{
 "id": "person/badruddin-tyabji",
 "class": "person",
 "slug": "badruddin-tyabji",
 "label": {
  "ar": "بدر الدين طيبجي",
  "en": "Badruddin Tyabji",
  "ur": "بدرالدین طیب جی"
 },
 "summary": {
  "ar": "محامٍ وناشط وسياسي هندي (1844-1906) من بومباي، أول هندي يمارس المحاماة أمام محكمة بومباي العليا. كان من مؤسسي المؤتمر الوطني الهندي ورئيسه الثالث (1887-1888) وأول رئيس مسلم له، وأسّس أنجمن إسلام في بومباي سنة 1874، ثم صار قاضيا في محكمة بومباي العليا سنة 1895، أولَ مسلم وثالثَ هندي يتولى هذا المنصب، وعمل لدعم تعليم النساء.",
  "en": "Indian lawyer, activist and politician (1844–1906) of Bombay, the first Indian to practise as a barrister of the Bombay High Court. He was a founding member of the Indian National Congress, its third President (1887–1888) and its first Muslim president; he founded the Anjuman-i-Islam in Bombay in 1874, became a judge of the Bombay High Court in 1895 — the first Muslim and third Indian so elevated — and worked for women's education.",
  "ur": "ہندوستانی وکیل، کارکن اور سیاست دان (1844ء–1906ء) جن کا تعلق بمبئی سے تھا؛ بمبئی ہائی کورٹ میں بیرسٹر کی حیثیت سے پریکٹس کرنے والے پہلے ہندوستانی۔ وہ انڈین نیشنل کانگریس کے بانی اراکین میں سے تھے، اس کے تیسرے صدر (1887ء–1888ء) اور پہلے مسلم صدر بنے، 1874ء میں بمبئی میں انجمن اسلام قائم کی، اور 1895ء میں بمبئی ہائی کورٹ کے جج بنے۔"
 },
 "stub": false,
 "wings": [
  "people"
 ],
 "regions": [],
 "periods": [],
 "tags": [],
 "aliases": [],
 "themes": [],
 "span": {
  "earliest": 1844.7736093143596,
  "latest": 1906.6311423232194
 },
 "display": {
  "start": {
   "edtf": "1844-10-10",
   "hijri": "1260",
   "calendar": "gregorian",
   "precision": "day",
   "status": "historical",
   "derived": true,
   "note": "Born in Bombay on 10 October 1844: the English article and Wikidata agree. Son of Mullah Tyab Ali Bhai Mian. The Hijri year (1260) is derived by tabular conversion (10 October 1844 falls in Shawwal 1260). Bombay has no place entity in the museum yet, so no born_in relation is written.",
   "sources": [
    "source/wikipedia-badruddin-tyabji-en",
    "source/wikidata-badruddin-tyabji"
   ]
  },
  "end": {
   "edtf": "1906-08-19",
   "hijri": "1324",
   "calendar": "gregorian",
   "precision": "day",
   "status": "historical",
   "derived": true,
   "note": "Died in London, on furlough, of a heart attack. The English article's lead and infobox give 19 August 1906 while its own Death section gives 26 August 1906 — an internal inconsistency; the lead/infobox date is followed and the variant recorded here. Wikidata gives only the year 1906. The Hijri year (1324) is derived by tabular conversion (19 August 1906 falls in Jumada al-Akhira 1324). London has no place entity in the museum yet, so no died_in relation is written.",
   "sources": [
    "source/wikipedia-badruddin-tyabji-en",
    "source/wikidata-badruddin-tyabji"
   ]
  }
 },
 "data": {
  "names": [
   {
    "value": "Badruddin Tyabji",
    "kind": "full"
   },
   {
    "value": "بدر الدين طيبجي",
    "kind": "full"
   }
  ],
  "gender": "male",
  "roles": [
   "jurist",
   "politician",
   "activist"
  ],
  "born": {
   "edtf": "1844-10-10",
   "hijri": "1260",
   "calendar": "gregorian",
   "precision": "day",
   "status": "historical",
   "derived": true,
   "note": "Born in Bombay on 10 October 1844: the English article and Wikidata agree. Son of Mullah Tyab Ali Bhai Mian. The Hijri year (1260) is derived by tabular conversion (10 October 1844 falls in Shawwal 1260). Bombay has no place entity in the museum yet, so no born_in relation is written.",
   "sources": [
    "source/wikipedia-badruddin-tyabji-en",
    "source/wikidata-badruddin-tyabji"
   ]
  },
  "died": {
   "edtf": "1906-08-19",
   "hijri": "1324",
   "calendar": "gregorian",
   "precision": "day",
   "status": "historical",
   "derived": true,
