{
 "id": "concept/uquba",
 "class": "concept",
 "slug": "uquba",
 "label": {
  "ar": "العُقُوبَة",
  "en": "Punishment (uquba): fixed, retaliatory and discretionary",
  "ur": "سزا (عقوبت)"
 },
 "summary": {
  "ar": "العقوبة في اللغة اسم من العقاب، وهي في الاصطلاح الجزاء المقرر على المعصية، وقيل ما يلحق الإنسان مستحقاً على الجريمة {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11776}. وتنقسم باعتبار أنواعها إلى القصاص والحد والتعزير، وباعتبار تعلقها بحق الله أو بحق العباد أو بالحقين، وباعتبار كمالها أو قصورها أو اجتماع معنى العبادة فيها {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11777}. ومن عقوبات أخرى الغرة والأرش، والحرمان من الميراث والوصية للقاتل لحديث «ليس للقاتل شيء من الميراث» {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11777} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11778}. والحدود مقدرة شرعاً وهي الزنا والقذف والشرب والسرقة والحرابة باتفاق، وفيها الردة والبغي مع خلاف {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11778}. والتعزير عقوبة غير مقدرة مشروعة للردع والإصلاح، ويجوز فيه الجلد والحبس والتوبيخ ونحوها، ولا يجوز فيه الضرب المتلف أو صفع الوجه أو الحرق أو حلق اللحية {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11778} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11779}. وأجاز بعض الفقهاء اجتماع العقوبات في الجريمة الواحدة إذا اختلفت صفتها، وتتداخل الحدود المتحدة الجنس والموجب {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11779} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11780}.",
  "en": "In the lexicon, uquba is a penalty, a noun from 'iqab; as a term it is the penalty fixed for a wrong, or what falls on a person as a deserved consequence of an offence {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11776}. Penalties are classed by kind, as retaliation, fixed punishment (hadd) and discretionary punishment (ta'zir); by whether the right belongs to God, to people, or to both; and by whether they are complete, incomplete or carry an element of worship {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11777}. Other penalties include the ghurra for a foetus and the arsh for an injury, and the killer's loss of inheritance and bequest, on the prophetic instruction that the killer has no share in the inheritance {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11777} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11778}. The fixed punishments are determined by the law: illicit intercourse, false accusation, drinking, theft and brigandage, and by disagreement, apostasy and rebellion {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11778}. Discretionary punishment is not fixed by the law and serves to deter and reform; flogging, imprisonment and reproof are allowed, while maiming, slapping the face, burning and shaving the beard are not {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11778} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11779}. Some jurists allow penalties of different kinds to be combined for one offence, and penalties of the same kind and cause overlap {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11779} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11780}."
 },
 "stub": false,
 "wings": [
  "ideas"
 ],
 "regions": [
  "global"
 ],
 "periods": [
  "period/prophetic-era"
 ],
 "tags": [],
 "aliases": [],
 "themes": [
  "development-of-law-theology-institutions",
  "ethics-and-character"
 ],
 "data": {
  "kind": "legal",
  "provenance": {
   "layer": "own-research",
   "source": "الموسوعة الفقهية الكويتية، نسخة نور بوك، مدخل «عُقُوبَة»، ص 11776-11779 من المسح",
   "generated_by": "Claude Haiku 5.5",
   "model": "claude-haiku-5-5",
   "run": "mawsua-w07-batch29"
  },
  "sources": [
   "source/fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3"
  ],
  "status": {
   "review": "draft",
   "completeness": 1,
   "generated_by": "Claude Haiku 5.5; headword عُقُوبَة complete on scan pp.11776-11779 (definition, the divisions, other penalties, fixed and discretionary punishments, combination and overlap). The cross-reference عقوق (انظر: بر الوالدين, p.11779) is skipped. Next headword عَقِيق begins on scan p.11780. Footnote citations omitted; the prophetic report is referred to, not quoted"
  }
 },
 "prose": {
  "ar": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "موجز",
     "markdown": "العقوبة في اللغة اسم من العقاب، وفي الاصطلاح الجزاء المقرر على المعصية، وقيل ما يلحق الإنسان مستحقاً على الجريمة {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11776}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "أقسامها",
     "markdown": "تنقسم باعتبار أنواعها إلى القصاص والحد والتعزير، وباعتبار تعلقها بحق الله أو بحق العباد أو بالحقين، وباعتبار كمالها أو قصورها أو اجتماع معنى العبادة فيها {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11777}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "عقوبات أخرى",
