after the battle of Bu'ath and had strung beads for his coronation, but when the Prophet came, his people turned away from him to the Prophet. He then professed Islam after Badr and remained concealing unbelief, and the chiefs who had been denied the posts they hoped for plotted with him. {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.179}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "The Jews",
     "markdown": "The Jews had settled in the Hijaz, and had taken on the Arab coloration in dress and language, but they kept their tribal solidarity and did not merge. They looked down on the Arabs and called them the unlettered, considered their property lawful, earned through usury and pledges, and incited the tribes against one another. {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.179} {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.180} In Yathrib there were three Jewish tribes: [[group/banu-qaynuqa|the Banu Qaynuqa']], allies of the Khazraj whose homes were inside the city, and [[group/banu-nadir|the Banu al-Nadir]] and [[group/banu-qurayza|the Banu Qurayza]], allies of the Aws whose homes were in its outskirts, and who had taken part in the battle of Bu'ath. {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.180} The author held that the call of Islam was not pleasing to them, since they feared that it would unite the tribes, so that their activity would fail and their usury would disappear. {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.181}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "Examples from the book",
     "markdown": "Ibn Ishaq relates from [[person/safiyya-bint-huyayy|Safiyya bint Huyayy ibn Akhtab]] that her father and her uncle Abu Yasir went to the Prophet when he alighted at Quba'. They returned weary and dejected. Then her uncle said to her father: \"Is he the one?\" He said: \"Yes.\" He asked: \"What is in your heart about him?\" He said: \"Enmity, by God, for as long as I live.\" {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.181} {cite:ibn-hisham-sira 1/518-519} Al-Bukhari relates the conversion of [[person/abdullah-ibn-salam|Abd Allah ibn Salam]]: he heard of the Prophet's arrival and came to him asking questions that only a prophet would know, and he believed on the spot. Then he said that the Jews were a people of slander. The Prophet sent for them, and the Jews came; he asked them about Abd Allah, and they said of him: \"He is our worst and the son of our worst.\" Then he asked them about his Islam, and they said: \"You have lied.\" {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.181} {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.182} {cite:sahih-al-bukhari 1/459}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "Quraysh abroad",
     "markdown": "The author holds that [[group/quraysh|Quraysh]] were the fiercest enemies. They had tried starvation, boycott, and torture; when the Muslims emigrated, they confiscated their property; then they conspired to kill the Prophet; and after the Muslims' escape, they incited the tribes of the Peninsula against the people of Medina, until it was in a state of near-boycott, with a state of war existing between it and the Muslims. {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.182}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "Notes for researchers",
     "markdown": "- The division into three stages is the author's division. His comment on the Jews reflects his view and the book's own wording; the museum presents it as the book's view.\n- The description of the Jews as holding tribal solidarity and disdain for the Arabs is the author's report from al-Ghazali, and it is not used here as a judgement on the whole community."
    },
    {
     "heading": "For young visitors",
     "markdown": "When the Prophet arrived in Medina, there were three groups there: the Muslims, the Muhajirun and the Ansar; the people of Medina who had not yet become Muslim; and the Jews. The Jews lived by trade and usury, and some of them disliked Islam."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "concept/medina-society-at-hijra",
    "lang": "en",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": [
     "Claude Haiku 5.5 (claude-haiku-5-5), draft translation"
    ]
   }
  }
 },
 "degree": 10,
 "contemporaries": [],
 "connections": [
  {
   "to": "place/medina",
   "type": "related_to",
   "inverse": false,
   "sources": [
    "source/mubarakpuri-raheeq"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "person/abdullah-ibn-ubayy",
   "type": "related_to",
   "inverse": false,
   "sources": [
    "source/mubarakpuri-raheeq"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "group/banu-qaynuqa",
   "type": "related_to",
   "inverse": false,
   "sources": [
    "source/mubarakpuri-raheeq"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "group/banu-nadir",
   "type": "related_to",
   "inverse": false,
   "sources": [
    "source/mubarakpuri-raheeq"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "group/banu-qurayza",
   "type": "related_to",
   "inverse": false,
   "sources": [
    "source/mubarakpuri-raheeq"
   ]
  }
 ],
 "related": [
  "place/medina",
  "event/constitution-of-medina",
  "group/early-muslims",
  "event/expedition-of-banu-al-nadir",
  "event/siege-of-banu-qaynuqa",
  "event/yawm-buath",
  "event/battle-of-the-trench",
  "event/battle-of-uhud"
 ],
 "license": {
  "prose": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "data": "CC0 1.0"
 }
}