{
 "id": "person/amr-ibn-al-as",
 "class": "person",
 "slug": "amr-ibn-al-as",
 "label": {
  "en": "Amr ibn al-As",
  "ar": "عمرو بن العاص"
 },
 "summary": {
  "en": "A Meccan diplomat who opposed the Muslims until 629–630, then converted and became the commander who conquered Egypt — and later Mu'awiya's chief ally in the first civil war.",
  "ar": "دبلوماسي مكي عارض المسلمين حتى 629–630م ثم أسلم وصار القائد الذي فتح مصر، وبعدها حليف معاوية الأول في الفتنة الأولى."
 },
 "stub": false,
 "wings": [
  "people"
 ],
 "regions": [
  "arabia",
  "egypt-nile",
  "levant-iraq"
 ],
 "periods": [
  "period/prophetic-era",
  "period/rashidun",
  "period/umayyad"
 ],
 "tags": [],
 "aliases": [],
 "themes": [
  "wars-and-campaigns",
  "converts-and-leavers",
  "civil-wars-and-revolts"
 ],
 "span": {
  "earliest": 573.0021150331629,
  "latest": 663.9991923174011
 },
 "display": {
  "start": {
   "edtf": "0573~",
   "calendar": "julian",
   "precision": "year",
   "status": "tradition",
   "sources": [
    "source/ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley"
   ]
  },
  "end": {
   "edtf": "0663~",
   "calendar": "julian",
   "precision": "year",
   "status": "tradition",
   "note": "Died in Egypt about 43 AH, where he was governor.",
   "sources": [
    "source/ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley"
   ]
  }
 },
 "data": {
  "names": [
   {
    "kind": "full",
    "lang": "ar",
    "value": "عمرو بن العاص بن وائل السهمي"
   }
  ],
  "gender": "male",
  "born": {
   "edtf": "0573~",
   "calendar": "julian",
   "precision": "year",
   "status": "tradition",
   "sources": [
    "source/ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley"
   ]
  },
  "died": {
   "edtf": "0663~",
   "calendar": "julian",
   "precision": "year",
   "status": "tradition",
   "note": "Died in Egypt about 43 AH, where he was governor.",
   "sources": [
    "source/ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley"
   ]
  },
  "roles": [
   "companion",
   "general",
   "politician"
  ],
  "traditions": [
   "sunni"
  ],
  "story_roles": [
   {
    "role": "military-opponent",
    "toward": "group/early-muslims",
    "start": {
     "edtf": "0625~"
    },
    "end": {
     "edtf": "0629"
    },
    "status": "historical",
    "note": "Fought on the Meccan side at Uhud.",
    "sources": [
     "source/ibn-ishaq-guillaume",
     "source/ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley"
    ]
   },
   {
    "role": "convert",
    "start": {
     "edtf": "0629"
    },
    "status": "historical",
    "note": "Embraced Islam between Hudaybiyya and the conquest of Mecca.",
    "sources": [
     "source/ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley"
    ]
   },
   {
    "role": "companion",
    "start": {
     "edtf": "0629"
    },
    "status": "historical",
    "sources": [
     "source/ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley"
    ]
   },
   {
    "role": "changed-sides",
    "start": {
     "edtf": "0629"
    },
    "status": "historical",
    "sources": [
     "source/ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley"
    ]
   },
   {
    "role": "commander",
    "toward": "polity/rashidun-caliphate",
    "start": {
     "edtf": "0639"
    },
    "end": {
     "edtf": "0646~"
    },
    "status": "historical",
    "note": "Led the conquest of Egypt under Umar and governed it.",
    "sources": [
     "source/tabari-donner-1993",
     "source/ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "faith": [
   {
    "value": "sunni",
    "basis": "documented",
    "note": "Embraced Islam about 629–630 CE after opposing the early community; recorded under the museum's Sunni frame (docs/scope.md)."
   }
  ],
  "sources": [
   "source/ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley",
   "source/tabari-donner-1993",
   "source/ibn-ishaq-guillaume"
  ],
  "status": {
   "review": "draft",
   "completeness": 2,
   "generated_by": "Devin; 2026-10-11"
  }
 },
 "prose": {
  "ar": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "نبذة",
     "markdown": "عمرو بن العاص أدهى دبلوماسيي مكة — بُعث يحاجّ عن المشركين، فأسلم في الساعة الأخيرة من النظام القديم، ثم صار القائد الذي فتح مصر للإسلام."
    },
    {
     "heading": "الحياة",
     "markdown": "قرشي من بني سهم، يظهر عمرو في المصادر أولًا رسولَ مكة الماكر: حاجّ في مجلس [[person/negus-of-aksum|النجاشي]] لردّ مهاجري الحبشة فخاب {cite:ibn-ishaq-guillaume}. وبين [[event/treaty-of-hudaybiyya|الحديبية]] والفتح قرأ الريح، فركب إلى المدينة فأسلم نحو 629–630م {cite:ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley}.\n\nاستعمل النبي دهاءه — بعثه إلى عمان — وفي عهد عمر قاد في الشام، ثم استأذن فتح مصر فأذن له: فأخذ الفسطاط سنة 641م ثم الإسكندرية بعدها {cite:tabari-donner-1993}. وفي الفتنة الأولى انحاز إلى [[person/muawiya-ibn-abi-sufyan|معاوية]]، وفي تحكيم صفين مرّس حزب علي — حيلة مشهورة ترويها المصادر بإعجاب كاره {cite:ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley}. ومات واليًا على مصر نحو سنة 663م {cite:ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "الأثر",
     "markdown": "صارت مصر إسلامية على يديه — وبقيت كذلك. وسياسيًّا هو رمز التراث للبرغماتي اللامع: الرجل الذي حطّ دائمًا على الجانب الفائز، بما فيه خلافة أخيرًا."
