{
 "id": "concept/shafaa",
 "class": "concept",
 "slug": "shafaa",
 "label": {
  "ar": "الشفاعة",
  "en": "Intercession"
 },
 "summary": {
  "ar": "إيمان الطحاوي بأن الشفاعة التي ادّخرها الله لأمة النبي حق، وبأن أهل الكبائر من الموحدين يُخرَجون من النار برحمة الله وشفاعة الشافعين.",
  "en": "al-Tahawi's belief that the intercession God has kept for the Prophet's community is true, and that those of the monotheists who committed grave sins are brought out of the Fire by God's mercy and the intercession of intercessors."
 },
 "stub": false,
 "wings": [
  "ideas"
 ],
 "regions": [
  "global"
 ],
 "periods": [
  "period/abbasid-fragmentation"
 ],
 "tags": [],
 "aliases": [],
 "themes": [
  "creed"
 ],
 "data": {
  "kind": "doctrine",
  "issue": {
   "ar": "من يشفع، ولمن تكون الشفاعة؟",
   "en": "Who intercedes, and for whom is intercession?"
  },
  "perspectives": [
   {
    "tradition": "sunni-hanafi",
    "id": "aqida-tahawiyya",
    "stance": {
     "ar": "الشفاعة التي ادّخرها الله لأمة النبي حق، وأهل الكبائر يخرجون برحمته وشفاعة الشافعين",
     "en": "The intercession God has kept for the Prophet's community is true, and those of grave sins come out by His mercy and the intercessors"
    },
    "summary": {
     "ar": "يقول الطحاوي إن الشفاعة التي ادّخرها الله لأمة النبي حق، وإن أهل الكبائر من الموحدين لا يخلدون في النار ويخرجون برحمة الله وشفاعة الشافعين من أهل طاعته."
    },
    "holders": [
     "person/al-tahawi",
     "work/aqida-tahawiyya"
    ],
    "evidence": [
     {
      "ref": "source/aqida-tahawiyya",
      "note": {
       "ar": "البندان 51 و89، ص 16 و22 و23",
       "en": "articles 51 and 89, pp. 16, 22 and 23"
      }
     }
    ],
    "sources": [
     "source/aqida-tahawiyya"
    ]
   },
   {
    "tradition": "sunni-hanbali",
    "id": "lumat-al-itiqad",
    "stance": {
     "ar": "شفاعة النبي في أهل الكبائر وشفاعات للأنبياء والمؤمنين والملائكة، ولا تنفع الكافر",
     "en": "The Prophet's intercession for grave sinners, with intercessions of the prophets, believers and angels, which do not benefit the unbeliever"
    },
    "summary": {
     "ar": "يقول ابن قدامة إن النبي «يشفع فيمن دخل النار من أمته من أهل الكبائر، فيخرجون بشفاعته»، وإن «لسائر الأنبياء والمؤمنين والملائكة شفاعات»، وإنه «لا تنفع الكافر شفاعة الشافعين».",
     "en": "Ibn Qudama says the Prophet intercedes for those of his community who entered the Fire for grave sins and they come out by his intercession, that the other prophets, the believers and the angels have intercessions, and that the intercession of intercessors does not benefit the unbeliever."
    },
    "holders": [
     "person/ibn-qudama-al-maqdisi",
     "work/lumat-al-itiqad"
    ],
    "evidence": [
     {
      "ref": "source/lumat-al-itiqad",
      "note": {
       "ar": "ص 34",
       "en": "p. 34"
      }
     }
    ],
    "sources": [
     "source/lumat-al-itiqad"
    ]
   },
   {
    "tradition": "sunni-hanbali",
    "id": "aqida-wasitiyya",
    "stance": {
     "ar": "للنبي ثلاث شفاعات، منها شفاعة فيمن استحق النار، ويخرج الله أقواماً منها بغير شفاعة",
     "en": "The Prophet has three intercessions, one for those who deserved the Fire, and God brings people out of it without intercession"
    },
    "summary": {
     "ar": "يذكر ابن تيمية أن للنبي ثلاث شفاعات: في أهل الموقف حتى يُقضى بينهم، وفي أهل الجنة أن يدخلوها، وهاتان خاصتان به، والثالثة فيمن استحق النار وهي له ولسائر النبيين والصديقين وغيرهم، ويقول إن الله يخرج من النار أقواماً بغير شفاعة بفضله ورحمته.",
     "en": "Ibn Taymiyya says the Prophet has three intercessions: for the people of the standing place so that judgement is passed, and for the people of Paradise to enter it, these two being his alone, and a third for those who deserved the Fire which he shares with the other prophets, the truthful and others; and God brings people out of the Fire without intercession by His favour and mercy."
