{
 "id": "person/husayn-ibn-ali",
 "class": "person",
 "slug": "husayn-ibn-ali",
 "label": {
  "en": "Husayn ibn Ali",
  "ar": "الحسين بن علي"
 },
 "summary": {
  "en": "Younger grandson of the Prophet through Fatima and Ali; killed at Karbala in 680 CE after refusing allegiance to Yazid I, an event of lasting significance especially in Shia tradition.",
  "ar": "حفيد النبي الأصغر من فاطمة وعلي، قُتل في كربلاء سنة 680م بعد رفضه بيعة يزيد الأول، وهو حدث عميق الأثر خاصة في التقليد الشيعي."
 },
 "stub": false,
 "wings": [
  "people"
 ],
 "regions": [
  "arabia",
  "levant-iraq"
 ],
 "periods": [
  "period/prophetic-era",
  "period/rashidun",
  "period/umayyad"
 ],
 "tags": [],
 "aliases": [],
 "themes": [
  "sects-and-schools",
  "civil-wars-and-revolts",
  "health-body-death"
 ],
 "span": {
  "earliest": 625.9997809674394,
  "latest": 680.7770864562269
 },
 "display": {
  "start": {
   "edtf": "0626-01~",
   "hijri": "0004-03~",
   "calendar": "julian",
   "precision": "month",
   "status": "tradition",
   "note": "Traditionally Sha'ban 4 AH (about January 626 CE).",
   "sources": [
    "source/ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley"
   ]
  },
  "end": {
   "edtf": "0680-10-10",
   "hijri": "0061-01-10",
   "calendar": "julian",
   "precision": "day",
   "status": "historical",
   "note": "Killed at Karbala on 10 Muharram 61 AH (10 October 680 CE, Julian calendar).",
   "sources": [
    "source/madelung-1997",
    "source/watt-1956-medina"
   ]
  }
 },
 "data": {
  "names": [
   {
    "kind": "full",
    "lang": "ar",
    "value": "الحسين بن علي بن أبي طالب"
   }
  ],
  "gender": "male",
  "born": {
   "edtf": "0626-01~",
   "hijri": "0004-03~",
   "calendar": "julian",
   "precision": "month",
   "status": "tradition",
   "note": "Traditionally Sha'ban 4 AH (about January 626 CE).",
   "sources": [
    "source/ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley"
   ]
  },
  "died": {
   "edtf": "0680-10-10",
   "hijri": "0061-01-10",
   "calendar": "julian",
   "precision": "day",
   "status": "historical",
   "note": "Killed at Karbala on 10 Muharram 61 AH (10 October 680 CE, Julian calendar).",
   "sources": [
    "source/madelung-1997",
    "source/watt-1956-medina"
   ]
  },
  "roles": [
   "companion"
  ],
  "traditions": [
   "sunni",
   "shia-twelver"
  ],
  "story_roles": [
   {
    "role": "family-of-the-prophet",
    "status": "tradition",
    "sources": [
     "source/ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley"
    ]
   },
   {
    "role": "rebel",
    "toward": "polity/umayyad-caliphate",
    "start": {
     "edtf": "0680"
    },
    "status": "debated",
    "note": "The framing of his rising — legitimate refusal or rebellion — is itself part of the dispute between traditions.",
    "sources": [
     "source/madelung-1997"
    ]
   },
   {
    "role": "martyr",
    "start": {
     "edtf": "0680-10-10"
    },
    "status": "tradition",
    "note": "Regarded as a martyr across Islamic tradition, pre-eminently in Shia devotion.",
    "sources": [
     "source/momen-1985",
     "source/ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "faith": [
   {
    "value": "sunni",
    "basis": "tradition",
    "note": "Early Muslim; recorded under the museum's Sunni frame (docs/scope.md). He is also the third Imam of Twelver Shia; see perspectives."
   }
  ],
  "issue": {
   "ar": "كيف يُفهم خروج الحسين بن علي ومقتله بكربلاء؟",
   "en": "How is Husayn ibn Ali's rising and his killing at Karbala understood?"
