{
 "id": "concept/tawhid",
 "class": "concept",
 "slug": "tawhid",
 "label": {
  "ar": "التوحيد",
  "en": "Tawhid (the oneness of God)"
 },
 "summary": {
  "ar": "إفراد الله بالألوهية ونفي الشريك والمثيل عنه؛ يبدأ به أبو جعفر الطحاوي بيان العقيدة فيقول إن الله واحد لا شريك له ولا شيء مثله ولا إله غيره.",
  "en": "Affirming that God is one and without partner or likeness; al-Tahawi opens his statement of the creed with it, saying God is one with no partner, nothing like Him and no god but Him."
 },
 "stub": false,
 "wings": [
  "ideas"
 ],
 "regions": [
  "global"
 ],
 "periods": [
  "period/abbasid-fragmentation"
 ],
 "tags": [],
 "aliases": [],
 "themes": [
  "creed"
 ],
 "data": {
  "kind": "doctrine",
  "issue": {
   "ar": "كيف يُوصف الله تعالى في صفاته، وما حدود إثباتها وتنزيهها؟",
   "en": "How is God described in His attributes, and what are the limits of affirming them and declaring Him above likeness?"
  },
  "perspectives": [
   {
    "tradition": "sunni-hanafi",
    "id": "aqida-tahawiyya",
    "stance": {
     "ar": "التوحيد مع التنزيه: لا يُشبَّه الله ولا تُنفى صفاته",
     "en": "Tawhid with transcendence: God is neither likened to creation nor are His attributes denied"
    },
    "summary": {
     "ar": "يقول الطحاوي إن الله واحد لا شريك له ولا شيء مثله، ويجعل الدين بين التشبيه والتعطيل، وينزّهه عن الحدود والغايات والأركان والأعضاء والأدوات ويقول إنه لا تحويه الجهات الست."
    },
    "holders": [
     "person/al-tahawi",
     "work/aqida-tahawiyya"
    ],
    "evidence": [
     {
      "ref": "source/aqida-tahawiyya",
      "note": {
       "ar": "البنود 1 إلى 19 و46 إلى 48 و134، ص 8 إلى 10 و15 و32",
       "en": "articles 1 to 19, 46 to 48 and 134, pp. 8 to 10, 15 and 32"
      }
     }
    ],
    "sources": [
     "source/aqida-tahawiyya"
    ]
   },
   {
    "tradition": "sunni-hanbali",
    "id": "lumat-al-itiqad",
    "stance": {
     "ar": "إثبات الصفات كما وردت دون تأويل ولا تشبيه ولا كيف",
     "en": "Affirming the attributes as they came, without interpretation, likening or how"
    },
    "summary": {
     "ar": "يقول ابن قدامة إن الله «موصوف بما وصف به نفسه في كتابه العظيم، وعلى لسان نبيه الكريم»، وإن كل ما ورد من الصفات وجب الإيمان به وتلقيه بالتسليم والقبول وترك التعرض له بالرد والتأويل والتشبيه والتمثيل؛ ويقرّ الاستواء ويقول مع مالك: «الاستواء غير مجهول، والكيف غير معقول».",
     "en": "Ibn Qudama says God is described as He described Himself in His Book and by His Prophet, that every attribute that came must be believed and received with submission and acceptance, leaving aside rejection, interpretation, likening and representation; he affirms the istiwa and quotes Malik: the istiwa is not unknown and the how is not graspable."
    },
    "holders": [
     "person/ibn-qudama-al-maqdisi",
     "work/lumat-al-itiqad"
    ],
    "evidence": [
     {
      "ref": "source/lumat-al-itiqad",
      "note": {
       "ar": "ص 4 و6 و13 و14 و15",
       "en": "pp. 4, 6, 13, 14 and 15"
      }
     }
    ],
    "sources": [
     "source/lumat-al-itiqad"
    ]
   },
   {
    "tradition": "sunni-hanbali",
    "id": "aqida-wasitiyya",
    "stance": {
     "ar": "الإيمان بما وصف الله به نفسه من غير تحريف ولا تعطيل ومن غير تكييف ولا تمثيل",
     "en": "Believing in what God described Himself with, without distortion or denial and without how or likeness"
    },
    "summary": {
     "ar": "يقول ابن تيمية إن من الإيمان بالله الإيمان بما وصف به نفسه وبما وصفه به رسوله «من غير تحريف ولا تعطيل، ومن غير تكييف ولا تمثيل»، ويقول إن ما ذكره الله من أنه فوق العرش ومع خلقه «حق على حقيقته» وإن قربه ومعيته لا ينافيان علوه.",
     "en": "Ibn Taymiyya says belief in God includes belief in what He described Himself and what His messenger described Him with, without distortion or denial and without how or likeness, and that what God mentioned of His being above the throne and with His creatures is true in reality, His nearness and withness not contradicting His height."
