{
 "id": "event/hijra",
 "class": "event",
 "slug": "hijra",
 "label": {
  "en": "The Hijra",
  "ar": "الهجرة النبوية"
 },
 "summary": {
  "en": "The migration of the Prophet Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina in 622 CE, the event from which the Islamic calendar is counted.",
  "ar": "هجرة النبي محمد وأصحابه من مكة إلى المدينة سنة 622م، وهي الحدث الذي يبدأ منه التقويم الهجري."
 },
 "stub": false,
 "wings": [
  "time",
  "place",
  "people"
 ],
 "regions": [
  "arabia"
 ],
 "periods": [
  "period/prophetic-era"
 ],
 "tags": [],
 "aliases": [],
 "themes": [
  "refugees-migrants-diaspora",
  "sacred-time"
 ],
 "span": {
  "earliest": 622.6951272100043,
  "latest": 622.7307200010634
 },
 "display": {
  "start": {
   "edtf": "0622-09-12~",
   "calendar": "julian",
   "precision": "day",
   "status": "tradition",
   "note": "غادر بيته ليلة 27 صفر سنة 14 من النبوة الموافق 12/13 سبتمبر 622م (الرحيق ص163-164؛ رحمة للعالمين 1/95)."
  },
  "end": {
   "edtf": "0622-09-24",
   "hijri": "0001-03-12",
   "calendar": "julian",
   "precision": "day",
   "status": "tradition",
   "note": "دخول المدينة يوم الجمعة؛ نزل قباء يوم الإثنين 8 ربيع الأول الموافق 23 سبتمبر 622م (الرحيق ص170، 172). The calendar epoch (1 Muharram 1 AH = 16 July 622) was fixed later under Umar."
  }
 },
 "data": {
  "kind": "migration",
  "date": {
   "start": {
    "edtf": "0622-09-12~",
    "calendar": "julian",
    "precision": "day",
    "status": "tradition",
    "note": "غادر بيته ليلة 27 صفر سنة 14 من النبوة الموافق 12/13 سبتمبر 622م (الرحيق ص163-164؛ رحمة للعالمين 1/95)."
   },
   "end": {
    "edtf": "0622-09-24",
    "hijri": "0001-03-12",
    "calendar": "julian",
    "precision": "day",
    "status": "tradition",
    "note": "دخول المدينة يوم الجمعة؛ نزل قباء يوم الإثنين 8 ربيع الأول الموافق 23 سبتمبر 622م (الرحيق ص170، 172). The calendar epoch (1 Muharram 1 AH = 16 July 622) was fixed later under Umar."
   }
  },
  "external_ids": {
   "wikidata": "Q180226"
  },
  "sources": [
   "source/ibn-ishaq-guillaume",
   "source/watt-1956-medina",
   "source/mubarakpuri-raheeq",
   "source/ibn-hisham-sira",
   "source/sahih-al-bukhari",
   "source/zad-al-maad"
  ],
  "status": {
   "review": "draft",
   "completeness": 3,
   "generated_by": "Claude Sonnet 5.5 (scaffold); QID to be verified; upgraded by Devin from al-Raheeq al-Makhtum pp. 161-174"
  }
 },
 "prose": {
  "ar": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "نبذة",
     "markdown": "في سنة 622م انتقل النبي محمد وكثير من أصحابه من [[place/mecca|مكة]] إلى [[place/medina|المدينة]]. واختار المسلمون هذه الهجرة لاحقًا بداية لتقويمهم."
    },
    {
     "heading": "ما جرى",
     "markdown": "بعد سنوات من المشقة في مكة، تعهّد وفد من أهل المدينة (وكان اسمها يثرب) بحماية النبي، وبدأ أصحابه يغادرون مكة إلى الواحة جماعاتٍ صغيرة. وخرج النبي مع [[person/abu-bakr|أبي بكر]] ووصل إلى أطراف المدينة في خريف سنة 622م، ولحق به [[person/ali-ibn-abi-talib|علي بن أبي طالب]] بعد وقت قصير {cite:ibn-ishaq-guillaume}.\n\nالتاريخ المروي للوصول إلى قباء هو 12 ربيع الأول من السنة الأولى للهجرة. ويناقش المؤرخون التسلسل الدقيق للأحداث، ولذلك وُسمت التواريخ هنا بأنها مروية {cite:watt-1956-medina}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "الأهمية",
     "markdown": "صارت الجماعة التي تشكلت في المدينة أول كيان سياسي إسلامي. وبعد نحو خمس عشرة سنة جعل الخليفة عمر بداية التقويم الهجري غرة المحرم من تلك السنة، وتوافق 16 يوليو 622م في التقويم اليولياني."