  },
  "perspectives": [
   {
    "tradition": "sunni",
    "id": "sunni",
    "summary": {
     "en": "Sunni tradition venerates Husayn as the Prophet's beloved grandson and remembers Karbala as a tragedy and an injustice done to the Prophet's family."
    },
    "sources": [
     "source/ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley"
    ]
   },
   {
    "tradition": "academic",
    "id": "academic",
    "summary": {
     "en": "Historians describe a failed bid for the caliphate, gathering support in Kufa, that was crushed at Karbala by the Umayyad authorities — an event whose religious meaning grew far beyond its military scale."
    },
    "sources": [
     "source/madelung-1997",
     "source/watt-1956-medina"
    ]
   },
   {
    "tradition": "shia-twelver",
    "id": "shia-twelver",
    "summary": {
     "en": "Twelver Shia tradition venerates Husayn as the third Imam, whose sacrifice at Karbala stands at the centre of Shia devotion and is mourned annually on Ashura."
    },
    "sources": [
     "source/momen-1985"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "sensitivity": "contested",
  "sources": [
   "source/ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley",
   "source/madelung-1997",
   "source/momen-1985",
   "source/watt-1956-medina"
  ],
  "status": {
   "review": "draft",
   "completeness": 2,
   "generated_by": "Devin; 2026-10-11"
  }
 },
 "prose": {
  "ar": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "نبذة",
     "markdown": "الحسين سبط النبي الأصغر، ابن [[person/fatima|فاطمة]] و[[person/ali-ibn-abi-talib|علي]]. أبى سنة 680م بيعة الخليفة يزيد الأول فقُتل مع أهله وصحبه في كربلاء، في حدث تفوق دلالته الدينية، خاصة في العاطفة الشيعية، حجمه العسكري بمراحل."
    },
    {
     "heading": "الحياة",
     "markdown": "وُلد بالمدينة نحو يناير سنة 626م {cite:ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley}، ونشأ في بيت النبوة، وتذكر الروايات شبهه بالنبي.\n\nولما توفي معاوية سنة 680م ونُصّب ابنه يزيد — أول وراثة في الخلافة — أبى الحسين البيعة {cite:madelung-1997}. ودعاه أهل الكوفة ووعدوه النصرة، فسار إلى العراق في نفر قليل من أهله وأصحابه. فاعترضته القوات الأموية في كربلاء، وفي العاشر من محرم سنة 61هـ (10 أكتوبر 680م) قُتل الحسين وأكثر رجال الفريق، وسُبيت النساء والأطفال وفيهم أخته [[person/zaynab-bint-ali|زينب]] {cite:watt-1956-medina}.\n\n:::perspectives\n- **أهل السنة**: تُجِلّ السنة الحسين سبط النبي، وتذكر كربلاء مأساة وظلمًا وقع على أهل البيت {cite:ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley}.\n- **أكاديمي**: يصف المؤرخون محاولة خلافة اعتمدت على نصرة لم تتحقق فسحقتها السلطة الأموية، في حدث نما معناه الديني أبعد بكثير من حجمه {cite:madelung-1997}.\n- **الشيعة الاثنا عشرية**: يوقّره التراث الإمامي الإمامَ الثالث، وتضحيته الواعية في كربلاء في قلب العاطفة الشيعية، تُنعى كل عام يوم عاشوراء {cite:momen-1985}.\n:::"
    },
    {
     "heading": "الأثر",
     "markdown": "صارت كربلاء مثال الشهادة الأعلى في الإسلام: حكاية يعيد كل جيل روايتها بكل لسان ليجادل عن العدل والسلطة وما يستطيع الإنسان الواحد أن يأباه."
    },
    {
     "heading": "للزوار الصغار",
     "markdown": "عُرض على الحسين الأمان إن قبل حاكمًا يراه ظالمًا. أبى فمات على ذلك. وما زال ملايين الناس يذكرون اختياره كل عام."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "person/husayn-ibn-ali",
    "lang": "ar",
    "source_lang": "en",
    "translators": []
   }
  },
  "en": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "Brief",
     "markdown": "Husayn was the younger grandson of the Prophet, son of [[person/fatima]] and [[person/ali-ibn-abi-talib]]. In 680 CE he refused allegiance to the caliph Yazid I and was killed with his family and companions at Karbala — an event whose religious meaning, especially in Shia devotion, far outweighs its military size."
