{
 "id": "person/iltutmish",
 "class": "person",
 "slug": "iltutmish",
 "label": {
  "ar": "شمس الدين إلتتمش",
  "en": "Iltutmish",
  "ur": "شمس الدین التتمش"
 },
 "summary": {
  "ar": "شمس الدين إلتتمش ⁦(1192 – 30 أبريل 1236)⁩، ثالث سلاطين دهلي المماليك وحاكمها الحقيقي المؤسس. تركي إلبري اشتراه قطب الدين أيبك ثم أعتقه وزوّجه ابنته، فخلع آرام شاه سنة 1211 وثبّت السلطنة من لاهور وبنغال إلى مالوا، ونال سنة 1229 تقليد الخليفة العباسي المستنصر وخلعته، فكان أول سلطان لدهلي يعترف به الخليفة. أسس مجلس الأربعين من أمراء المماليك، وسكّ التانكا الفضية، وأتم مسجد قطب في دهلي ومنارتها، وعيّن ابنته رضية وليّة لعهده قبل وفاته في دهلي سنة 1236.",
  "en": "Shams ud-Din Iltutmish (1192 - 30 April 1236) was the third sultan of the Mamluk Sultanate of Delhi and its effective founder. An Ilbari Turk bought by Qutb ud-Din Aibak, freed and married to Aibak's daughter, he dethroned Aram Shah in 1211, consolidated the sultanate from Lahore and Bengal to Malwa, and in 1229 received investiture and robes of honour from the Abbasid caliph al-Mustansir — the first Delhi sultan recognised by the caliph. He founded the council of the Forty slave-officers, issued the silver tanka, completed Delhi's Qutb mosque and its minaret, and designated his daughter Razia as his heir before dying at Delhi in 1236.",
  "ur": "شمس الدین التتمش ⁦(1192ء – 30 اپریل 1236ء)⁩ دہلی کی مملوک سلطنت کے تیسرے سلطان اور اس کے حقیقی بانی تھے۔ ایک ایلبری ترک تھے جنہیں قطب الدین ایبک نے خریدا، پھر آزاد کر کے اپنی بیٹی سے بیاہ دیا؛ انھوں نے 1211ء میں آرام شاہ کو معزول کیا، لاہور اور بنگال سے مالوہ تک سلطنت کو مستحکم کیا، اور 1229ء میں عباسی خلیفہ المستنصر سے خلعت و سندِ حکومت پائی — وہ پہلے سلطانِ دہلی تھے جنہیں خلیفہ نے تسلیم کیا۔ انھوں نے چہلگانی ⁦(چالیس غلام امیروں)⁩ کی مجلس بنائی، چاندی کا ٹنکا جاری کیا، دہلی کی قطب مسجد و منار مکمل کیا، اور وفات سے پہلے اپنی بیٹی رضیہ کو ولی عہد نامزد کیا؛ 1236ء میں دہلی میں وفات پائی۔"
 },
 "stub": false,
 "wings": [
  "people"
 ],
 "regions": [
  "south-asia"
 ],
 "periods": [],
 "tags": [],
 "aliases": [],
 "themes": [],
 "span": {
  "earliest": 1191.9990828011528,
  "latest": 1236.3312730582788
 },
 "display": {
  "start": {
   "edtf": "1192",
   "calendar": "gregorian",
   "precision": "year",
   "status": "historical",
   "note": "The English article and the Wikidata item give his birth in 1192; the Arabic and Urdu articles read give no birth year. The year 1192 spans 588-589 AH, so no single Hijri year is built.",
   "sources": [
    "source/wikipedia-iltutmish-en",
    "source/wikidata-iltutmish"
   ]
  },
  "end": {
   "edtf": "1236-04-30",
   "calendar": "gregorian",
   "precision": "day",
   "status": "debated",
   "hijri": "0633",
   "note": "The English article gives 30 April 1236 in its lead and its death section, and the Arabic article on his daughter Razia independently dates his death to Wednesday 30 April 1236; the Urdu article and the Wikidata item give 28 April 1236, preserved here as the rival reading. Both days fall in Sha'ban 633 AH; the Hijri year is derived from the built date by the tabular conversion.",
   "sources": [
    "source/wikipedia-iltutmish-en",
    "source/wikipedia-razia-sultana-ar",
    "source/wikipedia-iltutmish-ur",
    "source/wikidata-iltutmish"
   ]
  }
 },
 "data": {
  "names": [
   {
    "value": "Shams ud-Din Iltutmish",
    "kind": "full"
   },
   {
    "value": "Iltutmish",
    "kind": "alternate"
   },
   {
    "value": "Altamash",
    "kind": "alternate"
   }
  ],
  "gender": "male",
  "roles": [
   "ruler"
  ],
  "born": {
   "edtf": "1192",
   "calendar": "gregorian",
   "precision": "year",
   "status": "historical",
   "note": "The English article and the Wikidata item give his birth in 1192; the Arabic and Urdu articles read give no birth year. The year 1192 spans 588-589 AH, so no single Hijri year is built.",
   "sources": [
    "source/wikipedia-iltutmish-en",
    "source/wikidata-iltutmish"
   ]
  },
  "died": {
   "edtf": "1236-04-30",
   "calendar": "gregorian",
   "precision": "day",
   "status": "debated",
   "hijri": "0633",
   "note": "The English article gives 30 April 1236 in its lead and its death section, and the Arabic article on his daughter Razia independently dates his death to Wednesday 30 April 1236; the Urdu article and the Wikidata item give 28 April 1236, preserved here as the rival reading. Both days fall in Sha'ban 633 AH; the Hijri year is derived from the built date by the tabular conversion.",
   "sources": [
    "source/wikipedia-iltutmish-en",
    "source/wikipedia-razia-sultana-ar",
    "source/wikipedia-iltutmish-ur",