     "markdown": "منها الغرة في الجنين والأرش، والحرمان من الميراث والوصية للقاتل {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11777} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11778}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "الحدود والتعزير",
     "markdown": "الحدود مقدرة شرعاً، وهي الزنا والقذف والشرب والسرقة والحرابة باتفاق، وفيها الردة والبغي مع خلاف {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11778}. والتعزير غير مقدر، ويجوز فيه الجلد والحبس والتوبيخ، ولا يجوز فيه الضرب المتلف أو صفع الوجه أو الحرق أو حلق اللحية {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11778} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11779}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "تعدد العقوبات وتداخلها",
     "markdown": "أجاز بعض الفقهاء اجتماع عقوبتين مختلفتين في الصفة لجريمة واحدة، وتتداخل الحدود المتحدة الجنس والموجب {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11779} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11780}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "مواطن البحث",
     "markdown": "تُنظر تفاصيل القصاص في «قصاص»، والحدود في مصطلحاتها، والتعزير في «تعزير»، والتداخل في «تداخل» {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11779}."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "concept/uquba",
    "lang": "ar",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": []
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-23"
  },
  "en": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "Summary",
     "markdown": "In the lexicon, uquba is a penalty, a noun from 'iqab; as a term it is the penalty fixed for a wrong {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11776}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "Its divisions",
     "markdown": "Penalties are classed by kind (retaliation, fixed punishment and discretionary punishment), by whether the right is God's or people's or both, and by whether they are complete, incomplete or carry an element of worship {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11777}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "Other penalties",
     "markdown": "These include the ghurra for a foetus, the arsh for an injury, and the killer's loss of inheritance and bequest {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11777} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11778}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "Fixed and discretionary punishments",
     "markdown": "The fixed punishments are set by the law: illicit intercourse, false accusation, drinking, theft and brigandage, with apostasy and rebellion disputed {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11778}. Discretionary punishment is not fixed; flogging, imprisonment and reproof are allowed, while maiming, slapping the face, burning and shaving the beard are not {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11778} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11779}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "Combination and overlap",
     "markdown": "Some jurists allow penalties of different kinds for one offence; penalties of the same kind and cause overlap {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11779} {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11780}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "Where to look further",
     "markdown": "Retaliation is treated under «qisas», discretionary punishment under «ta'zir», and overlap under «tadakhul» {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11779}."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "concept/uquba",
    "lang": "en",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": [
     "Claude Haiku 5.5 (claude-haiku-5-5), draft translation"
    ]
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-23"
  },
  "ur": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "خلاصہ",
     "markdown": "لغت میں عقوبت عقاب کا اسم ہے، اور اصطلاح میں وہ سزا ہے جو گناہ پر مقرر ہو {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11776}۔"
    },
    {
     "heading": "حدود اور تعزیر",
     "markdown": "حدود شرعاً مقرر ہیں، یعنی زنا، قذف، شراب نوشی، چوری اور حرابہ، جبکہ ارتداد اور بغاوت میں اختلاف ہے۔ تعزیر غیر مقرر سزا ہے، جس میں کوڑے، قید اور توبیخ جائز ہیں {cite:fiqh-mawsua-kuwaitiyya-noor-v3 p.11778}۔"
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "concept/uquba",
    "lang": "ur",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": [
     "Claude Haiku 5.5 (claude-haiku-5-5), draft translation"
    ]
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-23"
  }
 },
 "degree": 0,
 "contemporaries": [],
 "updated": "2026-10-23",
 "connections": [],
 "related": [
  "concept/add",
  "concept/afw",
  "concept/ahd",
  "concept/amal",
  "concept/amal-ahl-madina",
  "concept/uhda",
  "concept/ada-al-dayn",
  "concept/ada-al-shahada"
 ],
 "license": {
  "prose": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "data": "CC0 1.0"
 }
}