{
 "id": "concept/zuyuf",
 "class": "concept",
 "slug": "zuyuf",
 "label": {
  "ar": "الزيوف وقطع الدراهم",
  "en": "Zuyuf and the Cutting of Dirhams"
 },
 "summary": {
  "ar": "كانت زيوف ضربها الأعاجم فغشوا فيها وكان ابن مسعود يأمر بكسرها وكانت له بقية في بيت المال فباعها بنقصان فنهاه عمر عن ذلك فكان يدينها بعد ذلك وكان عمر وعثمان إذا وجدا الزيوف في بيت المال جملاها فضة وأتي عمر بن عبد العزيز برجل يضرب على غير سكة السلطان فعاقبه وسجنه وأخذ حديده فطرحه في النار وأخذ عبد الملك رجلاً يضرب على غير سكة المسلمين فأراد قطع يده ثم ترك ذلك وعاقبه وحسن أهل المدينة فعله وكان مروان بن الحكم قد قطع يد رجل أخذه بقطع الدراهم فقال زيد بن ثابت لقد عاقبه وعاقب أبان بن عثمان وهو على المدينة من يقطع الدراهم بضرب ثلاثين وطاف به وذلك فيمن قطعها ودس فيها المفرغة والزيوف واختلف الفقهاء في قطع الدراهم إذا كانت على الوفاء فكرهه مالك وابن أبي ذئب وأصحابهما ونهوا عنه لأنه من الفساد وقال الثوري وأبو حنيفة لا بأس به إذا لم يضر ذلك بالإسلام وأهله وقرأ ابن كعب قول شعيب عن قومه في التصرف في أموالهم ما يشاءون (سورة هود) على أنه قطع الدراهم.",
  "en": "The zuyuf were Ajam-struck dirhams, adulterated — Ibn Mas'ud ordered them broken and sold his own baqiyya at a discount till Umar forbade it and he lent it out; Umar and Uthman melted whatever zuyuf the bayt al-mal held into silver. Umar II jailed a man striking off the sultan's die and threw his iron in the fire; Abd al-Malik took another and meant to cut his hand before punishing otherwise — Medina's elders approved. Marwan ibn al-Hakam had cut a dirham-cutter's hand — Zayd ibn Thabit: 'he punished him' — and Aban ibn Uthman at Medina lashed the cutter thirty and paraded him, that for one who hollowed dirhams and salted them with counterfeits. On cutting full-weight dirhams the jurists split: Malik and Ibn Abi Dhi'b disliked and forbade it as corruption; al-Thawri and Abu Hanifa saw no harm where it did not injure Islam and its people — and Ibn Ka'b read Shu'ayb's people's claim to do as they would in their wealth (Hud) as the cutting of dirhams."
 },
 "stub": false,
 "wings": [
  "people",
  "place",
  "time"
 ],
 "regions": [],
 "periods": [
  "period/rashidun",
  "period/umayyad"
 ],
 "tags": [],
 "aliases": [],
 "themes": [],
 "data": {
  "kind": "legal",
  "sources": [
   "source/futuh-buldan-maarif-1407"
  ],
  "status": {
   "review": "draft",
   "completeness": 1
  },
  "provenance": {
   "layer": "own-research",
   "generated_by": "Devin (SWE-2 High)",
   "extraction_flow": "Apple Vision OCR -> manual extraction"
  }
 },
 "prose": {
  "ar": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "موجز",
     "markdown": "الزيوف دراهم ضربها الأعاجم وغشّوا فيها. ويعرض البلاذري أخباراً عن تعامل الصحابة والولاة معها ومع قطع الدراهم. {cite:futuh-buldan-maarif-1407}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "الزيوف في بيت المال",
     "markdown": "كان ابن مسعود يأمر بكسرها، وكانت له بقية في بيت المال فباعها بنقصان، فنهاه عمر. وكان عمر وعثمان إذا وجدا الزيوف في بيت المال أذاباها فضة. {cite:futuh-buldan-maarif-1407}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "الضرب على غير سكة السلطان",
     "markdown": "أتي عمر بن عبد العزيز برجل يضرب على غير سكة السلطان، فعاقبه وسجنه وألقى حديده في النار. وأخذ عبد الملك رجلاً يضرب على غير سكة المسلمين، فأراد قطع يده ثم تركه وعاقبه، وحسّن أهل المدينة فعله. {cite:futuh-buldan-maarif-1407}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "قطع الدراهم",
     "markdown": "قطع مروان بن الحكم يد رجل أخذه بقطع الدراهم، فقال زيد بن ثابت إنه عاقبه. وعاقب أبان بن عثمان، وهو على المدينة، من يقطع الدراهم بثلاثين جلدة وطاف به، وذلك فيمن قطعها ودسّ فيها الزيوف. {cite:futuh-buldan-maarif-1407}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "اختلاف الفقهاء",
     "markdown": "اختلف الفقهاء في قطع الدراهم إذا كانت وافية. كرهه مالك وابن أبي ذئب ونهيا عنه لأنه من الفساد. وقال الثوري وأبو حنيفة لا بأس به إذا لم يضر بالإسلام وأهله. {cite:futuh-buldan-maarif-1407}\n\nوينقل البلاذري عن ابن كعب أنه فسّر قول قوم شعيب في التصرف في أموالهم بأنه قطع الدراهم. أما موضع الآية فيحتاج إلى مصدر إضافي."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "concept/zuyuf",
    "lang": "ar",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": []
   }
  },
  "en": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "Overview",
     "markdown": "*Zuyuf* (counterfeit coins) are dirhams that non-Arabs struck and adulterated. Al-Baladhuri presents reports of how the Companions and the governors dealt with them and with the clipping of coins. {cite:futuh-buldan-maarif-1407}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "Counterfeits in the treasury",
     "markdown": "Ibn Mas'ud used to order them broken. He had some left in the treasury and sold it at a loss, and Umar forbade him. Umar and Uthman, when they found counterfeits in the treasury, melted them down into silver. {cite:futuh-buldan-maarif-1407}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "Minting outside the ruler's die",
     "markdown": "Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz was brought a man who struck coins outside the sultan's die; he punished and imprisoned him, and threw his iron into the fire. Abd al-Malik seized a man who struck coins outside the Muslims' die, and he intended to cut off his hand, then left him and punished him, and the people of Medina praised his action. {cite:futuh-buldan-maarif-1407}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "Clipping coins",
     "markdown": "Marwan ibn al-Hakam cut off the hand of a man who was caught clipping coins; Zayd ibn Thabit said that he had punished him. Aban ibn Uthman, as governor of Medina, punished whoever clipped coins with thirty lashes and paraded him, and that was for those who clipped them and mixed in counterfeits. {cite:futuh-buldan-maarif-1407}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "The disagreement of the jurists",
     "markdown": "The jurists disagreed over clipping coins when they were full-weight. Malik and Ibn Abi Dhi'b disliked it and forbade it, because it is corruption. Al-Thawri and Abu Hanifa said there is no harm in it, so long as it does not harm Islam and its people. {cite:futuh-buldan-maarif-1407}\n\nAl-Baladhuri transmits from Ibn Ka'b that he explained the saying of the people of Shu'ayb about disposing of their property as clipping coins. The place of the verse needs a further source."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "concept/zuyuf",
    "lang": "en",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": [
     "Claude Haiku 5.5 (claude-haiku-5-5), draft translation"
    ]
   }
  }
 },
 "degree": 0,
 "contemporaries": [],
 "connections": [],
 "related": [],
 "license": {
  "prose": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "data": "CC0 1.0"
 }
}