   "note": "Died in London, on furlough, of a heart attack. The English article's lead and infobox give 19 August 1906 while its own Death section gives 26 August 1906 — an internal inconsistency; the lead/infobox date is followed and the variant recorded here. Wikidata gives only the year 1906. The Hijri year (1324) is derived by tabular conversion (19 August 1906 falls in Jumada al-Akhira 1324). London has no place entity in the museum yet, so no died_in relation is written.",
   "sources": [
    "source/wikipedia-badruddin-tyabji-en",
    "source/wikidata-badruddin-tyabji"
   ]
  },
  "faith": [
   {
    "value": "unknown",
    "basis": "unknown",
    "note": "NOT RECORDED AS DOCUMENTED — no fetched source names a school for Tyabji himself. The English article records that his FATHER was a member of the Sulaimani Bohra community — family background, which never counts as the son's attestation (the lane's near-miss rule and the founder's brief for this group) — and Tyabji's own founding of the Anjuman-i-Islam, his Congress presidency and his Islam Club and Islam Gymkhana work are affiliations, not schools. Wikidata (P140) gives only Islam. No second source attests any school for Tyabji, so no mapping is attempted and the value stays unknown under the two-source rule and the founder's doubt rule.",
    "sources": [
     "source/wikipedia-badruddin-tyabji-en",
     "source/wikidata-badruddin-tyabji"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "external_ids": {
   "wikidata": "Q4841139"
  },
  "sources": [
   "source/wikipedia-badruddin-tyabji-en",
   "source/wikidata-badruddin-tyabji"
  ],
  "provenance": {
   "layer": "own-research",
   "source": "English Wikipedia 'Badruddin Tyabji', rev. 1378372299 of 4 October 2026 (internally inconsistent on the death day: 19 August in the lead/infobox, 26 August in the Death section); Wikidata Q4841139 read via the API. The Urdu Wikipedia article was checked and NOT used: it gives his death as 18 November 1939, which is plainly wrong against every other source. No Arabic Wikipedia article exists for him. All read on 25 October 2026.",
   "generated_by": "Muse (Muse Spark 1.3)",
   "run": "century-additions-18"
  },
  "status": {
   "review": "published",
   "completeness": 3,
   "generated_by": "Muse (Muse Spark 1.3)"
  }
 },
 "prose": {
  "ar": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "موجز",
     "markdown": "بدر الدين طيبجي (10 أكتوبر 1844 – 19 أغسطس 1906) محامٍ وناشط وسياسي هندي في عهد الراج البريطاني، وهو أول هندي مارس المحاماة بصفة بارستر أمام محكمة بومباي العليا، والرئيس الثالث للمؤتمر الوطني الهندي وأول رئيس مسلم له ومن مؤسسيه. {cite:wikipedia-badruddin-tyabji-en} أسّس طيبجي كلية أنجمن إسلام في بومباي سنة 1874، وهي التي بدأت بمدرسة واحدة وصارت اليوم تضم أكثر من ثمانين مؤسسة من مرحلة ما قبل الابتدائي إلى الدراسات العليا، ويُعدّ أبرز أفراد أسرة طيبجي. {cite:wikipedia-badruddin-tyabji-en} تختلف المقالة الإنجليزية في داخلها حول يوم وفاته: فالمقدمة وبطاقة المعلومات تذكران 19 أغسطس 1906 بينما يذكر قسم الوفاة فيها 26 أغسطس 1906، وقد سُجّل الاختلاف في بيانات الكيان واتُّبع تاريخ المقدمة. {cite:wikipedia-badruddin-tyabji-en}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "النشأة والتعليم",
     "markdown": "وُلد طيبجي في 10 أكتوبر 1844 في بومباي، ابنَ الملا طيب علي بهاي ميان، وهو من جماعة السليماني بوهرة ومن سلالة أسرة عربية قديمة هاجرت من كمباي، وهذه النسبة الأسرية خلفية عائلية ولا تُعدّ شهادة على مذهب بدر الدين نفسه، ولذلك بقي مذهبه في بيانات الكيان غير معروف. {cite:wikipedia-badruddin-tyabji-en} أرسل والده أبناءه السبعة جميعا إلى أوروبا لمزيد من الدراسة في وقت كان التعليم الإنجليزي فيه مكروها عند مسلمي الهند، وكان أخوه الأكبر قمر الدين أول محامٍ هندي قُبل في إنجلترا وويلز، فألهم بدر الدين ذا الخمسة عشر عاما أن يلتحق بنقابة المحاماة. {cite:wikipedia-badruddin-tyabji-en} تعلم طيبجي الأردية والفارسية في مدرسة دادا مخرا، ثم التحق بمؤسسة إلفنستون في بومباي، وسافر إلى فرنسا لعلاج عينيه، والتحق سنة 1860 بكلية نيوبري هاي بارك في لندن، ثم بكلية الجامعة في لندن والميدل تمبل سنة 1863، وعاد إلى بومباي أواخر 1864 لضعف بصره، ثم استأنف دراسته ودُعي إلى نقابة المحاماة في أبريل 1867. {cite:wikipedia-badruddin-tyabji-en}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "المسيرة القانونية والبلدية",
