{
 "id": "period/colonial-era",
 "class": "period",
 "slug": "colonial-era",
 "label": {
  "en": "The Colonial Era",
  "ar": "العصر الاستعماري"
 },
 "summary": {
  "en": "The period when European powers conquered, ruled or dominated most Muslim-majority lands, and when reform and independence movements arose.",
  "ar": "الفترة التي أخضعت فيها القوى الأوروبية معظم البلاد ذات الأغلبية المسلمة أو حكمتها أو هيمنت عليها، ونشأت فيها حركات الإصلاح والاستقلال."
 },
 "stub": false,
 "wings": [
  "time"
 ],
 "regions": [
  "global"
 ],
 "periods": [],
 "tags": [],
 "aliases": [],
 "themes": [],
 "span": {
  "earliest": 1798.001943913975,
  "latest": 1950.998925371468
 },
 "display": {
  "start": {
   "edtf": "1798",
   "calendar": "gregorian",
   "precision": "year",
   "status": "historical",
   "note": "From Napoleon's invasion of Egypt; end approximates the wave of independence after 1945."
  },
  "end": {
   "edtf": "1950~",
   "calendar": "gregorian",
   "precision": "year",
   "status": "historical"
  }
 },
 "data": {
  "kind": "era",
  "start": {
   "edtf": "1798",
   "calendar": "gregorian",
   "precision": "year",
   "status": "historical",
   "note": "From Napoleon's invasion of Egypt; end approximates the wave of independence after 1945."
  },
  "end": {
   "edtf": "1950~",
   "calendar": "gregorian",
   "precision": "year",
   "status": "historical"
  },
  "sources": [
   "source/hodgson-1974",
   "source/hourani-1991"
  ],
  "status": {
   "review": "draft",
   "completeness": 1,
   "generated_by": "Claude Sonnet 5.5; boundaries are curatorial and approximate"
  }
 },
 "prose": {},
 "degree": 0,
 "contemporaries": [],
 "connections": [],
 "related": [],
 "license": {
  "prose": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "data": "CC0 1.0"
 }
}