{
 "id": "person/ibn-sina",
 "class": "person",
 "slug": "ibn-sina",
 "label": {
  "en": "Ibn Sina (Avicenna)",
  "ar": "ابن سينا",
  "fa": "ابن سینا"
 },
 "summary": {
  "en": "Persian polymath (c. 980–1037) whose Canon of Medicine and Book of Healing shaped medicine and philosophy across the Islamic world and Europe for centuries.",
  "ar": "عالم موسوعي فارسي (نحو 980–1037م) أثّر كتاباه القانون في الطب والشفاء في الفلسفة في العالم الإسلامي وأوروبا قرونًا."
 },
 "stub": false,
 "wings": [
  "people",
  "ideas"
 ],
 "regions": [
  "persia-central-asia"
 ],
 "periods": [
  "period/buyid-seljuk-fatimid-era"
 ],
 "tags": [],
 "aliases": [
  "person/avicenna"
 ],
 "themes": [
  "medicine",
  "philosophy-and-logic",
  "golden-age-and-decline"
 ],
 "span": {
  "earliest": 980.0002053430255,
  "latest": 1037.4962524897524
 },
 "display": {
  "start": {
   "edtf": "0980~",
   "hijri": "0370~",
   "calendar": "julian",
   "precision": "year",
   "status": "historical",
   "note": "Traditional date; his biography implies 980, some give 973.",
   "sources": [
    "source/gutas-2014"
   ]
  },
  "end": {
   "edtf": "1037-06",
   "hijri": "0428-09",
   "calendar": "julian",
   "precision": "month",
   "status": "historical",
   "sources": [
    "source/gutas-2014"
   ]
  }
 },
 "data": {
  "names": [
   {
    "kind": "full",
    "lang": "ar",
    "value": "أبو علي الحسين بن عبد الله بن الحسن بن علي بن سينا"
   },
   {
    "kind": "kunya",
    "lang": "ar-Latn",
    "value": "Abu Ali"
   },
   {
    "kind": "laqab",
    "lang": "ar-Latn",
    "value": "al-Shaykh al-Ra'is"
   },
   {
    "kind": "latinized",
    "lang": "la",
    "value": "Avicenna"
   }
  ],
  "gender": "male",
  "born": {
   "edtf": "0980~",
   "hijri": "0370~",
   "calendar": "julian",
   "precision": "year",
   "status": "historical",
   "note": "Traditional date; his biography implies 980, some give 973.",
   "sources": [
    "source/gutas-2014"
   ]
  },
  "died": {
   "edtf": "1037-06",
   "hijri": "0428-09",
   "calendar": "julian",
   "precision": "month",
   "status": "historical",
   "sources": [
    "source/gutas-2014"
   ]
  },
  "roles": [
   "physician",
   "philosopher",
   "astronomer",
   "vizier",
   "poet"
  ],
  "disciplines": [
   "concept/medicine",
   "concept/falsafa",
   "concept/logic"
  ],
  "traditions": [
   "sunni-hanafi"
  ],
  "languages": [
   "language/arabic",
   "language/persian"
  ],
  "perspectives": [
   {
    "tradition": "sunni",
    "summary": {
     "en": "Sunni scholars judged him differently: al-Ghazali held that three of his teachings (the eternity of the world, God's knowledge of universals only, and the denial of bodily resurrection) amounted to unbelief, while his medical works were widely used.",
     "ar": "تفاوتت أحكام علماء أهل السنة عليه: فقد رأى الغزالي أن ثلاث مسائل من مذهبه (قِدَم العالم، وعلم الله بالكليات دون الجزئيات، وإنكار حشر الأجساد) تفضي إلى الكفر، بينما شاع الانتفاع بكتبه الطبية."
    },
    "sources": [
     "source/gutas-2014"
    ]
   },
   {
    "tradition": "academic",
    "summary": {
     "en": "His father served the Samanids and is reported to have been Ismaili; Ibn Sina's own confessional identity is debated, and his philosophy was attacked by al-Ghazali and defended by later thinkers."