     "markdown": "عاد طيبجي إلى بومباي في ديسمبر 1867 فصار أول محامٍ هندي (بارستر) في محكمة بومباي العليا. {cite:wikipedia-badruddin-tyabji-en} عُيّن في مؤسسة بومباي البلدية سنة 1873، وكان عضوا في مجلس جامعة بومباي بين 1875 و1905، وعُيّن في مجلس بومباي التشريعي سنة 1882 واستقال سنة 1886 لاعتلال صحته. {cite:wikipedia-badruddin-tyabji-en} كان مع فيروزشاه مهتا وكاشيناث تريمباك تيلانغ من المسؤولين الرئيسيين عن تشكيل جمعية رئاسة بومباي سنة 1885، التي دافعت عن المصالح الهندية واستضافت الاجتماع الأول للمؤتمر الوطني الهندي في بومباي أواخر 1885. {cite:wikipedia-badruddin-tyabji-en}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "المؤتمر الوطني الهندي",
     "markdown": "شارك بدر الدين وأخوه الأكبر قمر الدين بعمق في تأسيس المؤتمر الوطني الهندي، وعمل طيبجي على توسيع نطاقه الوطني بكسب تأييد الهندوس والمسلمين، وركّز في رئاسته للمؤتمر بين 1887 و1888 على توحيد الجماعة المسلمة. {cite:wikipedia-badruddin-tyabji-en} كان لطيبجي دور في تأسيس نادي الإسلام وصالة الإسلام الرياضية في بومباي لتعزيز التواصل الاجتماعي بين مسلمي المدينة. {cite:wikipedia-badruddin-tyabji-en} ردّا على دعوات مقاطعة المسلمين للمؤتمر أعلن طيبجي أنه نبذ كل الأحكام المسبقة الطائفية والمذهبية، وقدّم في مؤتمر الله آباد سنة 1888 القرار الثالث عشر القاضي بألا تُناقش مسألة يعترض عليها وفود الهندوس أو المسلمين بوصفهم جماعة. {cite:wikipedia-badruddin-tyabji-en} كتب سيد أحمد خان، أبرز منتقدي المؤتمر من القادة المسلمين، رسالة مفتوحة إلى طيبجي يتحداه فيها أن يبين مبادئ المؤتمر الأساسية غير المعارضة لمصالح المسلمين. {cite:wikipedia-badruddin-tyabji-en} قال طيبجي في خطابه الرئاسي لمؤتمر مدراس سنة 1887 إنه، بوصفه ممثلا لأنجمن إسلام في بومباي، لا يرى في أوضاع طوائف الهند المختلفة — هندوسا ومسلمين وبارسيين ومسيحيين — ما يدعو قادة أي طائفة إلى الابتعاد عن الآخرين في السعي إلى الإصلاحات والحقوق العامة المشتركة. {cite:wikipedia-badruddin-tyabji-en}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "القضاء والعمل الاجتماعي",
     "markdown": "صار طيبجي في يونيو 1895 قاضيا في محكمة بومباي العليا، أولَ مسلم وثالثَ هندي يُرفع إلى هذا المنصب، وصار سنة 1902 أول هندي يتولى رئاسة قضاء تلك المحكمة بحسب المقالة. {cite:wikipedia-badruddin-tyabji-en} نشط طيبجي في تحرير النساء وعمل على إضعاف نظام الزينانا، وأرسل بناته جميعا للتعليم في بومباي، وأرسل اثنتين منهن سنة 1904 إلى مدرسة داخلية في هيزل مير بإنجلترا. {cite:wikipedia-badruddin-tyabji-en}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "الوفاة والأسرة",
     "markdown": "توفي طيبجي فجأة بنوبة قلبية في لندن أثناء إجازة سنة 1906. {cite:wikipedia-badruddin-tyabji-en} كان متزوجا من راحة النفس ولهما ثمانية عشر ولدا، وكان عباس طيبجي ابن أخيه. {cite:wikipedia-badruddin-tyabji-en}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "المراجع",
     "markdown": "- المصادر المعرّفة المستشهد بها أعلاه، وهي مسجلة في `data/source/`."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "person/badruddin-tyabji",
    "lang": "ar",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": []
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-25"
  },
  "en": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "Summary",