    },
    "holders": [
     "person/ibn-taymiyya",
     "work/aqida-wasitiyya"
    ],
    "evidence": [
     {
      "ref": "source/aqida-wasitiyya",
      "note": {
       "ar": "ص 7 و8 و17",
       "en": "pp. 7, 8 and 17"
      }
     }
    ],
    "sources": [
     "source/aqida-wasitiyya"
    ]
   },
   {
    "tradition": "sunni-ashari",
    "id": "maqalat-ashari",
    "stance": {
     "ar": "إثبات الصفات والاستواء واليدين والعينين والوجه بلا كيف، وأسماء الله لا يقال إنها غير الله",
     "en": "Affirming the attributes, the istiwa, the hands, the eyes and the face without how, and that God's names are not said to be other than God"
    },
    "summary": {
     "ar": "يذكر الأشعري في عرضه لقول أهل الحديث والسنة أن الله واحد فرد صمد، وأنه على عرشه، وأن له يدين وعينين ووجهاً «بلا كيف»، وأن أسماء الله لا يقال إنها غير الله، ويثبتون له العلم والسمع والبصر والقوة.",
     "en": "In his account of the position of the hadith scholars and Ahl al-Sunna, al-Ash'ari says God is one, single, the Eternal Refuge, that He is on His throne, that He has hands, eyes and a face without how, that God's names are not said to be other than God, and they affirm His knowledge, hearing, sight and power."
    },
    "holders": [
     "person/al-ashari",
     "work/maqalat-islamiyyin"
    ],
    "evidence": [
     {
      "ref": "source/maqalat-islamiyyin",
      "note": {
       "ar": "ص 345",
       "en": "p. 345"
      }
     }
    ],
    "sources": [
     "source/maqalat-islamiyyin"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "provenance": {
   "layer": "own-research",
   "source": "العقيدة الطحاوية، طبعة دار ابن حزم 1995 (نص كامل؛ 134 بنداً، الصفحات 7-32)",
   "generated_by": "Claude (maintainer session)",
   "model": "claude-sonnet-5-5",
   "run": "tahawiyya-1"
  },
  "sources": [
   "source/aqida-tahawiyya",
   "source/lumat-al-itiqad",
   "source/aqida-wasitiyya",
   "source/maqalat-islamiyyin"
  ],
  "status": {
   "review": "draft",
   "completeness": 2,
   "generated_by": "Claude Sonnet 5.5; read from the full text of al-Tahawiyya (Dar Ibn Hazm 1995, pp. 8, 9, 10, 15, 31, 32); Lum'at al-I'tiqad (Maktab Islami ed., pp. 4 و6 و13 و14 و15) added as a second opinion"
  }
 },
 "prose": {
  "ar": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "موجز",
     "markdown": "يبدأ [[work/aqida-tahawiyya|الطحاوي]] بيان عقيدة أهل السنة والجماعة بقوله: «نقول في توحيد الله معتقدين بتوفيق الله»، ثم يعدّد البنود: «إن الله واحد لا شريك له، ولا شيء مثله، ولا شيء يعجزه، ولا إله غيره» {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p.8}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "صفات الله في العقيدة الطحاوية",
     "markdown": "- هو «قديم بلا ابتداء، دائم بلا انتهاء، لا يفنى ولا يبيد» {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p.8}.\n- «لا تبلغه الأوهام، ولا تدركه الأفهام، ولا يشبه الأنام» {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p.8} {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p.9}.\n- «حي لا يموت، قيوم لا ينام» {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p.9}، و«خالق بلا حاجة، رازق بلا مؤونة، مميت بلا مخافة، باعث بلا مشقة» {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p.9}.\n- «ما زال بصفاته قديماً قبل خلقه»، ولم يزدد بوجود الخلق صفةً لم تكن له {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p.9}، وكان له معنى الربوبية ولا مربوب ومعنى الخالق ولا مخلوق {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p.10}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "التنزيه",
     "markdown": "يقول الطحاوي: «من لم يتوقَّ النفي والتشبيه زلَّ ولم يُصب التنزيه»، ويصف الله بصفات الوحدانية ونعوت الفردانية، فلا أحد من خلقه في معناه، وهو متعالٍ عن الحدود والغايات والأركان والأعضاء والأدوات، «لا تحويه الجهات الست كسائر المبتدعات» {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p.15}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "موضع التوحيد من العقيدة",
     "markdown": "يختم الطحاوي عقيدته بأن دين الله في الأرض والسماء واحد وهو الإسلام، وأنه «بين الغلو والتقصير، وبين التشبيه والتعطيل، وبين الجبر والقدر، وبين الأمن والإياس» {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p.31} {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p.32}. وللمعنى العام انظر [[concept/islam-din|الإسلام]] و[[concept/iman|الإيمان]]."
