{
 "id": "event/ottoman-conquest-constantinople-1453",
 "class": "event",
 "slug": "ottoman-conquest-constantinople-1453",
 "label": {
  "ar": "فتح القسطنطينية على يد محمد الفاتح",
  "en": "Ottoman conquest of Constantinople under Mehmed II"
 },
 "summary": {
  "ar": "يصف شكيب أرسلان في تعليقه على حاضر العالم الإسلامي حصار العثمانيين للمدينة منذ عهد بايزيد الأول، وحصار مراد الثاني، ثم فتحها على يد محمد الفاتح، ويذكر نهب المدينة ثلاثة أيام وصلاة الجمعة في آيا صوفيا في اليوم الرابع، ويعدّ الفتح من أهم تحولات المنطقة.",
  "en": "In Arslan's commentary on Stoddard, the Ottoman siege begins under Bayezid I and resumes under Murad II before Mehmed II takes the city; the book describes three days of plunder and Friday prayer in Hagia Sophia on the fourth."
 },
 "stub": false,
 "wings": [
  "time"
 ],
 "regions": [],
 "periods": [
  "period/gunpowder-empires"
 ],
 "tags": [],
 "aliases": [],
 "themes": [],
 "data": {
  "kind": "conquest",
  "sources": [
   "source/stoddard-arslan-hadir-1923"
  ],
  "status": {
   "review": "draft",
   "completeness": 1
  },
  "provenance": {
   "layer": "own-research",
   "generated_by": "Claude Haiku 5.5",
   "extraction_flow": "Apple Vision OCR (text layer) -> manual reading of scan pages 231-237 -> summary in own words"
  }
 },
 "prose": {
  "ar": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "موجز",
     "markdown": "يصف شكيب أرسلان، في تعليقه على «حاضر العالم الإسلامي»، حصار العثمانيين للمدينة منذ عهد بايزيد الأول، وحصار مراد الثاني، ثم فتحها على يد [[person/mehmed-ii|محمد الفاتح]]. {cite:stoddard-arslan-hadir-1923}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "ما بعد الفتح",
     "markdown": "يذكر أرسلان نهب [[place/istanbul|المدينة]] ثلاثة أيام، وصلاة الجمعة في آيا صوفيا في اليوم الرابع. ويعدّ الفتح من أهم تحولات المنطقة. {cite:stoddard-arslan-hadir-1923}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "تنبيه",
     "markdown": "المصدر واحد، وتواريخ أرسلان (بدء الحصار 1396م، وحساب الجمل 853هـ) وما نقله عن مدفعية محمد الثاني تحتاج إلى مصدر إضافي قبل اعتمادها. لا يحدد الكتاب يوم الفتح، وهذا يحتاج إلى مصدر إضافي."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "event/ottoman-conquest-constantinople-1453",
    "lang": "ar",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": []
   }
  },
  "en": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "Summary",
     "markdown": "In his commentary on *Hadir al-Alam al-Islami* (The Present State of the Islamic World), Shakib Arslan describes the Ottoman siege of the city from the time of Bayezid I, the siege under Murad II, and its conquest at the hands of [[person/mehmed-ii|Mehmed the Conqueror]]. {cite:stoddard-arslan-hadir-1923}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "After the conquest",
     "markdown": "Arslan mentions the plunder of [[place/istanbul|the city]] for three days, and Friday prayer in Hagia Sophia on the fourth day. He counts the conquest among the most important turning points in the region. {cite:stoddard-arslan-hadir-1923}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "A note",
     "markdown": "The source is a single one. Arslan's dates (the start of the siege in 1396 CE, and the abjad count of 853 AH) and what he relates about the artillery of Mehmed II need an additional source before they are relied on. The book does not specify the day of the conquest; this needs an additional source."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "event/ottoman-conquest-constantinople-1453",
    "lang": "en",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": [
     "Claude Haiku 5.5 (claude-haiku-5-5), draft translation"
    ]
   }
  }
 },
 "degree": 8,
 "contemporaries": [],
 "connections": [
  {
   "to": "person/mehmed-ii",
   "type": "had_participant",
   "inverse": true,
   "role": "السلطان الفاتح",
   "sources": [
    "source/stoddard-arslan-hadir-1923"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "place/istanbul",
   "type": "occurred_at",
   "inverse": false
  },
  {
   "to": "screen/fetih-1453-2012",
   "type": "subject_of",
   "inverse": true
  },
  {
   "to": "screen/su-ud-al-imbaraturiyat-uthman-2020",
   "type": "subject_of",
   "inverse": true
  }
 ],
 "related": [
  "person/mehmed-ii",
  "place/istanbul",
  "screen/fetih-1453-2012",
  "screen/su-ud-al-imbaraturiyat-uthman-2020",
  "building/eyup-sultan-mosque",
  "building/hagia-sophia",
  "building/new-mosque-istanbul",
  "event/abolition-caliphate-1342"
 ],
 "license": {
  "prose": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "data": "CC0 1.0"
 }
}