     "markdown": "Badruddin Tyabji (10 October 1844 – 19 August 1906) was an Indian lawyer, activist and politician during the British Raj, the first Indian to practice as a barrister of the High Court of Bombay, and the third President of the Indian National Congress, of which he was a founding member and the first Muslim president. {cite:wikipedia-badruddin-tyabji-en} He founded the Anjuman-i-Islam College in Bombay in 1874, which started with one school and today has more than eighty institutions, and he is often referred to as the most prominent member of the Tyabji family. {cite:wikipedia-badruddin-tyabji-en} The English article is internally inconsistent about his death: its lead and infobox give 19 August 1906 while its Death section gives 26 August 1906; the variant is recorded in the entity data and the lead date is followed. {cite:wikipedia-badruddin-tyabji-en}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "Early life and education",
     "markdown": "Tyabji was born on 10 October 1844 in Bombay, the son of Mullah Tyab Ali Bhai Mian, a member of the Sulaimani Bohra community and a scion of an old Cambay emigrant Arab family; that community membership is his father's and is family background, not an attestation of Badruddin's own school, which is therefore recorded as unknown in the entity data. {cite:wikipedia-badruddin-tyabji-en} His father sent all seven of his sons to Europe for further studies, at a time when English education was considered anathema for Muslims in India, and his elder brother Camruddin, the first Indian solicitor admitted in England and Wales, inspired the 15-year-old Badruddin to join the Bar. {cite:wikipedia-badruddin-tyabji-en} After learning Urdu and Persian at Dada Makhra's Madrassa, Tyabji joined the Elphinstone Institution in Bombay, was sent to France for eye treatment, joined Newbury High Park College in London in 1860, enrolled at University College London and the Middle Temple in 1863, returned to Bombay in late 1864 with deteriorating eyesight, resumed his studies in late 1865 and was called to the Bar in April 1867. {cite:wikipedia-badruddin-tyabji-en}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "Legal and municipal career",
     "markdown": "On his return to Bombay in December 1867, Tyabji became the first Indian barrister in the High Court of Bombay. {cite:wikipedia-badruddin-tyabji-en} He was nominated to the Bombay Municipal Corporation in 1873, was a member of the University of Bombay senate between 1875 and 1905, and was appointed to the Bombay Legislative Council in 1882, resigning in 1886 owing to ill health. {cite:wikipedia-badruddin-tyabji-en} Along with Pherozeshah Mehta and Kashinath Trimbak Telang, he was largely responsible for forming the Bombay Presidency Association in 1885, which championed Indian interests and hosted the first meeting of the Indian National Congress in Bombay at the end of 1885. {cite:wikipedia-badruddin-tyabji-en}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "The Indian National Congress",
     "markdown": "Badruddin and his elder brother Camruddin were deeply involved in the founding of the Indian National Congress, and as its President between 1887 and 1888 Tyabji focused on uniting the Muslim community and gaining support from both Hindus and Muslims. {cite:wikipedia-badruddin-tyabji-en} To promote social interaction among Bombay's Muslims, he was instrumental in founding both the Islam Club and the Islam Gymkhana. {cite:wikipedia-badruddin-tyabji-en} In response to criticisms that Muslims should boycott the Congress, Tyabji declared that he had denounced all communal and sectarian prejudices, and at the 1888 Allahabad Congress he introduced Resolution No. XIII, providing that no subject be discussed to which Hindu or Muslim delegates as a body objected. {cite:wikipedia-badruddin-tyabji-en} Syed Ahmad Khan, chief among the Muslim critics of Congress, challenged Tyabji in an open letter to name the fundamental political principles of Congress that were not opposed to Muslim interests. {cite:wikipedia-badruddin-tyabji-en} In his Presidential Address to the 1887 Madras Congress, Tyabji said that, representing the Anjuman-i-Islam of Bombay, he saw nothing in the position of India's communities — Hindus, Musalmans, Parsis or Christians — that should induce any community's leaders to stand aloof from the common effort for general reforms and rights. {cite:wikipedia-badruddin-tyabji-en}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "Judgeship and social work",