    },
    {
     "heading": "في لمعة الاعتقاد لابن قدامة المقدسي",
     "markdown": "يقول ابن قدامة إن الله «موصوف بما وصف به نفسه في كتابه العظيم، وعلى لسان نبيه الكريم»، وإن كل ما جاء في القرآن أو صح عن النبي من الصفات «وجب الإيمان به، وتلقيه بالتسليم والقبول، وترك التعرض له بالرد والتأويل، والتشبيه والتمثيل» {cite:lumat-al-itiqad p.4}. ولا يصف الله «بأكثر مما وصف به نفسه، بلا حد ولا غاية» {cite:lumat-al-itiqad p.6}. ويستشهد بسؤال النبي للجارية «أين الله؟» وجوابها «في السماء» {cite:lumat-al-itiqad p.13}، ويقول إن الله فوق العرش {cite:lumat-al-itiqad p.14}، ويروي عن مالك في الاستواء: «الاستواء غير مجهول، والكيف غير معقول، والإيمان به واجب، والسؤال عنه بدعة» {cite:lumat-al-itiqad p.15}.\n\nوفي عبارة الطحاوي تنزيه الله عن الجهات الست؛ فيُنسب كل قول إلى كتابه."
    },
    {
     "heading": "في العقيدة الواسطية لابن تيمية",
     "markdown": "يقول ابن تيمية: «ومن الإيمان بالله الإيمان بما وصف به نفسه في كتابه وبما وصفه به رسوله محمد من غير تحريف ولا تعطيل، ومن غير تكييف ولا تمثيل» {cite:aqida-wasitiyya p.7}، وإن الله سبحانه «جمع فيما وصف وسمى به نفسه بين النفي والإثبات» {cite:aqida-wasitiyya p.8}. ويقول: «وكل هذا الكلام الذي ذكره الله سبحانه، من أنه فوق العرش وأنه معنا، حق على حقيقته لا يحتاج إلى تحريف»، وإن «ما ذكر في الكتاب والسنة من قربه ومعيته لا ينافي ما ذكر من علوه وفوقيته» {cite:aqida-wasitiyya p.17}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "في «مقالات الإسلاميين» للأشعري",
     "markdown": "في «حكاية جملة قول أصحاب الحديث وأهل السنة» من «مقالات الإسلاميين» يعرض أبو الحسن الأشعري ما عليه أهل الحديث والسنة، ويختم بقوله: «وبكل ما ذكرنا من قولهم نقول، وإليه نذهب» {cite:maqalat-islamiyyin p.350}. يذكر فيه أن الله «إله واحد فرد صمد»، وأنه «على عرشه»، وأن له «يدين بلا كيف» و«عينين بلا كيف» و«وجهاً» {cite:maqalat-islamiyyin p.345}. ويقول إن أسماء الله «لا يقال: إنها غير الله»، وإنهم يثبتون لله العلم والسمع والبصر والقوة، ولا ينفون ذلك عنه {cite:maqalat-islamiyyin p.345}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "ما لم يُذكر هنا",
     "markdown": "يعرض هذا المدخل مواقف العقيدة الطحاوية ولمعة الاعتقاد لابن قدامة والعقيدة الواسطية لابن تيمية وما حكاه الأشعري في «مقالات الإسلاميين» عن أهل الحديث والسنة وقال إنه يذهب إليه، منسوباً كل منها إلى كتابه. ولم تُضف بعد أقوال الماتريدية وبقية المدارس السنية وغير السنية من كتبها، ويحتاج المدخل إلى مراجعة متخصص قبل ترقيته."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "concept/tawhid",
    "lang": "ar",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": []
   }
  },
  "en": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "Summary",
     "markdown": "[[work/aqida-tahawiyya|Al-Tahawi]] opens his statement of the creed of the people of the Sunna and the Community by saying: \"We say of God's oneness, believing by God's guidance\", then enumerates the articles: \"God is one without partner; nothing is like Him; nothing overcomes Him; there is no god but He\" {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p. 8}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "God's attributes in the 'Aqida al-Tahawiyya",
     "markdown": "- He is \"eternal without beginning, perpetual without end; He does not perish nor cease\" {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p. 8}.\n- \"Imaginations do not reach Him; intellects do not grasp Him; He does not resemble mortals\" {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p. 8} {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p. 9}.\n- \"Living, He does not die; subsisting, He does not sleep\" {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p. 9}; \"creating without need, providing without cost, causing death without fear, resurrecting without toil\" {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p. 9}.\n- \"He has ever been, with His attributes, eternal before His creation\"; the existence of creatures added no attribute He did not have {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p. 9}; His was the meaning of Lordship with none lorded over, and the meaning of Creator with none created {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p. 10}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "Transcendence",
     "markdown": "Al-Tahawi says: \"Whoever does not guard against negation and likening strays and does not attain transcendence\"; he describes God with the attributes of oneness and the epithets of singleness — none of His creatures is in His meaning, and He is exalted above bounds, ends, pillars, limbs and instruments; \"the six directions do not contain Him as they contain originated things\" {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p. 15}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "Tawhid's place in the creed",
     "markdown": "Al-Tahawi closes his creed with: God's religion on earth and in heaven is one — Islam — and it is \"between excess and falling short, between likening and negation, between compulsion and free will, and between security and despair\" {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p. 31} {cite:aqida-tahawiyya p. 32}. For the general meaning see [[concept/islam-din|Islam]] and [[concept/iman|faith]]."