    },
    {
     "heading": "للزوار الصغار",
     "markdown": "الهجرة رحلة بدأ بها تقويم جديد. وحين يقول أحدهم «سنة 1447هـ» فهو يعدّ السنوات منها."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "event/hijra",
    "lang": "ar",
    "source_lang": "en",
    "translators": []
   }
  },
  "en": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "Brief",
     "markdown": "In 622 CE the Prophet Muhammad and many of his followers moved from [[place/mecca]] to [[place/medina]]. Muslims later chose this migration, the *hijra*, as the starting point of their calendar."
    },
    {
     "heading": "What happened",
     "markdown": "After years of hardship in Mecca, a group from Medina (then called Yathrib) pledged to protect the Prophet, and his followers began to leave Mecca for the oasis in small groups. The Prophet left with [[person/abu-bakr]] and reached the outskirts of Medina in the autumn of 622 CE; [[person/ali-ibn-abi-talib]] followed shortly after {cite:ibn-ishaq-guillaume}.\n\nThe traditional date of arrival at Quba is 12 Rabi' I, year 1 AH. Historians discuss the exact chronology, so the dates here are marked as tradition {cite:watt-1956-medina}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "Why it matters",
     "markdown": "The community that formed in Medina became the first Muslim polity. About fifteen years later the caliph Umar had the Hijri calendar begin with 1 Muharram of this year, which corresponds to 16 July 622 CE in the Julian calendar."
    },
    {
     "heading": "For young visitors",
     "markdown": "The Hijra is a journey that started a new calendar. When someone says \"year 1447 AH\", they are counting years from it."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "event/hijra",
    "lang": "en",
    "source_lang": "en",
    "translators": []
   }
  }
 },
 "degree": 98,
 "contemporaries": [],
 "connections": [
  {
   "to": "person/abdullah-ibn-abbas",
   "type": "had_participant",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "person/abdullah-ibn-abi-bakr",
   "type": "had_participant",
   "inverse": true,
   "role": "خرج بعد الهجرة بعيال أبيه منهم عائشة",
   "sources": [
    "source/mubarakpuri-raheeq",
    "source/zad-al-maad"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "person/abdullah-ibn-masud",
   "type": "had_participant",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "person/abdullah-ibn-urayqit",
   "type": "had_participant",
   "inverse": true,
   "role": "الدليل صاحب الراحلتين",
   "sources": [
    "source/mubarakpuri-raheeq"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "person/abu-ayyub-al-ansari",
   "type": "had_participant",
   "inverse": true,
   "role": "أخذ الرحل إلى بيته فكان مضيف النبي بالمدينة",
   "sources": [
    "source/mubarakpuri-raheeq",
    "source/sahih-al-bukhari"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "person/abu-bakr",
   "type": "had_participant",
   "inverse": true,
   "role": "companion"
  },
  {
   "to": "person/abu-burayda-al-aslami",
   "type": "had_participant",
   "inverse": true,
   "role": "لقيه في الطريق فأسلم مع سبعين من قومه",
   "sources": [
    "source/mubarakpuri-raheeq"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "person/abu-dharr-al-ghifari",
   "type": "had_participant",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "person/abu-ubayda-ibn-al-jarrah",
   "type": "had_participant",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "person/aisha",
   "type": "had_participant",
   "inverse": true,
   "role": "emigrant",
   "sources": [
    "source/ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "person/ali-ibn-abi-talib",
   "type": "had_participant",
   "inverse": true,
   "role": "stayed-behind-then-followed",
   "sources": [
    "source/ibn-ishaq-guillaume"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "person/amir-ibn-fuhayra",
   "type": "had_participant",
   "inverse": true,
   "role": "ارتحل معهما؛ كتب كتاب أمن سراقة",
   "sources": [
    "source/mubarakpuri-raheeq",
    "source/zad-al-maad"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "person/asma-bint-abi-bakr",
   "type": "had_participant",
   "inverse": true,
   "role": "حملت السفرة إلى الغار — صاحبة قصة ذات النطاقين",
   "sources": [
    "source/mubarakpuri-raheeq",
    "source/sahih-al-bukhari"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "person/bilal-ibn-rabah",
   "type": "had_participant",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "person/hafsa",
   "type": "had_participant",
   "inverse": true,
   "role": "emigrant"
  },
  {
   "to": "person/muhammad",
   "type": "had_participant",
   "inverse": true,
   "role": "protagonist"
  },
  {
   "to": "person/saad-ibn-abi-waqqas",
