{
 "id": "concept/qadar",
 "class": "concept",
 "slug": "qadar",
 "label": {
  "ar": "القدر",
  "en": "Qadar (divine decree)"
 },
 "summary": {
  "ar": "إيمان العقيدة الطحاوية بأن الله خلق الخلق بعلمه وقدّر لهم أقداراً وآجالاً، وأن كل شيء يجري بمشيئته وقضائه، مع النهي عن التعمق في سر القدر.",
  "en": "The Tahawi creed's belief that God created by His knowledge and decreed measures and terms, that all things happen by His will and judgement, with a warning against probing the secret of the decree."
 },
 "stub": false,
 "wings": [
  "ideas"
 ],
 "regions": [
  "global"
 ],
 "periods": [
  "period/abbasid-fragmentation"
 ],
 "tags": [],
 "aliases": [],
 "themes": [
  "creed"
 ],
 "data": {
  "kind": "doctrine",
  "issue": {
   "ar": "ما علاقة مشيئة الله وقدره بأفعال العباد؟",
   "en": "How do God's will and decree relate to the acts of His servants?"
  },
  "perspectives": [
   {
    "tradition": "sunni-hanafi",
    "id": "aqida-tahawiyya",
    "stance": {
     "ar": "كل شيء بتقدير الله ومشيئته، مع النهي عن التعمق في سر القدر",
     "en": "Everything is by God's decree and will, with a warning against probing the secret of the decree"
    },
    "summary": {
     "ar": "يقول الطحاوي إن الله خلق الخلق بعلمه وقدّر لهم أقداراً وآجالاً وإن كل شيء يجري بتقديره ومشيئته، ويرى أن أصل القدر سر الله في خلقه وأن التعمق فيه ذريعة الخذلان."
    },
    "holders": [
     "person/al-tahawi",
     "work/aqida-tahawiyya"
    ],
    "evidence": [
     {
      "ref": "source/aqida-tahawiyya",
      "note": {
       "ar": "البنود 21 إلى 31 و53 إلى 67 و109 إلى 116، ص 10 و11 و16 إلى 19 و26 إلى 28",
       "en": "articles 21 to 31, 53 to 67 and 109 to 116, pp. 10, 11, 16 to 19 and 26 to 28"
      }
     }
    ],
    "sources": [
     "source/aqida-tahawiyya"
    ]
   },
   {
    "tradition": "sunni-hanbali",
    "id": "lumat-al-itiqad",
    "stance": {
     "ar": "القدر مع بقاء الحجة على العبد وأن له فعلاً وكسباً",
     "en": "Decree with the servant's accountability and his own act and acquisition"
    },
    "summary": {
     "ar": "يقول ابن قدامة إنه «لا يكون شيء إلا بإرادته، ولا يخرج شيء عن مشيئته»، وإن الله «خلق الخلق وأفعالهم، وقدر أرزاقهم وآجالهم»، ثم يقول إنا «لا نجعل قضاء الله وقدره حجة لنا في ترك أوامره»، وإنه لم يجبر أحداً على معصية، وإن «للعبد فعلاً وكسباً» يُجزى عليه.",
     "en": "Ibn Qudama says nothing happens except by God's will and nothing escapes His decree, that He created the creatures and their acts and decreed their provisions and terms, that God's judgement and decree are no excuse for abandoning His commands, that He compelled no one to disobey, and that the servant has an act and an acquisition for which he is rewarded or punished."
    },
    "holders": [
     "person/ibn-qudama-al-maqdisi",
     "work/lumat-al-itiqad"
    ],
    "evidence": [
     {
      "ref": "source/lumat-al-itiqad",
      "note": {
       "ar": "ص 24 إلى 27",
       "en": "pp. 24 to 27"
      }
     }
    ],
    "sources": [
     "source/lumat-al-itiqad"
    ]
   },
   {
    "tradition": "sunni-hanbali",
    "id": "aqida-wasitiyya",
    "stance": {
     "ar": "القدر على درجتين: العلم والكتابة، والمشيئة والخلق، والعباد فاعلون حقيقة والله خالق أفعالهم",
     "en": "Decree has two degrees: knowledge and writing, and will and creation; servants truly act and God creates their acts"
    },
    "summary": {
     "ar": "يقول ابن تيمية إن الإيمان بالقدر على درجتين: علم الله بما الخلق عاملون وكتابته في اللوح المحفوظ، ومشيئته النافذة وقدرته الشاملة وخلقه لكل شيء، ثم يقول: «والعباد فاعلون حقيقة والله خالق أفعالهم»، وللعباد قدرة وإرادة، والله خالق قدرتهم وإرادتهم.",
     "en": "Ibn Taymiyya says belief in decree has two degrees: God's knowledge of what creatures will do and its writing in the preserved tablet, and His effective will, all-embracing power and creation of everything; he then says the servants truly act and God is the creator of their acts, the servants having power and will which God created."