     "markdown": "In June 1895 Tyabji was made a judge of the Bombay High Court, the first Muslim and the third Indian to be so elevated, and in 1902 he became, according to the article, the first Indian to hold the post of Chief Justice of the Bombay High Court. {cite:wikipedia-badruddin-tyabji-en} He was active in women's emancipation, worked to weaken the zenana system, sent all his daughters to be educated in Bombay, and in 1904 sent two of them to boarding school in Haslemere, England. {cite:wikipedia-badruddin-tyabji-en}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "Death and family",
     "markdown": "While on a year's furlough in London in 1906, Tyabji died suddenly of a heart attack. {cite:wikipedia-badruddin-tyabji-en} He was married to Rahat-un-Nafs and together they had eighteen children; his nephew was Abbas Tyabji. {cite:wikipedia-badruddin-tyabji-en}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "References",
     "markdown": "- The defined sources cited above, registered in `data/source/`."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "person/badruddin-tyabji",
    "lang": "en",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": []
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-25"
  },
  "ur": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "خلاصہ",
     "markdown": "بدرالدین طیب جی (10 اکتوبر 1844ء – 19 اگست 1906ء) برطانوی راج کے ہندوستانی وکیل، کارکن اور سیاست دان تھے؛ بمبئی ہائی کورٹ کے پہلے ہندوستانی بیرسٹر، انڈین نیشنل کانگریس کے تیسرے صدر اور اس کے پہلے مسلم صدر تھے۔ {cite:wikipedia-badruddin-tyabji-en} انھوں نے 1874ء میں بمبئی میں انجمن اسلام قائم کی۔ {cite:wikipedia-badruddin-tyabji-en} انگریزی مقالے میں ان کی وفات کے دن کے بارے میں اختلاف ہے: تمہید 19 اگست 1906ء بتاتی ہے جبکہ وفات کا حصہ 26 اگست بتاتا ہے؛ یہ اختلاف ہستی کے اعداد و شمار میں درج ہے۔ {cite:wikipedia-badruddin-tyabji-en}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "زندگی و خدمات",
     "markdown": "طیب جی بمبئی میں پیدا ہوئے؛ ان کے والد ملا طیب علی سلیمانی بوہرہ جماعت سے تھے، جو خاندانی پس منظر ہے اور بدرالدین کا اپنا مذہب اس سے ثابت نہیں ہوتا، اسی لیے ان کا مذہبی مسلک اعداد و شمار میں نامعلوم درج ہے۔ {cite:wikipedia-badruddin-tyabji-en} انھوں نے لندن میں تعلیم پائی اور اپریل 1867ء میں بار میں داخل ہوئے، اور دسمبر 1867ء میں بمبئی واپس آ کر وہاں کے پہلے ہندوستانی بیرسٹر بنے۔ {cite:wikipedia-badruddin-tyabji-en} وہ 1895ء میں بمبئی ہائی کورٹ کے جج بنے، اس منصب پر فائز ہونے والے پہلے مسلمان اور تیسرے ہندوستانی، اور خواتین کی تعلیم کے حامی رہے۔ {cite:wikipedia-badruddin-tyabji-en} طیب جی کا انتقال 1906ء میں لندن میں دل کے دورے سے ہوا۔ {cite:wikipedia-badruddin-tyabji-en}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "حوالہ جات",
     "markdown": "- اوپر مستشہد شدہ معرّف ذرائع، جو `data/source/` میں درج ہیں۔"
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "person/badruddin-tyabji",
    "lang": "ur",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": []
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-25"
  }
 },
 "degree": 0,
 "contemporaries": [
  "person/abd-al-razzaq-al-bitar",
  "person/ahmad-urabi",
  "person/ahmed-midhat",
  "person/almamy-suluku",
  "person/alpha-yaya-diallo",
  "person/altaf-hussain-hali",
  "person/bai-bureh",
  "person/cheikh-bouamama",
  "person/deli-fuad-pasha",
  "person/edhem-pasha",
  "person/emily-ruete",
  "person/fazlollah-nouri"
 ],
 "updated": "2026-10-25",
 "connections": [],
 "related": [],
 "license": {
  "prose": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "data": "CC0 1.0"
 }
}