   "type": "had_participant",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "person/suraqa-ibn-malik",
   "type": "had_participant",
   "inverse": true,
   "role": "طارد ثم استأمن وصرف الطلب عنهما",
   "sources": [
    "source/mubarakpuri-raheeq",
    "source/zad-al-maad"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "person/umar-ibn-al-khattab",
   "type": "had_participant",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "person/umm-mabad",
   "type": "had_participant",
   "inverse": true,
   "role": "صاحبة مشهد الشاة في الطريق",
   "sources": [
    "source/mubarakpuri-raheeq",
    "source/zad-al-maad"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "person/umm-salama",
   "type": "had_participant",
   "inverse": true,
   "role": "emigrant"
  },
  {
   "to": "person/uthman-ibn-affan",
   "type": "had_participant",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "group/early-muslims",
   "type": "had_participant",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/ibn-ishaq-guillaume"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "group/muhajirun",
   "type": "had_participant",
   "inverse": true,
   "role": "migrating-party",
   "sources": [
    "source/ibn-ishaq-guillaume"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/battle-of-badr",
   "type": "caused",
   "inverse": false
  },
  {
   "to": "event/brotherhood-of-muhajirun-and-ansar",
   "type": "caused",
   "inverse": false
  },
  {
   "to": "event/change-of-qibla",
   "type": "caused",
   "inverse": false
  },
  {
   "to": "event/constitution-of-medina",
   "type": "caused",
   "inverse": false
  },
  {
   "to": "event/fasting-of-ramadan-prescribed",
   "type": "caused",
   "inverse": false
  },
  {
   "to": "event/first-jumma",
   "type": "has_part",
   "inverse": true
  },
  {
   "to": "event/ghar-thawr",
   "type": "has_part",
   "inverse": true
  },
  {
   "to": "event/hijra-departure",
   "type": "has_part",
   "inverse": true
  },
  {
   "to": "place/mecca",
   "type": "occurred_at",
   "inverse": false,
   "note": "departure"
  },
  {
   "to": "place/medina",
   "type": "occurred_at",
   "inverse": false,
   "note": "arrival"
  },
  {
   "to": "person/zubayr-ibn-al-awwam",
   "type": "had_participant",
   "inverse": true,
   "role": "لقيهما في ركب التجار فكساهما ثياباً بيضاء",
   "sources": [
    "source/mubarakpuri-raheeq",
    "source/sahih-al-bukhari"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "person/kulthum-ibn-al-hidm",
   "type": "had_participant",
   "inverse": true,
   "role": "مضيف قباء",
   "sources": [
    "source/mubarakpuri-raheeq"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "person/asad-ibn-zurara",
   "type": "had_participant",
   "inverse": true,
   "role": "أخذ بزمام الراحلة",
   "sources": [
    "source/mubarakpuri-raheeq"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "person/sawda-bint-zama",
   "type": "had_participant",
   "inverse": true,
   "role": "لحقت به بعد أيام مع بنتيه وأم أيمن وأسامة",
   "sources": [
    "source/mubarakpuri-raheeq"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "period/prophetic-era",
   "type": "part_of",
   "inverse": false
  },
  {
   "to": "event/pledges-of-aqaba",
   "type": "caused_by",
   "inverse": true
  },
  {
   "to": "concept/hijri-calendar",
   "type": "basis_for",
   "inverse": false
  },
  {
   "to": "passage/quran-9-40",
   "type": "mentioned_in",
   "inverse": true
  },
  {
   "to": "passage/quran-36-9",
   "type": "mentioned_in",
   "inverse": true,
   "note": "تلاه وهو يذر التراب على رؤوس المطوِّقين (الرحيق ص163؛ ابن هشام 1/483)",
   "sources": [
    "source/mubarakpuri-raheeq"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "passage/quran-66-4",
   "type": "mentioned_in",
   "inverse": true,
   "note": "نزوله أثناء التكبير عند استقبال بني عمرو بن عوف على رواية ابن القيم (الرحيق ص171؛ زاد المعاد 2/54)",
   "sources": [
    "source/mubarakpuri-raheeq",
    "source/zad-al-maad"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "journey/hijra-route",
   "type": "has_part",
   "inverse": true
  },
  {
   "to": "event/marriage-of-fatima-and-ali",
   "type": "caused",
   "inverse": false
  },
  {
   "to": "event/prophets-mosque-built",
   "type": "caused",
   "inverse": false
  },
  {
   "to": "event/quba-sojourn",
   "type": "has_part",
   "inverse": true
  },
  {
   "to": "screen/al-risala-1976",
   "type": "subject_of",
   "inverse": true
  }
 ],
 "related": [
  "person/muhammad",
  "place/medina",
  "place/mecca",
  "person/abu-bakr",
  "group/early-muslims",
  "event/battle-of-badr",
  "event/al-dawa-al-sirriyya",
  "event/battle-of-uhud"
 ],
 "license": {
  "prose": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "data": "CC0 1.0"
 }
}