    },
    {
     "heading": "للزوار الصغار",
     "markdown": "كان عمرو أذكى من بُعث يحاجّ المسلمين — ثم انضم إليهم، وفتح مصر، وبقي واليها بقية عمره."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "person/amr-ibn-al-as",
    "lang": "ar",
    "source_lang": "en",
    "translators": []
   }
  },
  "en": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "Brief",
     "markdown": "Amr ibn al-As was Mecca's wiliest diplomat — sent to argue against the Muslims, converted at the last hour of the old order, and then the commander who won Egypt for Islam."
    },
    {
     "heading": "Life",
     "markdown": "A Qurayshi of the Sahm clan, Amr appears in the sources first as Mecca's clever envoy: he argued before [[person/negus-of-aksum|the Negus]] for the return of the Abyssinian refugees and failed {cite:ibn-ishaq-guillaume}. Between [[event/treaty-of-hudaybiyya|Hudaybiyya]] and the conquest he read the wind, rode to Medina and embraced Islam about 629–630 {cite:ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley}.\n\nThe Prophet used his diplomacy — sending him to Oman — and under Umar he took command in Syria, then asked for and received the conquest of Egypt: he took Fustat by 641 and Alexandria shortly after {cite:tabari-donner-1993}. In the first civil war he sided with [[person/muawiya-ibn-abi-sufyan|Mu'awiya]], and at the arbitration after Siffin outmaneuvered Ali's side — a famous trick the sources narrate with grudging admiration {cite:ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley}. He died governing Egypt about 663 {cite:ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "Legacy",
     "markdown": "Egypt became Islamic under his hand — and stayed so. Politically he is the tradition's emblem of the brilliant pragmatist: the man who always landed on the winning side, including, finally, the caliphate's."
    },
    {
     "heading": "For young visitors",
     "markdown": "Amr was so clever that he was sent to argue against the Muslims — then he joined them, conquered Egypt, and stayed its governor for the rest of his life."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "person/amr-ibn-al-as",
    "lang": "en",
    "source_lang": "en",
    "translators": []
   }
  }
 },
 "degree": 28,
 "contemporaries": [
  "person/abdullah-ibn-salam",
  "person/halima-al-sadiyya",
  "person/umm-ayman",
  "person/salman-al-farisi",
  "person/abbas-ibn-abd-al-muttalib",
  "person/abu-sufyan-ibn-harb",
  "person/uthman-ibn-affan",
  "person/umm-salama",
  "person/sajah",
  "person/saad-ibn-abi-waqqas",
  "person/suhayl-ibn-amr",
  "person/heraclius"
 ],
 "connections": [
  {
   "to": "person/abdullah-ibn-amr-ibn-al-as",
   "type": "parent_of",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/ibn-hajar-isaba"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "place/mecca",
   "type": "born_in",
   "inverse": false
  },
  {
   "to": "place/egypt",
   "type": "died_in",
   "inverse": false
  },
  {
   "to": "group/quraysh",
   "type": "member_of",
   "inverse": false
  },
  {
   "to": "group/early-muslims",
   "type": "fought",
   "inverse": false,
   "start": {
    "edtf": "0625"
   },
   "end": {
    "edtf": "0629"
   },
   "sources": [
    "source/ibn-ishaq-guillaume"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/battle-of-uhud",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "meccan-side",
   "sources": [
    "source/ibn-ishaq-guillaume"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "person/muhammad",
   "type": "converted_under",
   "inverse": false,
   "start": {
    "edtf": "0629"
   },
   "sources": [
    "source/ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/conquest-of-egypt",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "muslim-commander",
   "sources": [
    "source/tabari-donner-1993"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "person/muawiya-ibn-abi-sufyan",
   "type": "allied_with",
   "inverse": false,
   "start": {
    "edtf": "0657~"
   },
   "sources": [
    "source/ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "person/umm-kulthum-bint-uqba",
   "type": "spouse_of",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/ibn-hajar-isaba"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/demolition-of-al-uzza-and-idols",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "قائد سرية هدم سواع لهذيل",
   "sources": [
    "source/mubarakpuri-raheeq",
    "source/zad-al-maad"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/expedition-of-dhat-al-salasil",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "أمير السرية",
   "sources": [
    "source/mubarakpuri-raheeq",
    "source/sahih-al-bukhari"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/letters-to-rulers-and-kings",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "سفير النبي إلى جيفر وعبد ابني الجلندي في عُمان",
   "sources": [
    "source/mubarakpuri-raheeq",
    "source/zad-al-maad"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/second-migration-to-abyssinia",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "رسول قريش بالهدايا — قبل إسلامه",
   "sources": [
    "source/mubarakpuri-raheeq"
   ]
  }
 ],
 "related": [
  "person/khalid-ibn-al-walid",
  "place/mecca",
  "event/conquest-of-mecca",
  "person/abu-ubayda-ibn-al-jarrah",
  "person/musab-ibn-umayr",
  "person/umar-ibn-al-khattab",
  "event/treaty-of-hudaybiyya",
  "period/prophetic-era"
 ],
 "license": {
  "prose": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "data": "CC0 1.0"
 }
}