{
 "id": "person/hasan-ibn-ali",
 "class": "person",
 "slug": "hasan-ibn-ali",
 "label": {
  "en": "Hasan ibn Ali",
  "ar": "الحسن بن علي"
 },
 "summary": {
  "en": "Elder grandson of the Prophet through Fatima and Ali; briefly caliph in 661 CE before abdicating in favor of Muawiya, an act understood differently across the traditions.",
  "ar": "حفيد النبي الأكبر من فاطمة وعلي، تولّى الخلافة فترة وجيزة سنة 661م قبل أن يتنازل عنها لمعاوية، وهو أمر تفهمه التقاليد بصورة مختلفة."
 },
 "stub": false,
 "wings": [
  "people"
 ],
 "regions": [
  "arabia"
 ],
 "periods": [
  "period/prophetic-era",
  "period/rashidun",
  "period/umayyad"
 ],
 "tags": [],
 "aliases": [],
 "themes": [
  "sects-and-schools",
  "peace-making-and-coexistence",
  "civil-wars-and-revolts"
 ],
 "span": {
  "earliest": 625.1619814233009,
  "latest": 671.0000205342708
 },
 "display": {
  "start": {
   "edtf": "0625-03~",
   "hijri": "0003-09~",
   "calendar": "julian",
   "precision": "month",
   "status": "tradition",
   "note": "Traditionally mid-Ramadan 3 AH (about March 625 CE).",
   "sources": [
    "source/ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley"
   ]
  },
  "end": {
   "edtf": "0670~",
   "hijri": "0050~",
   "calendar": "julian",
   "precision": "year",
   "status": "tradition",
   "note": "Died in Medina in 49 or 50 AH; tradition reports poisoning, which historians treat as unproven.",
   "sources": [
    "source/ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley",
    "source/madelung-1997"
   ]
  }
 },
 "data": {
  "names": [
   {
    "kind": "full",
    "lang": "ar",
    "value": "الحسن بن علي بن أبي طالب"
   }
  ],
  "gender": "male",
  "born": {
   "edtf": "0625-03~",
   "hijri": "0003-09~",
   "calendar": "julian",
   "precision": "month",
   "status": "tradition",
   "note": "Traditionally mid-Ramadan 3 AH (about March 625 CE).",
   "sources": [
    "source/ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley"
   ]
  },
  "died": {
   "edtf": "0670~",
   "hijri": "0050~",
   "calendar": "julian",
   "precision": "year",
   "status": "tradition",
   "note": "Died in Medina in 49 or 50 AH; tradition reports poisoning, which historians treat as unproven.",
   "sources": [
    "source/ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley",
    "source/madelung-1997"
   ]
  },
  "roles": [
   "companion"
  ],
  "traditions": [
   "sunni",
   "shia-twelver"
  ],
  "story_roles": [
   {
    "role": "family-of-the-prophet",
    "status": "tradition",
    "sources": [
     "source/ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley"
    ]
   },
   {
    "role": "ruler",
    "toward": "polity/rashidun-caliphate",
    "start": {
     "edtf": "0661-01"
    },
    "end": {
     "edtf": "0661-08~"
    },
    "status": "historical",
    "note": "Brief caliphate after Ali's death, ended by his abdication to Muawiya.",
    "sources": [
     "source/madelung-1997"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "faith": [
   {
    "value": "sunni",
    "basis": "tradition",
    "note": "Early Muslim; recorded under the museum's Sunni frame (docs/scope.md). He is also the second Imam of Twelver Shia; see perspectives."
   }
  ],
  "perspectives": [
   {
    "tradition": "sunni",
    "summary": {
     "en": "Sunni tradition reveres Hasan as the Prophet's beloved grandson and counts his abdication an act of reconciliation that ended the first civil war — 'the year of unity'."
    },
    "sources": [
     "source/ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley"
    ]
   },
   {
    "tradition": "academic",
    "summary": {
     "en": "Historians describe a caliphate that lacked the military and political base to continue, so that the abdication was as much a consequence of weakness as of peacemaking."
    },
    "sources": [
     "source/madelung-1997"
    ]
   },
   {
    "tradition": "shia-twelver",
    "summary": {
     "en": "Twelver Shia tradition venerates Hasan as the second Imam, who abdicated under duress to spare his followers, and holds that he was later poisoned at Muawiya's instigation."
    },
    "sources": [
     "source/momen-1985"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "sensitivity": "contested",
  "sources": [
   "source/ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley",
   "source/madelung-1997",
   "source/momen-1985"
  ],
  "status": {
   "review": "draft",
   "completeness": 2,
   "generated_by": "Devin; 2026-10-11"
  }
 },
 "prose": {
  "ar": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "نبذة",
     "markdown": "الحسن سبط النبي الأكبر، ابن [[person/fatima|فاطمة]] و[[person/ali-ibn-abi-talib|علي]]. ولّاه الناس الخلافة حين قُتل أبوه سنة 661م، ثم تنازل لمعاوية، فيُذكر اختياره عند فريق صلحًا وعند آخر هزيمة."