    },
    "sources": [
     "source/gutas-2014"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "external_ids": {
   "wikidata": "Q8011",
   "viaf": "31996761"
  },
  "sources": [
   "source/gohlman-1974",
   "source/gutas-2014"
  ],
  "status": {
   "review": "draft",
   "completeness": 3,
   "generated_by": "Claude Sonnet 5.5 (scaffold from docs/plan/02 §10)"
  }
 },
 "prose": {
  "ar": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "نبذة",
     "markdown": "ابن سينا، المعروف في أوروبا باسم «أفيسينا»، طبيب وفيلسوف فارسي عاش نحو 980–1037م. ظل كتاباه «القانون في الطب» و«الشفاء» يُدرَّسان قرونًا من آسيا الوسطى إلى غرب أوروبا."
    },
    {
     "heading": "الحياة",
     "markdown": "وُلد ابن سينا في قرية أفشنة قرب [[place/bukhara|بخارى]] نحو سنة 980م، ونشأ في مدينة كانت تحكمها الأسرة السامانية. ويصف في سيرته، التي أتمّها تلميذه الجوزجاني، صبيًّا أتقن القرآن والعلوم الأولى مبكرًا ثم انصرف إلى المنطق والرياضيات والطب {cite:gohlman-1974}.\n\nغادر بخارى بعد نحو سنة 1002م، وعمل طبيبًا وفي بعض الأحيان وزيرًا في عدد من البلاطات في إيران. وفي سنواته الأخيرة خدم [[person/ala-al-dawla-muhammad|علاء الدولة]] في [[place/isfahan|أصفهان]]. وتوفي في [[place/hamadan|همدان]] في يونيو 1037م (رمضان 428هـ) {cite:gutas-2014}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "الأعمال",
     "markdown": "من أشهر كتبه [[work/al-qanun-fi-al-tibb|القانون في الطب]]، وهو موسوعة طبية، و[[work/kitab-al-shifa|الشفاء]]، وهو جامع فلسفي واسع. كتب في الغالب بالعربية، وكتب أيضًا بالفارسية {cite:gutas-2014}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "الأثر",
     "markdown": "تعامل معه المفكرون المسلمون اللاحقون في الاتجاهين: فقد انتقد [[person/al-ghazali|الغزالي]] بعض آرائه، وبنى آخرون كثيرون على منظومته. ونقلت الترجمات اللاتينية طبّه وفلسفته إلى أوروبا في العصور الوسطى.\n\n:::perspectives\n- **أهل السنة**: تفاوتت أحكام علماء أهل السنة عليه؛ فقد رأى الغزالي أن ثلاث مسائل من مذهبه تفضي إلى الكفر، بينما شاع الانتفاع بكتبه الطبية {cite:gutas-2014}.\n- **أكاديمي**: يشير المؤرخون إلى أن والده يُروى أنه كان إسماعيليًّا، وأن انتماء ابن سينا المذهبي نفسه محل خلاف {cite:gutas-2014}.\n:::"
    },
    {
     "heading": "للزوار الصغار",
     "markdown": "تخيّل طبيبًا ومفكرًا بلغ من احترام الناس له أن كتابه في الطب ظل يُدرَّس في الصفوف مئات السنين."
    },
    {
     "heading": "ملاحظات للباحثين",
     "markdown": "تُذكر سنة الميلاد عادةً 980م، وفي بعض الروايات ما يشير إلى 973م. تُحفظ التواريخ هنا كما وردت في المصادر، ويُشار إلى أي تحويل هجري بأنه مشتق."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "person/ibn-sina",
    "lang": "ar",
    "source_lang": "en",
    "translators": []
   }
  },
  "en": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "Brief",
     "markdown": "Ibn Sina, known in Europe as Avicenna, was a Persian physician and philosopher who lived around 980–1037 CE. His *Canon of Medicine* and *Book of Healing* were studied for centuries from Central Asia to Western Europe."