    },
    {
     "heading": "Life",
     "markdown": "Born in Medina about January 626 CE {cite:ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley}, Husayn grew up in the Prophet's household and was remembered in tradition as resembling him.\n\nWhen Muawiya died in 680 and his son Yazid was installed — the first hereditary succession in the caliphate — Husayn refused the oath of allegiance {cite:madelung-1997}. Invited by the people of Kufa, who promised support, he set out for Iraq with a small band of family and followers. Umayyad forces intercepted them at Karbala and, on 10 Muharram 61 AH (10 October 680 CE), killed Husayn and nearly all the men of the party; the women and children, including his sister [[person/zaynab-bint-ali]], were taken captive {cite:watt-1956-medina}.\n\n:::perspectives\n- **Sunni**: Sunni tradition venerates Husayn as the Prophet's beloved grandson and remembers Karbala as a tragedy and an injustice done to the Prophet's family {cite:ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley}.\n- **Academic**: Historians describe a failed bid for the caliphate, relying on support that did not materialize, crushed by the Umayyad authorities — an event whose religious meaning grew far beyond its scale {cite:madelung-1997}.\n- **Twelver Shia**: Twelver Shia tradition venerates Husayn as the third Imam, whose willing sacrifice at Karbala stands at the center of Shia devotion and is mourned each year on the day of Ashura {cite:momen-1985}.\n:::"
    },
    {
     "heading": "Legacy",
     "markdown": "Karbala became the archetype of martyrdom in Islam — a story every generation retells, in every language, to argue about justice, power and what a single life can refuse."
    },
    {
     "heading": "For young visitors",
     "markdown": "Husayn was offered safety if he accepted a ruler he believed was unjust. He refused, and died for it. Every year, millions of people still remember his choice."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "person/husayn-ibn-ali",
    "lang": "en",
    "source_lang": "en",
    "translators": []
   }
  }
 },
 "degree": 22,
 "contemporaries": [
  "person/abdullah-ibn-abbas",
  "person/abu-hurayra",
  "person/halima-al-sadiyya",
  "person/umm-salama",
  "person/zaynab-bint-ali",
  "person/aisha",
  "person/saad-ibn-abi-waqqas",
  "person/hasan-ibn-ali",
  "person/safiyya-bint-huyayy",
  "person/hafsa",
  "person/abdullah-ibn-salam",
  "person/amr-ibn-al-as"
 ],
 "connections": [
  {
   "to": "person/hasan-ibn-ali",
   "type": "sibling_of",
   "inverse": true
  },
  {
   "to": "place/medina",
   "type": "born_in",
   "inverse": false
  },
  {
   "to": "place/karbala",
   "type": "died_in",
   "inverse": false
  },
  {
   "to": "place/karbala",
   "type": "buried_in",
   "inverse": false
  },
  {
   "to": "person/ali-ibn-abi-talib",
   "type": "child_of",
   "inverse": false
  },
  {
   "to": "person/fatima",
   "type": "child_of",
   "inverse": false
  },
  {
   "to": "person/zaynab-bint-ali",
   "type": "sibling_of",
   "inverse": false
  },
  {
   "to": "group/ahl-al-bayt",
   "type": "member_of",
   "inverse": false
  },
  {
   "to": "group/banu-hashim",
   "type": "member_of",
   "inverse": false
  },
  {
   "to": "event/karbala",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "killed",
   "sources": [
    "source/madelung-1997"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/delegation-of-najran",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false
  }
 ],
 "related": [
  "person/hasan-ibn-ali",
  "person/fatima",
  "person/zaynab-bint-ali",
  "group/ahl-al-bayt",
  "person/ali-ibn-abi-talib",
  "person/muhammad",
  "event/delegation-of-najran",
  "group/banu-hashim"
 ],
 "license": {
  "prose": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "data": "CC0 1.0"
 }
}