    },
    "holders": [
     "person/ibn-taymiyya",
     "work/aqida-wasitiyya"
    ],
    "evidence": [
     {
      "ref": "source/aqida-wasitiyya",
      "note": {
       "ar": "ص 20",
       "en": "p. 20"
      }
     }
    ],
    "sources": [
     "source/aqida-wasitiyya"
    ]
   },
   {
    "tradition": "sunni-ashari",
    "id": "maqalat-ashari",
    "stance": {
     "ar": "شفاعة النبي لأهل الكبائر من أمته، وإخراج الله قوماً من الموحدين من النار",
     "en": "The Prophet's intercession for those of his community who committed grave sins, and God bringing some monotheists out of the Fire"
    },
    "summary": {
     "ar": "يذكر الأشعري أنهم يقرون بشفاعة رسول الله وأنها لأهل الكبائر من أمته، ويؤمنون بأن الله يخرج قوماً من الموحدين من النار على ما جاءت به الروايات.",
     "en": "Al-Ash'ari reports they affirm the intercession of the Messenger of God and that it is for those of his community who committed grave sins, and they believe God brings some of the monotheists out of the Fire as the reports came."
    },
    "holders": [
     "person/al-ashari",
     "work/maqalat-islamiyyin"
    ],
    "evidence": [
     {
      "ref": "source/maqalat-islamiyyin",
      "note": {
       "ar": "ص 347",
       "en": "p. 347"
      }
     }
    ],
    "sources": [
     "source/maqalat-islamiyyin"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "provenance": {
   "layer": "own-research",
   "source": "العقيدة الطحاوية، طبعة دار ابن حزم 1995 (نص كامل؛ 134 بنداً، الصفحات 7-32)",
   "generated_by": "Claude (maintainer session)",
   "model": "claude-sonnet-5-5",
   "run": "tahawiyya-1"
  },
  "sources": [
   "source/aqida-tahawiyya",
   "source/lumat-al-itiqad",
   "source/aqida-wasitiyya",
   "source/maqalat-islamiyyin"
  ],
  "status": {
   "review": "draft",
   "completeness": 2,
   "generated_by": "Claude Sonnet 5.5; read from the full text of al-Tahawiyya (Dar Ibn Hazm 1995, pp. 16, 22, 23); Lum'at al-I'tiqad (Maktab Islami ed., pp. 34) added as a second opinion"
  }
 },
 "prose": {
  "ar": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "موجز",
     "markdown": "«والشفاعة التي ادّخرها لهم حق، كما رُوي في الأخبار» {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p.16}، في سياق قوله إن الحوض الذي أكرم الله به نبيه غياثاً لأمته حق {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p.16}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "أهل الكبائر",
     "markdown": "«وأهل الكبائر من أمة محمد في النار لا يخلدون إذا ماتوا وهم موحدون، وإن لم يكونوا تائبين، بعد أن لقوا الله عارفين مؤمنين» {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p.22}. وهم في مشيئته وحكمه: إن شاء غفر لهم عفواً بفضله، وإن شاء عذبهم في النار بعدله ثم يخرجهم منها «برحمته وشفاعة الشافعين من أهل طاعته، ثم يبعثهم إلى جنته» {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p.23}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "في لمعة الاعتقاد لابن قدامة المقدسي",
     "markdown": "يقول ابن قدامة: «ويشفع نبينا فيمن دخل النار من أمته من أهل الكبائر، فيخرجون بشفاعته بعدما احترقوا وصاروا فحماً وحمماً»، و«لسائر الأنبياء والمؤمنين والملائكة شفاعات»، ويستشهد بقوله تعالى إنهم لا يشفعون إلا لمن ارتضى، و«لا تنفع الكافر شفاعة الشافعين» {cite:lumat-al-itiqad p.34}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "في العقيدة الواسطية لابن تيمية",
     "markdown": "يقول ابن تيمية إن للنبي ثلاث شفاعات: الأولى «فيشفع في أهل الموقف حتى يقضى بينهم»، والثانية «فيشفع في أهل الجنة أن يدخلوا الجنة»، «وهاتان الشفاعتان خاصتان له»، والثالثة «فيشفع فيمن استحق النار»، وهي له ولسائر النبيين والصديقين وغيرهم: يشفع فيمن استحق النار ألا يدخلها وفيمن دخلها أن يخرج منها {cite:aqida-wasitiyya p.20}. «ويخرج الله من النار أقواماً بغير شفاعة بل بفضله ورحمته» {cite:aqida-wasitiyya p.20}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "في «مقالات الإسلاميين» للأشعري",
     "markdown": "في «حكاية جملة قول أصحاب الحديث وأهل السنة» من «مقالات الإسلاميين» يعرض أبو الحسن الأشعري ما عليه أهل الحديث والسنة، ويختم بقوله: «وبكل ما ذكرنا من قولهم نقول، وإليه نذهب» {cite:maqalat-islamiyyin p.350}. يذكر فيه أنهم «يقرون بشفاعة رسول الله، وأنها لأهل الكبائر من أمته» {cite:maqalat-islamiyyin p.347}، ويؤمنون «بأن الله سبحانه يخرج قوماً من الموحدين من النار، على ما جاءت به الروايات عن رسول الله» {cite:maqalat-islamiyyin p.347}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "ما لم يُذكر هنا",
     "markdown": "يعرض هذا المدخل مواقف العقيدة الطحاوية ولمعة الاعتقاد لابن قدامة والعقيدة الواسطية لابن تيمية وما حكاه الأشعري في «مقالات الإسلاميين» عن أهل الحديث والسنة وقال إنه يذهب إليه، منسوباً كل منها إلى كتابه. ولم تُضف بعد أقوال الماتريدية وبقية المدارس السنية وغير السنية من كتبها، ويحتاج المدخل إلى مراجعة متخصص قبل ترقيته."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "concept/shafaa",
