{
 "id": "concept/zuhd",
 "class": "concept",
 "slug": "zuhd",
 "label": {
  "ar": "الزهد",
  "en": "Renunciation (zuhd)"
 },
 "summary": {
  "ar": "الزهد في الشيء لغة الإعراض عنه لاستقلاله واحتقاره وارتفاع الهمة عنه؛ وفي شرح ابن رجب لحديث «ازهد في الدنيا يحبك الله» أن الزهادة في الدنيا ليست بتحريم الحلال ولا إضاعة المال — كما وقف على أبي مسلم الخولاني عند أحمد في كتاب الزهد وهو الصحيح عنده — بل أن تكون بما في يد الله أوثق مما في يديك، وإذا أصبت بمصيبة كنت أشد رجاء لأجرها وذخرها من إياها لو بقيت لك؛ وقال الزهري الزاهد من لم يغلب الحرام صبره ولم يشغل الحلال شكره، وقال سفيان بن عيينة من إذا أنعم عليه شكر وإذا ابتلي صبر، وقال سفيان الثوري والإمام أحمد الزهد في الدنيا قصر الأمل ليس بأكل الغليظ ولا لبس العباء، وأضاف أحمد مرة واليأس مما في أيدي الناس، وقال إبراهيم بن أدهم الزهد ثلاثة: فرض وهو الزهد في الحرام، وفضل وهو الزهد في الحلال، وسلامة وهو الزهد في الشبهات، واختلف الناس هل يستحق اسم الزاهد من زهد في الحرام دون فضول المباح على قولين؛ وجمع أبو سليمان الداراني معانيه بأن الزهد في ترك ما يشغلك عن الله وهو عند ابن رجب حسن يجمع جميع معاني الزهد وأقسامه وأنواعه؛ ومما يدخل في تمامه أن المؤمن إذا نوى بتناول شهواته المباحة التقوي على الطاعة كانت شهواته له طاعة كما قال معاذ إني لأحتسب نومتي كما أحتسب قومتي (جامع العلوم والحكم ص 643–655)، ويفتتح مسلم كتاب الزهد والرقائق بقول النبي «الدنيا سجن المؤمن وجنة الكافر» {cite:sahih-muslim 2956}.",
  "en": "Zuhd of a thing means turning away from it out of contempt for it and rising above it; in Ibn Rajab's commentary on 'renounce the world and God will love you', renouncing the world is neither forbidding the lawful nor wasting wealth — as halted at Abu Muslim al-Khawlani in Ahmad's Kitab al-Zuhd, the reading he prefers — but being more confident in what is in God's hand than in what is in your own, and, when calamity strikes, more hopeful of its reward and store than of its survival; al-Zuhri defined the renunciant as one whom the unlawful does not overcome in patience nor the lawful distract from gratitude; Sufyan ibn Uyayna as one who gives thanks when blessed and is patient when tried; Sufyan al-Thawri and the Imam Ahmad as 'renouncing the world is shortening hopes, not eating coarse food nor wearing a rough cloak' — Ahmad once adding 'and despairing of what is in people's hands'; Ibrahim ibn Adham made it three kinds: obligatory, renunciation of the unlawful; meritorious, of the lawful; and safekeeping, of the doubtful — people disputing whether renouncing the unlawful alone earns the name, and Abu Sulayman al-Darani gathering all its meanings as 'renouncing whatever occupies you away from God', a saying Ibn Rajab calls comprehensive of all its senses, divisions and kinds; and its fullness includes that a believer who intends by lawful pleasures strength for obedience finds them counted worship, as Mu'adh said 'I reckon my sleep as I reckon my night vigil' (Jami' al-Ulum wal-Hikam pp. 643–655)."
 },
 "stub": false,
 "wings": [
  "ideas"
 ],
 "regions": [
  "global"
 ],
 "periods": [
  "period/prophetic-era"
 ],
 "tags": [],
 "aliases": [],
 "themes": [
  "spirituality-and-sufism"
 ],
 "data": {
  "kind": "ethical",
  "provenance": {
   "layer": "own-research",
   "source": "جامع العلوم والحكم، شرح الحديث الحادي والثلاثين ص 643–655 (ط دار ابن كثير 1429هـ/2008م)",
   "generated_by": "Devin (SWE-2 High) from Apple Vision OCR",
   "run": "lib-jami-ulum-hikam-batch-12"
  },
  "sources": [
   "source/ibn-rajab-jami-ulum-hikam",
   "source/sahih-muslim"
  ],
  "status": {
   "review": "draft",
   "completeness": 1,
   "generated_by": "Devin (SWE-2 High); the linguistic gloss, Abu Muslim al-Khawlani's mawquf definition (preferred over the marfu' route via the weak Amr b. Waqid), the salaf definitions and Ibrahim b. Adham's threefold verified against OCR of printed pp. 643–649"
  }
 },
 "prose": {
  "ar": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "موجز",
     "markdown": "الزهد في الشيء لغة الإعراض عنه لاستقلاله وارتفاع الهمة عنه. ويعرضه ابن رجب في شرح حديث «ازهد في الدنيا يحبك الله». {cite:ibn-rajab-jami-ulum-hikam p.643-655}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "معناه عند ابن رجب",
     "markdown": "يذكر ابن رجب أن الزهد في الدنيا ليس تحريم الحلال ولا إضاعة المال. بل أن يكون العبد بما في يد الله أوثق مما في يده. وإذا أصيب بمصيبة كان أشد رجاء لأجرها من بقائها. ويذكر أن هذا قول أبي مسلم الخولاني عند أحمد، وهو الصحيح عنده. {cite:ibn-rajab-jami-ulum-hikam p.643-655}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "أقوال السلف",
     "markdown": "- الزهري: الزاهد من لم يغلب الحرام صبره ولم يشغل الحلال شكره.\n- سفيان بن عيينة: من إذا أُنعم عليه شكر وإذا ابتُلي صبر.\n- سفيان الثوري وأحمد: الزهد قصر الأمل، لا أكل الغليظ ولا لبس العباءة.\n- إبراهيم بن أدهم: ثلاثة أنواع، فرض في الحرام، وفضل في الحلال، وسلامة في الشبهات.\n- أبو سليمان الداراني: ترك ما يشغلك عن الله، ويراه ابن رجب جامعاً لمعانيه.\n{cite:ibn-rajab-jami-ulum-hikam p.643-655}\n\nويذكر أن الناس اختلفوا هل يستحق اسم الزاهد من زهد في الحرام وحده، على قولين. {cite:ibn-rajab-jami-ulum-hikam p.643-655}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "في صحيح مسلم",