    },
    "holders": [
     "person/ibn-taymiyya",
     "work/aqida-wasitiyya"
    ],
    "evidence": [
     {
      "ref": "source/aqida-wasitiyya",
      "note": {
       "ar": "ص 21 و22",
       "en": "pp. 21 and 22"
      }
     }
    ],
    "sources": [
     "source/aqida-wasitiyya"
    ]
   },
   {
    "tradition": "sunni-ashari",
    "id": "maqalat-ashari",
    "stance": {
     "ar": "لا يكون شيء إلا بمشيئة الله، وأعمال العباد يخلقها الله، والخير والشر بقضائه وقدره",
     "en": "Nothing happens except by God's will, God creates the acts of the servants, and good and evil are by His judgement and decree"
    },
    "summary": {
     "ar": "يذكر الأشعري أنهم يقولون: «إنه لا يكون في الأرض من خير ولا شر إلا ما شاء الله»، وأنه «لا خالق إلا الله» وأن أعمال العباد يخلقها الله، وأن الخير والشر بقضاء الله وقدره، وأن الله وفّق المؤمنين وخذل الكافرين.",
     "en": "Al-Ash'ari says they hold that no good or evil occurs on earth except what God wills, that there is no creator but God and that God creates the servants' acts, that good and evil are by God's judgement and decree, and that God granted success to the believers and forsook the unbelievers."
    },
    "holders": [
     "person/al-ashari",
     "work/maqalat-islamiyyin"
    ],
    "evidence": [
     {
      "ref": "source/maqalat-islamiyyin",
      "note": {
       "ar": "ص 345 و346 و349",
       "en": "pp. 345, 346 and 349"
      }
     }
    ],
    "sources": [
     "source/maqalat-islamiyyin"
    ]
   },
   {
    "tradition": "sunni-hanbali",
    "id": "ibn-rajab-jami",
    "stance": {
     "ar": "السعادة والشقاوة سبق بهما الكتاب وهي مقدرة بحسب الأعمال، وكل ميسر لما خلق له، والخواتيم ميراث السوابق",
     "en": "Happiness and wretchedness were written beforehand and are measured out according to deeds; each is eased toward what he was created for, and endings are the legacy of what preceded"
    },
    "summary": {
     "ar": "يجمع ابن رجب في شرح حديث ابن مسعود بين سبق الكتاب بالسعادة والشقاوة وبين الأمر بالعمل: فعن علي بن أبي طالب أن الصحابة سألوا «أفلا نمكث على كتابنا وندع العمل؟» فكان الجواب «اعملوا فكل ميسر لما خلق له»، فيقرر أن التقدير بحسب الأعمال وأن كلاً ميسر للأعمال التي هي سبب سعادته أو شقاوته؛ ثم يبين أن العبرة بالخواتيم التي هي «ميراث السوابق»، وأن خاتمة السوء تكون بدسيسة باطنة خفية لا يطلع عليها الناس.",
     "en": "In his commentary on Ibn Masud's hadith Ibn Rajab joins the prior writing of happiness and wretchedness to the command to act: when the Companions asked, through Ali ibn Abi Talib's report, \"shall we not rely on what is written for us and abandon deeds?\", the answer was \"act, for each is eased toward what he was created for\"; he concludes the decree is measured according to deeds and each is eased toward the deeds that bring his happiness or wretchedness, and that what counts is the endings — \"the legacy of what preceded\" — an evil ending coming through a hidden inward corrupting trait people do not see."