    "lang": "ar",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": []
   }
  },
  "en": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "Summary",
     "markdown": "\"The intercession He has stored for them is true, as related in the reports\" {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p. 16} — in the context of his saying that the Basin by which God honoured His prophet, to succour his umma, is true {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p. 16}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "The people of major sins",
     "markdown": "\"The people of major sins of Muhammad's umma are not in the Fire forever if they died as monotheists, even unrepentant, after meeting God knowing and believing\" {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p. 22}. They are under His will and judgement: if He wills He forgives them by pardon and favour; if He wills He punishes them in the Fire by His justice, then brings them out of it \"by His mercy and the intercession of the intercessors among the people of His obedience, then sends them to His Paradise\" {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p. 23}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "In Ibn Qudama al-Maqdisi's Lum'at al-I'tiqad",
     "markdown": "Ibn Qudama says: \"Our prophet intercedes for those of his umma's people of major sins who entered the Fire, and they come out by his intercession after they have burned and become embers and cinders\"; \"the rest of the prophets, the believers and the angels have intercessions\"; he cites His word that they intercede only for whom He approves, and \"the intercession of the intercessors avails the unbeliever nothing\" {cite:lumat-al-itiqad p. 34}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "In Ibn Taymiyya's al-'Aqida al-Wasitiyya",
     "markdown": "Ibn Taymiyya says the Prophet has three intercessions: the first, \"he intercedes for the people of the Standing until judgement is passed among them\"; the second, \"he intercedes for the people of Paradise to enter Paradise — and these two intercessions are his alone\"; the third, \"he intercedes for those who deserve the Fire\" — his and the rest of the prophets', the siddiqs' and others': interceding that the deserving not enter it and that entrants be brought out {cite:aqida-wasitiyya p. 20}. \"And God brings people out of the Fire without intercession — by His favour and mercy\" {cite:aqida-wasitiyya p. 20}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "In al-Ash'ari's Maqalat al-Islamiyyin",
     "markdown": "In \"the account of the sum of the saying of the people of hadith and sunna\" in Maqalat al-Islamiyyin, Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari presents what the people of hadith and sunna hold, ending: \"And in all we have mentioned of their saying we speak, and to it we go\" {cite:maqalat-islamiyyin p. 350}. He relates there that they \"affirm the Messenger of God's intercession, and that it is for the people of major sins of his umma\" {cite:maqalat-islamiyyin p. 347}; and they believe \"that God brings out of the Fire a people of the monotheists, as the reports from the Messenger of God have come\" {cite:maqalat-islamiyyin p. 347}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "What is not covered here",
     "markdown": "This entry presents the positions of the 'Aqida al-Tahawiyya, Ibn Qudama's Lum'at al-I'tiqad, Ibn Taymiyya's al-Wasitiyya, and what al-Ash'ari related in Maqalat al-Islamiyyin of the people of hadith and sunna and declared his own — each attributed to its book. The sayings of the Maturidis and the remaining Sunni and non-Sunni schools from their own books have not yet been added; the entry needs specialist review before promotion."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "concept/shafaa",
    "lang": "en",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": [
     "Devin (SWE-2), draft translation"
    ]
   }
  }
 },
 "degree": 0,
 "contemporaries": [],
 "connections": [],
 "related": [
  "concept/ahl-al-qibla",
  "concept/akhira",
  "concept/ashara-mubashshara",
  "concept/ashrat-al-saa",
  "concept/bida",
  "concept/hubb-al-sahaba",
  "concept/hurmat-al-dam",
  "concept/ihsan"
 ],
 "license": {
  "prose": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "data": "CC0 1.0"
 }
}