    },
    {
     "heading": "In Ibn Qudama al-Maqdisi's Lum'at al-I'tiqad",
     "markdown": "Ibn Qudama says God is \"described by what He described Himself in His great Book and on the tongue of His noble prophet\"; whatever of the attributes has come in the Qur'an or soundly from the Prophet \"must be believed, received with submission and acceptance, leaving off confronting it with rejection, interpretation, likening and comparison\" {cite:lumat-al-itiqad p. 4}. He does not describe God \"by more than He described Himself — without bound and without end\" {cite:lumat-al-itiqad p. 6}. He cites the Prophet's question to the maid \"Where is God?\" and her answer \"In heaven\" {cite:lumat-al-itiqad p. 13}; says God is above the Throne {cite:lumat-al-itiqad p. 14}; and relates from Malik on the istiwa': \"The istiwa' is not unknown, the how is not conceivable, belief in it is obligatory, and asking about it is an innovation\" {cite:lumat-al-itiqad p. 15}.\n\nIn al-Tahawi's wording God is transcendent above the six directions; each saying is attributed to its book."
    },
    {
     "heading": "In Ibn Taymiyya's al-'Aqida al-Wasitiyya",
     "markdown": "Ibn Taymiyya says: \"Part of belief in God is believing what He described Himself by in His Book and what His messenger Muhammad described Him by — without distortion and without negation, without how and without comparison\" {cite:aqida-wasitiyya p. 7}; God \"joined negation and affirmation in what He described and named Himself by\" {cite:aqida-wasitiyya p. 8}. He says: \"All this speech God mentioned — that He is above the Throne and that He is with us — is true in its reality and needs no distortion\", and \"what the Book and Sunna mention of His nearness and withness does not conflict with what is mentioned of His height and aboveness\" {cite:aqida-wasitiyya p. 17}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "In al-Ash'ari's Maqalat al-Islamiyyin",
     "markdown": "In \"the account of the sum of the saying of the people of hadith and sunna\" in Maqalat al-Islamiyyin, Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari presents what the people of hadith and sunna hold, ending: \"And in all we have mentioned of their saying we speak, and to it we go\" {cite:maqalat-islamiyyin p. 350}. He relates there that God is \"one God, singular, self-sufficing\"; that He is \"upon His Throne\"; that He has \"two hands without how\", \"two eyes without how\" and \"a face\" {cite:maqalat-islamiyyin p. 345}. He says God's names \"are not said to be other than God\", and that they affirm for God knowledge, hearing, sight and power and do not deny that of Him {cite:maqalat-islamiyyin p. 345}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "What is not covered here",
     "markdown": "This entry presents the positions of the 'Aqida al-Tahawiyya, Ibn Qudama's Lum'at al-I'tiqad, Ibn Taymiyya's al-Wasitiyya, and what al-Ash'ari related in Maqalat al-Islamiyyin of the people of hadith and sunna and declared his own — each attributed to its book. The sayings of the Maturidis and the remaining Sunni and non-Sunni schools from their own books have not yet been added; the entry needs specialist review before promotion."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "concept/tawhid",
    "lang": "en",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": [
     "Devin (SWE-2), draft translation"
    ]
   }
  }
 },
 "degree": 0,
 "contemporaries": [],
 "connections": [],
 "related": [
  "concept/ahl-al-qibla",
  "concept/akhira",
  "concept/ashara-mubashshara",
  "concept/ashrat-al-saa",
  "concept/bida",
  "concept/hubb-al-sahaba",
  "concept/hurmat-al-dam",
  "concept/ihsan"
 ],
 "license": {
  "prose": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "data": "CC0 1.0"
 }
}