    },
    "holders": [
     "person/ibn-rajab",
     "work/jami-ulum-hikam"
    ],
    "evidence": [
     {
      "ref": "source/ibn-rajab-jami-ulum-hikam",
      "note": {
       "ar": "ص 145–152، شرح الحديث الرابع",
       "en": "pp. 145–152, commentary on hadith 4"
      }
     }
    ],
    "sources": [
     "source/ibn-rajab-jami-ulum-hikam"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "provenance": {
   "layer": "own-research",
   "source": "العقيدة الطحاوية، طبعة دار ابن حزم 1995 (نص كامل؛ 134 بنداً، الصفحات 7-32)",
   "generated_by": "Claude (maintainer session)",
   "model": "claude-sonnet-5-5",
   "run": "tahawiyya-1"
  },
  "sources": [
   "source/aqida-tahawiyya",
   "source/lumat-al-itiqad",
   "source/aqida-wasitiyya",
   "source/maqalat-islamiyyin",
   "source/ibn-rajab-jami-ulum-hikam"
  ],
  "status": {
   "review": "draft",
   "completeness": 2,
   "generated_by": "Claude Sonnet 5.5; read from the full text of al-Tahawiyya (Dar Ibn Hazm 1995, pp. 10, 11, 16, 17, 18, 27); Lum'at al-I'tiqad (Maktab Islami ed., pp. 24 إلى 27) added as a second opinion"
  }
 },
 "prose": {
  "ar": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "موجز",
     "markdown": "يقول الطحاوي: خلق الله الخلق بعلمه، وقدّر لهم أقداراً، وضرب لهم آجالاً، ولم يخفَ عليه شيء قبل أن يخلقهم، وأمرهم بطاعته ونهاهم عن معصيته {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p.10} {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p.11}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "المشيئة والقضاء",
     "markdown": "«وكل شيء يجري بتقديره ومشيئته، ومشيئته تنفذ»، و«لا مشيئة للعباد إلا ما شاء لهم» {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p.11}. وهو يهدي من يشاء ويضل من يشاء، هدايةً «فضلاً» وإضلالاً «عدلاً»، ويتقلب الجميع في مشيئته بين فضله وعدله {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p.11}. ثم يقول إن كل شيء يجري بمشيئته وعلمه وقضائه وقدره، وإن مشيئته غلبت المشيئات كلها وقضاءه غلب الحيل كلها {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p.27}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "العلم والكتابة",
     "markdown": "عَلِم الله عدد من يدخل الجنة وعدد من يدخل النار جملة واحدة، «فلا يُزاد في ذلك العدد ولا يُنقص منه»، وكذلك أفعالهم {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p.16}، و«كل ميسَّر لما خُلق له، والأعمال بالخواتيم» {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p.16}. ويؤمن بـ«اللوح والقلم وبجميع ما فيه قد رقم»، ويقول إنه لو اجتمع الخلق على إبطال ما كتبه الله لم يقدروا {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p.18}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "النهي عن التعمق",
     "markdown": "يرى أن أصل القدر «سر الله تعالى في خلقه، لم يطّلع على ذلك ملك مقرب ولا نبي مرسل»، وأن التعمق فيه «ذريعة الخذلان وسلَّم الحرمان»، وأن العلم علمان: علم في الخلق موجود وعلم مفقود، ولا يثبت الإيمان إلا بقبول الموجود وترك طلب المفقود {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p.17} {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p.18}. وللحديث عن فعل العبد انظر [[concept/kasb|الكسب والاستطاعة]]."