     "markdown": "يفتتح مسلم كتاب الزهد والرقائق بقول النبي: «الدنيا سجن المؤمن وجنة الكافر». {cite:sahih-muslim 2956}\n\nانظر [[concept/wara|الورع]]."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "concept/zuhd",
    "lang": "ar",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": []
   }
  },
  "en": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "Overview",
     "markdown": "Asceticism (*zuhd*) in its linguistic sense is turning away from a thing because one finds it insignificant and one's aspiration rises above it. Ibn Rajab presents it in his commentary on the hadith \"Be ascetic in this world and God will love you.\" {cite:ibn-rajab-jami-ulum-hikam p.643-655}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "Its meaning according to Ibn Rajab",
     "markdown": "Ibn Rajab notes that asceticism in this world is not forbidding what is lawful, nor squandering wealth. It is that the servant be more reliant on what is in God's hand than on what is in his own. When he suffers a calamity, he is more hopeful of its reward than of its removal. He says that this is the saying of Abu Muslim al-Khawlani in Ahmad's *Musnad*, and that it is the sound view in his opinion. {cite:ibn-rajab-jami-ulum-hikam p.643-655}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "Sayings of the early generations",
     "markdown": "- Al-Zuhri: the ascetic is one whose patience is not overcome by the unlawful, and whose gratitude is not occupied by the lawful.\n- Sufyan ibn Uyayna: one who gives thanks when blessed, and is patient when tried.\n- Sufyan al-Thawri and Ahmad: asceticism is the shortening of hope, not eating coarse food or wearing a cloak.\n- Ibrahim ibn Adham: three kinds, an obligation regarding the unlawful, a virtue regarding the lawful, and safety regarding doubtful matters.\n- Abu Sulayman al-Darani: leaving what occupies you from God, which Ibn Rajab regards as comprehensive of its meanings.\n\n{cite:ibn-rajab-jami-ulum-hikam p.643-655}\n\nHe notes that people disagreed, in two views, over whether the name of ascetic belongs to one who abstains only from the unlawful. {cite:ibn-rajab-jami-ulum-hikam p.643-655}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "In Sahih Muslim",
     "markdown": "Muslim opens the book of asceticism and tender hearts with the saying of the Prophet: \"The world is a prison for the believer and a paradise for the unbeliever.\" {cite:sahih-muslim 2956}\n\nSee [[concept/wara|scrupulousness]]."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "concept/zuhd",
    "lang": "en",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": [
     "Claude Haiku 5.5 (claude-haiku-5-5), draft translation"
    ]
   }
  }
 },
 "degree": 18,
 "contemporaries": [],
 "connections": [
  {
   "to": "passage/arbaun-31",
   "type": "based_on",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/ibn-rajab-jami-ulum-hikam"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "passage/arbaun-40",
   "type": "based_on",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/ibn-rajab-jami-ulum-hikam"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "passage/muslim-1048",
   "type": "mentioned_in",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/sahih-muslim"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "passage/muslim-2742",
   "type": "mentioned_in",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/sahih-muslim"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "passage/muslim-2820",
   "type": "mentioned_in",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/sahih-muslim"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "passage/muslim-2956",
   "type": "based_on",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/sahih-muslim"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "concept/qillat-al-taam",
   "type": "has_part",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/ibn-rajab-jami-ulum-hikam"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "concept/qisar-al-amal",
   "type": "has_part",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/ibn-rajab-jami-ulum-hikam"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "concept/wara",
   "type": "based_on",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/ibn-rajab-jami-ulum-hikam"
   ]
  }
 ],
 "related": [
  "person/muhammad",
  "concept/qisar-al-amal",
  "passage/arbaun-40",
  "concept/taqwa",
  "concept/halal-haram",
  "concept/qillat-al-taam",
  "concept/wara",
  "passage/arbaun-11"
 ],
 "license": {
  "prose": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "data": "CC0 1.0"
 }
}