    },
    {
     "heading": "الحياة",
     "markdown": "وُلد بالمدينة في منتصف سنة 625م {cite:ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley}، ونشأ في بيت النبوة، وتحكي الروايات عن شفقة النبي به وبأخيه [[person/husayn-ibn-ali|الحسين]].\n\nولما اغتيل علي في يناير سنة 661م بايعه أهل الكوفة. وأمام جيش معاوية الشامي الأقوى، وأخبار انشقاقات في معسكره، تفاوض على تنازل في ذلك العام شمل أمانًا، وتذكر بعض الروايات شرطًا ألّا يعهد معاوية بخلافته لأحد {cite:madelung-1997}. ثم انكفأ إلى المدينة حيث توفي نحو سنة 670م. وشاع القول إنه سُمّ، والمؤرخون يعدّونه غير ثابت {cite:madelung-1997}.\n\n:::perspectives\n- **أهل السنة**: تُجِلّ السنة الحسنَ سبط النبي، وتعدّ تنازله مصالحة أنهت الفتنة الأولى، فيُذكر عامه «عام الجماعة» {cite:ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley}.\n- **أكاديمي**: يصف المؤرخون خلافة فقدت القاعدة العسكرية والسياسية للاستمرار، فكان التنازل نتيجة ضعف بقدر ما كان صلحًا {cite:madelung-1997}.\n- **الشيعة الاثنا عشرية**: يوقّره التراث الإمامي الإمامَ الثاني، تنازل مكرهًا ليصون أتباعه، ويرى أنه سُمّ لاحقًا بدسيسة معاوية {cite:momen-1985}.\n:::"
    },
    {
     "heading": "الأثر",
     "markdown": "تنازله من اللحظات المؤسسة في ذاكرة السنة والشيعة للإسلام المبكر: الفعل نفسه تقرؤه جماعة حكمةً وتقرؤه أخرى مأساةً."
    },
    {
     "heading": "للزوار الصغار",
     "markdown": "خُيّر الحسن بين حرب قد لا يفوز بها وبين التنازل عن الحكم ليحفظ السلم. والمسلمون يناقشون اختياره منذ أربعة عشر قرنًا."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "person/hasan-ibn-ali",
    "lang": "ar",
    "source_lang": "en",
    "translators": []
   }
  },
  "en": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "Brief",
     "markdown": "Hasan was the elder grandson of the Prophet, son of [[person/fatima]] and [[person/ali-ibn-abi-talib]]. When his father was killed in 661 he briefly became caliph — then stepped down and gave the leadership to Muawiya, a choice remembered as either peacemaking or defeat."
    },
    {
     "heading": "Life",
     "markdown": "Born in Medina in mid-625 CE {cite:ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley}, Hasan grew up in the Prophet's household; the traditions describe the Prophet's tenderness toward him and his brother [[person/husayn-ibn-ali]].\n\nWhen Ali was assassinated in January 661, the people of Kufa pledged to Hasan. Facing Muawiya's stronger Syrian army, and reports of defections in his own camp, he negotiated an abdication later that year on terms that included an amnesty and, in some reports, a stipulation that Muawiya's successor not be appointed {cite:madelung-1997}. He retired to Medina and died there about 670 CE. The tradition that he was poisoned is widely repeated; historians treat it as unproven {cite:madelung-1997}.\n\n:::perspectives\n- **Sunni**: Sunni tradition reveres Hasan as the Prophet's beloved grandson and counts his abdication an act of reconciliation that ended the first civil war — the year remembered as the 'year of unity' {cite:ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley}.\n- **Academic**: Historians describe a caliphate that lacked the military and political base to continue, so that the abdication was as much a consequence of weakness as of peacemaking {cite:madelung-1997}.\n- **Twelver Shia**: Twelver Shia tradition venerates Hasan as the second Imam, who abdicated under duress to spare his followers, and holds that he was later poisoned at Muawiya's instigation {cite:momen-1985}.\n:::"
    },
    {
     "heading": "Legacy",
     "markdown": "His abdication is one of the founding moments of the Sunni–Shia memory of early Islam: the same act read as wisdom by one community and as tragedy by another."
    },
    {
     "heading": "For young visitors",
     "markdown": "Hasan had a choice: fight a war he might not win, or give up power to keep the peace. Muslims have been discussing his choice for fourteen hundred years."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "person/hasan-ibn-ali",
    "lang": "en",
    "source_lang": "en",
    "translators": []
   }
  }
 },
 "degree": 18,
 "contemporaries": [
  "person/abdullah-ibn-abbas",
  "person/abu-hurayra",
  "person/aisha",
  "person/halima-al-sadiyya",
  "person/saad-ibn-abi-waqqas",
  "person/safiyya-bint-huyayy",
  "person/umm-salama",
  "person/husayn-ibn-ali",
  "person/zaynab-bint-ali",
  "person/hafsa",
  "person/abdullah-ibn-salam",
  "person/amr-ibn-al-as"
 ],
 "connections": [
  {
   "to": "place/medina",
   "type": "born_in",
   "inverse": false
  },
  {
   "to": "place/medina",
   "type": "died_in",
   "inverse": false
  },
  {
   "to": "place/medina",
   "type": "buried_in",
   "inverse": false
  },
  {
   "to": "person/ali-ibn-abi-talib",
   "type": "child_of",
   "inverse": false
  },
  {
   "to": "person/fatima",
   "type": "child_of",
   "inverse": false
  },
  {
   "to": "person/husayn-ibn-ali",
   "type": "sibling_of",
   "inverse": false
  },
  {
   "to": "person/zaynab-bint-ali",
   "type": "sibling_of",
   "inverse": false
  },
  {
   "to": "group/ahl-al-bayt",
   "type": "member_of",
   "inverse": false
  },
  {
   "to": "group/banu-hashim",
   "type": "member_of",
   "inverse": false
  }
 ],
 "related": [
  "person/husayn-ibn-ali",
  "person/zaynab-bint-ali",
  "person/fatima",
  "group/ahl-al-bayt",
  "person/ali-ibn-abi-talib",
  "group/banu-hashim",
  "person/muhammad",
  "place/medina"
 ],
 "license": {
  "prose": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "data": "CC0 1.0"
 }
}