    },
    {
     "heading": "في لمعة الاعتقاد لابن قدامة المقدسي",
     "markdown": "يقول ابن قدامة إن الله «الفعال لما يريد، لا يكون شيء إلا بإرادته، ولا يخرج شيء عن مشيئته»، وإنه «خلق الخلق وأفعالهم، وقدر أرزاقهم وآجالهم، يهدي من يشاء برحمته، ويضل من يشاء بحكمته» {cite:lumat-al-itiqad p.24}. ثم يقول: «ولا نجعل قضاء الله وقدره حجة لنا في ترك أوامره واجتناب نواهيه»، وإن الله لم يأمر وينهَ إلا المستطيع، ولم يجبر أحداً على معصية ولا اضطره إلى ترك طاعة {cite:lumat-al-itiqad p.26}. ويستدل بآية على أن «للعبد فعلاً وكسباً يجزى على حسنه بالثواب، وعلى سيئه بالعقاب، وهو واقع بقضاء الله وقدره» {cite:lumat-al-itiqad p.27}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "في العقيدة الواسطية لابن تيمية",
     "markdown": "يقول ابن تيمية: «والإيمان بالقدر على درجتين، كل درجة تتضمن شيئين» {cite:aqida-wasitiyya p.21}: الأولى علم الله بما الخلق عاملون «بعلمه القديم»، ثم كتابته في اللوح المحفوظ مقادير الخلق، والثانية «مشيئة الله النافذة وقدرته الشاملة»، وهي الإيمان «بأن ما شاء الله كان وما لم يشأ لم يكن» وأنه لا خالق غيره {cite:aqida-wasitiyya p.22}. ثم يقول: «والعباد فاعلون حقيقة والله خالق أفعالهم»، «وللعباد قدرة على أعمالهم ولهم إرادة والله خالقهم وخالق قدرتهم وإرادتهم» {cite:aqida-wasitiyya p.22}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "في «مقالات الإسلاميين» للأشعري",
     "markdown": "في «حكاية جملة قول أصحاب الحديث وأهل السنة» من «مقالات الإسلاميين» يعرض أبو الحسن الأشعري ما عليه أهل الحديث والسنة، ويختم بقوله: «وبكل ما ذكرنا من قولهم نقول، وإليه نذهب» {cite:maqalat-islamiyyin p.350}. يذكر فيه أنهم يقولون: «إنه لا يكون في الأرض من خير ولا شر، إلا ما شاء الله» {cite:maqalat-islamiyyin p.345}، وأنهم «أقروا أنه لا خالق إلا الله، وأن سيئات العباد يخلقها الله، وأن أعمال العباد يخلقها الله عز وجل، وأن العباد لا يقدرون أن يخلقوا منها شيئاً» {cite:maqalat-islamiyyin p.346}. ويقولون: «وأن الخير والشر بقضاء الله وقدره»، ويؤمنون بقضائه وقدره خيره وشره حلوه ومره {cite:maqalat-islamiyyin p.346}، وإن الله «وفق المؤمنين لطاعته، وخذل الكافرين» {cite:maqalat-islamiyyin p.346}، وإن من مات مات بأجله، وكذلك من قُتل {cite:maqalat-islamiyyin p.349}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "ما لم يُذكر هنا",
     "markdown": "يعرض هذا المدخل مواقف العقيدة الطحاوية ولمعة الاعتقاد لابن قدامة والعقيدة الواسطية لابن تيمية وما حكاه الأشعري في «مقالات الإسلاميين» عن أهل الحديث والسنة وقال إنه يذهب إليه، منسوباً كل منها إلى كتابه. ولم تُضف بعد أقوال الماتريدية وبقية المدارس السنية وغير السنية من كتبها، ويحتاج المدخل إلى مراجعة متخصص قبل ترقيته."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "concept/qadar",
    "lang": "ar",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": []
   }
  },
  "en": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "Summary",
     "markdown": "Al-Tahawi says: God created the creatures by His knowledge, decreed decrees for them, set their terms; nothing was hidden from Him before He created them; He commanded them obedience and forbade them disobedience {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p. 10} {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p. 11}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "Will and judgement",
     "markdown": "\"Everything proceeds by His determination and will, and His will is done\"; \"the servants have no will except what He wills for them\" {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p. 11}. He guides whom He wills and leads astray whom He wills — guidance \"by favour\", leading astray \"by justice\" — and all move within His will between His favour and His justice {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p. 11}. Then he says everything proceeds by His will, knowledge, judgement and decree; His will overcomes all wills and His judgement overcomes all devices {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p. 27}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "Knowledge and writing",
     "markdown": "God knew the number of those entering Paradise and the number entering the Fire in one count — \"that number is neither increased nor decreased\" — and likewise their deeds {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p. 16}; \"each is eased to what he was created for, and deeds are by their endings\" {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p. 16}. He believes in \"the Tablet and the Pen and all that has been inscribed in it\", and says if all creatures joined to annul what God wrote they could not {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p. 18}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "The prohibition on delving",
     "markdown": "He holds the root of the decree is \"God's secret in His creation — no angel brought near nor prophet sent has perceived it\"; delving into it is \"the road to being forsaken and the stair to deprivation\"; knowledge is two — a knowledge present among creatures and a knowledge absent — and faith stands only by accepting the present and abandoning the search for the absent {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p. 17} {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p. 18}. For the servant's act see [[concept/kasb|kasb and capacity]]."
