{
 "id": "person/dhu-nuwas",
 "class": "person",
 "slug": "dhu-nuwas",
 "label": {
  "en": "Dhu Nuwas (Yusuf Asʾar Yathʾar)",
  "ar": "ذو نواس"
 },
 "summary": {
  "en": "The last Himyarite king before the second Abyssinian occupation: a convert to Judaism who in October 523 tried to force the Christians of Najran to apostatize and, on their refusal, dug the trench of fire — the event the Quran recalls in Surat al-Buruj.",
  "ar": "آخر ملوك حمير قبل الاحتلال الحبشي الثاني: تهوّد وقاد سنة 523م حملة على نصارى نجران ليصرفهم عن دينهم قسراً، فلما أبوا خدّ لهم الأخدود وألقاهم في النيران — ما يذكره القرآن في سورة البروج."
 },
 "stub": false,
 "wings": [
  "people"
 ],
 "regions": [
  "arabia"
 ],
 "periods": [
  "period/pre-islamic-arabia"
 ],
 "tags": [],
 "aliases": [],
 "themes": [
  "wars-and-campaigns",
  "islam-and-christianity"
 ],
 "data": {
  "gender": "male",
  "roles": [],
  "faith": [
   {
    "value": "jewish",
    "basis": "tradition",
    "sources": [
     "source/mubarakpuri-raheeq"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "story_roles": [
   {
    "role": "persecutor",
    "toward": "group/christians-of-najran",
    "status": "scriptural",
    "note": "أصحاب الأخدود في سورة البروج.",
    "sources": [
     "source/mubarakpuri-raheeq",
     "source/tafhim-al-quran"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "sources": [
   "source/mubarakpuri-raheeq"
  ],
  "status": {
   "review": "draft",
   "completeness": 2,
   "generated_by": "Devin; al-Raheeq al-Makhtum pp. 23–34 (batch 25b)"
  }
 },
 "prose": {
  "ar": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "نبذة",
     "markdown": "يوسف ذو نواس: آخر ملوك حمير الأقوياء قبل الاحتلال الحبشي، المتيهّد الذي أحرق نصارى نجران في أخدود 523م."
    },
    {
     "heading": "الحياة",
     "markdown": "لما ولي اليمن يوسف ذو نواس بن تبّان أسعد هجم على المسيحيين من أهل نجران ودعاهم إلى اعتناق اليهودية، فلما أبوا خدّ لهم الأخدود وأحرقهم بالنار ولم يفرّق بين رجل وامرأة وطفل وشيخ {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq}.\n\nويقال إن عدد المقتولين ما بين عشرين ألفاً وأربعين ألفاً، ووقع ذلك في أكتوبر سنة 523م، وقد أورد القرآن جزءاً من هذه القصة في سورة البروج {cite:tafhim-al-quran}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "الأثر",
     "markdown": "كانت نقمته سبباً في حمل الأحباش بأسطول الروم على احتلال اليمن سنة 525م، فانتهى بذلك ملك بيته المستقل {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "للزوار الصغار",
     "markdown": "ذو نواس ملك ظالم في قصة القرآن؛ أحرق أهل نجران في خندق نار لأنهم رفضوا ترك دينهم."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "person/dhu-nuwas",
    "lang": "ar",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": []
   }
  },
  "en": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "Overview",
     "markdown": "Yusuf Dhu Nuwas: the last powerful king of Himyar before the Abyssinian occupation, the convert to Judaism who burned Najran's Christians in the trench of 523 CE."
    },
    {
     "heading": "Life",
     "markdown": "When Yusuf Dhu Nuwas ibn Tubban As'ad took rule over Yemen he fell upon the Christians of Najran and called them to embrace Judaism; when they refused he dug them the trench and burned them with fire, making no distinction between man, woman, child and elder {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq}.\n\nThe slain are said to number between twenty and forty thousand; this happened in October of 523 CE, and the Qur'an records part of this story in Surat al-Buruj {cite:tafhim-al-quran}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "Significance",
     "markdown": "His atrocity was the cause of the Abyssinians' occupation of Yemen on the Roman fleet in 525 CE — and so his house's independent kingship ended {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "For young visitors",
     "markdown": "Dhu Nuwas was a tyrant king in a story the Qur'an tells; he burned Najran's people in a trench of fire because they refused to leave their religion."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "person/dhu-nuwas",
    "lang": "en",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": [
     "Devin (SWE-2), draft translation"
    ]
   }
  }
 },
 "degree": 6,
 "contemporaries": [],
 "connections": [
  {
   "to": "place/yemen",
   "type": "ruler_of",
   "inverse": false,
   "end": {
    "edtf": "0525"
   },
   "sources": [
    "source/mubarakpuri-raheeq"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "group/himyar",
   "type": "member_of",
   "inverse": false
  },
  {
   "to": "event/massacre-of-najran",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "القائد الذي خدّ الأخدود وأحرقهم",
   "sources": [
    "source/mubarakpuri-raheeq",
    "source/ibn-hisham-sira"
   ]
  }
 ],
 "related": [
  "person/sayf-ibn-dhi-yazan",
  "object/nasr",
  "person/abraha",
  "event/abyssinian-occupation-of-yemen",
  "event/massacre-of-najran",
  "event/persian-rule-of-yemen",
  "person/aryat",
  "person/badhan"
 ],
 "license": {
  "prose": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "data": "CC0 1.0"
 }
}