    },
    {
     "heading": "Life",
     "markdown": "Ibn Sina was born near [[place/bukhara]], at Afshana, around 980 CE, and grew up in a city then ruled by the Samanid dynasty. His own account, completed by his student al-Juzjani, describes a boy who mastered the Qur'an and the basic sciences early and then pursued logic, mathematics and medicine {cite:gohlman-1974}.\n\nHe left Bukhara after about 1002 CE and worked at several courts in Iran as a physician and, at times, a vizier. In his last years he served [[person/ala-al-dawla-muhammad|Ala al-Dawla]] at [[place/isfahan]]. He died at [[place/hamadan]] in June 1037 CE (Ramadan 428 AH) {cite:gutas-2014}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "Work",
     "markdown": "Among his best-known books are [[work/al-qanun-fi-al-tibb|the Canon of Medicine]], an encyclopaedic medical text, and [[work/kitab-al-shifa|the Book of Healing]], a wide-ranging philosophical summa. He wrote mostly in Arabic and also in Persian {cite:gutas-2014}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "Legacy",
     "markdown": "Later Muslim thinkers engaged with him in both directions: [[person/al-ghazali]] criticised some of his views, while many others built on his system. Latin translations carried his medicine and philosophy into medieval Europe.\n\n:::perspectives\n- **Sunni**: Sunni scholars judged him differently. Al-Ghazali held that three of his teachings amounted to unbelief, while his medical works were widely used {cite:gutas-2014}.\n- **Academic**: Historians note that his father is reported to have been Ismaili, and that Ibn Sina's own religious affiliation is debated {cite:gutas-2014}.\n:::"
    },
    {
     "heading": "For young visitors",
     "markdown": "Imagine a doctor and thinker so respected that his medical book was used in classrooms for hundreds of years."
    },
    {
     "heading": "Notes for scholars",
     "markdown": "The birth year is conventionally given as 980 CE; some reports imply 973. Dates here are stored as the sources give them, and any Hijri conversion is marked as derived."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "person/ibn-sina",
    "lang": "en",
    "source_lang": "en",
    "translators": []
   }
  }
 },
 "degree": 28,
 "contemporaries": [],
 "connections": [
  {
   "to": "place/afshana",
   "type": "born_in",
   "inverse": false
  },
  {
   "to": "place/hamadan",
   "type": "died_in",
   "inverse": false
  },
  {
   "to": "building/avicenna-mausoleum-hamadan",
   "type": "buried_in",
   "inverse": false
  },
  {
   "to": "place/bukhara",
   "type": "lived_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "end": {
    "edtf": "1002~"
   }
  },
  {
   "to": "place/isfahan",
   "type": "lived_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "start": {
    "edtf": "1024~"
   }
  },
  {
   "to": "person/abu-abdallah-al-natili",
   "type": "student_of",
   "inverse": false,
   "sources": [
    "source/gohlman-1974"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "work/al-qanun-fi-al-tibb",
   "type": "authored",
   "inverse": false
  },
  {
   "to": "work/kitab-al-shifa",
   "type": "authored",
   "inverse": false
  },
  {
   "to": "person/ala-al-dawla-muhammad",
   "type": "patronized_by",
   "inverse": true,
   "start": {
    "edtf": "1024~"
   }
  },
  {
   "to": "person/al-farabi",
   "type": "influenced_by",
   "inverse": true
  },
  {
   "to": "person/aristotle",
   "type": "influenced_by",
   "inverse": true
  },
  {
   "to": "person/al-ghazali",
   "type": "influenced",
   "inverse": false,
   "note": "Through critique in Tahafut al-Falasifa."
  },
  {
   "to": "person/ibn-rushd",
   "type": "influenced",
   "inverse": false
  },
  {
   "to": "person/thomas-aquinas",
   "type": "influenced",
   "inverse": false
  }
 ],
 "related": [
  "person/salman-al-farisi",
  "place/afshana",
  "place/bukhara",
  "place/hamadan",
  "place/isfahan"
 ],
 "license": {
  "prose": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "data": "CC0 1.0"
 }
}