    },
    {
     "heading": "In Ibn Qudama al-Maqdisi's Lum'at al-I'tiqad",
     "markdown": "Ibn Qudama says God is \"the Doer of what He wills — nothing is except by His will, and nothing departs His will\"; He \"created the creatures and their deeds, decreed their provisions and terms, guides whom He wills by His mercy and leads astray whom He wills by His wisdom\" {cite:lumat-al-itiqad p. 24}. Then: \"We do not make God's judgement and decree a plea for abandoning His commands and avoiding His prohibitions\"; God commanded and forbade only the able, compelled no one to disobedience nor forced him to abandon obedience {cite:lumat-al-itiqad p. 26}. He argues from a verse that \"the servant has a deed and an acquisition, requited for its good with reward and its evil with punishment — occurring by God's decree and determination\" {cite:lumat-al-itiqad p. 27}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "In Ibn Taymiyya's al-'Aqida al-Wasitiyya",
     "markdown": "Ibn Taymiyya says: \"Belief in the decree is in two degrees, each containing two things\" {cite:aqida-wasitiyya p. 21}: the first, God's knowledge of what the creatures will do \"by His eternal knowledge\", then His writing the creatures' measures in the Preserved Tablet; the second, \"God's operative will and encompassing power\" — belief \"that what God wills is, and what He does not will is not\" and that there is no creator but Him {cite:aqida-wasitiyya p. 22}. Then: \"The servants act in truth and God is the creator of their deeds\"; \"the servants have power over their deeds and have will, and God is their creator and the creator of their power and their will\" {cite:aqida-wasitiyya p. 22}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "In al-Ash'ari's Maqalat al-Islamiyyin",
     "markdown": "In \"the account of the sum of the saying of the people of hadith and sunna\" in Maqalat al-Islamiyyin, Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari presents what the people of hadith and sunna hold, ending: \"And in all we have mentioned of their saying we speak, and to it we go\" {cite:maqalat-islamiyyin p. 350}. He relates there that they say: \"There is no good or evil on earth except what God wills\" {cite:maqalat-islamiyyin p. 345}; that they \"affirmed there is no creator but God, that God creates the servants' evil deeds, that God creates the servants' deeds, and that the servants cannot create anything of them\" {cite:maqalat-islamiyyin p. 346}. They say \"good and evil are by God's judgement and decree\", believing in His judgement and decree — its good and evil, sweet and bitter {cite:maqalat-islamiyyin p. 346}; that God \"granted the believers success to His obedience and forsook the unbelievers\" {cite:maqalat-islamiyyin p. 346}; and that whoever dies dies by his term — and likewise whoever is killed {cite:maqalat-islamiyyin p. 349}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "What is not covered here",
     "markdown": "This entry presents the positions of the 'Aqida al-Tahawiyya, Ibn Qudama's Lum'at al-I'tiqad, Ibn Taymiyya's al-Wasitiyya, and what al-Ash'ari related in Maqalat al-Islamiyyin of the people of hadith and sunna and declared his own — each attributed to its book. The sayings of the Maturidis and the remaining Sunni and non-Sunni schools from their own books have not yet been added; the entry needs specialist review before promotion."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "concept/qadar",
    "lang": "en",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": [
     "Devin (SWE-2), draft translation"
    ]
   }
  }
 },
 "degree": 6,
 "contemporaries": [],
 "connections": [
  {
   "to": "passage/arbaun-04",
   "type": "based_on",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/ibn-rajab-jami-ulum-hikam"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "passage/arbaun-19",
   "type": "based_on",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/ibn-rajab-jami-ulum-hikam"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "passage/arbaun-24",
   "type": "based_on",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/ibn-rajab-jami-ulum-hikam"
   ]
  }
 ],
 "related": [
  "concept/khawatim",
  "concept/zulm",
  "concept/hadith-qudsi",
  "concept/sabr",
  "person/abdullah-ibn-abbas",
  "person/abdullah-ibn-masud",
  "person/abu-dharr-al-ghifari",
  "work/nur-al-iqtibas"
 ],
 "license": {
  "prose": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "data": "CC0 1.0"
 }
}