    "source/wikidata-iltutmish"
   ]
  },
  "faith": [
   {
    "value": "unknown",
    "basis": "unknown",
    "note": "The English article's religious-policy section calls him a devout Muslim who did not miss his daily prayers even on campaign, records his reverence for named Sufi saints — Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki, Hamiduddin Nagauri, Jalaluddin Tabrizi, Bahauddin Zakariya and Najibuddin Nakhshabi — his meetings at Baghdad with the Sufi saints Shihabuddin Suhrawardi and Awḥaduddin Kermani, his building of khanqahs, and his reception in 1229 of investiture from the Abbasid caliph al-Mustansir. All of this is documented devotional practice, saintly patronage and caliphal legitimation; no text read names a madhhab or an order for the sultan himself, and the Wikidata item's religion statement of Sunni Islam is structured data, which under the founder's rules settles nothing. His faith is therefore recorded as unknown, with the documented practice stated here in full.",
    "sources": [
     "source/wikipedia-iltutmish-en",
     "source/wikidata-iltutmish"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "external_ids": {
   "wikidata": "Q336312"
  },
  "sources": [
   "source/wikipedia-iltutmish-en",
   "source/wikipedia-iltutmish-ar",
   "source/wikipedia-iltutmish-ur",
   "source/wikipedia-razia-sultana-ar",
   "source/wikidata-iltutmish"
  ],
  "provenance": {
   "layer": "own-research",
   "source": "English Wikipedia 'Iltutmish' (revision 1375695698 of 19 September 2026), Arabic Wikipedia 'شمس الدين إلتتمش' (revision 74126323 of 1 April 2026), Urdu Wikipedia 'التتمش' (revision 11830855 of 27 August 2026) and Wikidata Q336312 (item revision 2553988736 of 6 October 2026, re-asserted identical on a second live query), all fetched live in-session on 1 November 2026, the QID grounded from each article's own page property; the Arabic article on his daughter (revision 73315590) is also registered because it independently dates his death. Existence checked against origin/main before building, by slug variants and by QID: no record exists for him. Queue check: the queue's 1192-1236 is confirmed on both years. The death day is debated as recorded in the died note; the Arabic Iltutmish article's 1229 death year is an error (it conflates his son Nasiruddin Mahmud's death that year) and is flagged in that source's reliability note, not used. No successor_of is written here (that edge belongs in a successor's record, and Aram Shah — his predecessor — and his immediate successors have no records on origin/main); his daughter Razia's child_of edge is written in her own record, built in this same wave. His death place is carried as a died_in relation to place/delhi, which exists on origin/main, not as a key inside the date block.",
   "generated_by": "Muse (Muse Spark 1.3)",
   "run": "modern-figures-wave-180m"
  },
  "status": {
   "review": "published",
   "generated_by": "Muse (Muse Spark 1.3)"
  }
 },
 "prose": {
  "ar": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "ملخص",
     "markdown": "شمس الدين إلتتمش ⁦(1192 – 30 أبريل 1236)⁩ هو ثالث سلاطين دهلي من المماليك والمؤسس الحقيقي لسلطنتها. {cite:wikipedia-iltutmish-en} كان تركيًا من إلبري اشتراه قطب الدين أيبك ثم أعتقه وزوّجه ابنته، فصار صهره وخليفته الفعلي بعد أن خلع آرام شاه سنة 1211. {cite:wikipedia-iltutmish-ar} {cite:wikipedia-iltutmish-ur} وفي عهده امتدت السلطنة من لاهور وبنغال إلى مالوا، ونال سنة 1229 تقليد الخليفة العباسي المستنصر بالله فكان أول سلطان لدهلي يعترف به الخليفة. {cite:wikipedia-iltutmish-en} {cite:wikipedia-iltutmish-ar}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "من الرق إلى السلطنة",
     "markdown": "اشترى قطب الدين أيبك إلتتمشَ غلامًا لما رأى من نبوغه، ثم قرّبه وأعتقه وزوّجه ابنته. {cite:wikipedia-iltutmish-ar} وبعد وفاة أيبك نصب النبلاء ابنه آرام شاه، فخلعه إلتتمش سنة 1211 وجلس على عرش دهلي. {cite:wikipedia-iltutmish-ur} وفي السنوات التالية أخضع منافسيه من أمراء الغوريين وثبّت حدود السلطنة، ووسعها بحملات بين 1226 و1234. {cite:wikipedia-iltutmish-ur} وتجنّب مواجهة المغول حين طلب جلال الدين منكبرتي اللجوء إلى الهند هاربًا من جنكيز خان، فحفظ سلطنته من الاجتياح. {cite:wikipedia-iltutmish-ar}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "التقليد الخلافي وبناء الدولة",
     "markdown": "في فبراير 1229 استقبل إلتتمش سفراء الخليفة العباسي المستنصر حاملين إليه الخلعة وسند التقليد على الهند، فازدادت شرعية سلطنته رسوخًا. {cite:wikipedia-iltutmish-en} {cite:wikipedia-iltutmish-ar} وأسس مجلس الأربعين ⁦(الجهلگانية)⁩ من كبار أمراء المماليك ليكون عماد إدارته وضامن وحدة الدولة. {cite:wikipedia-iltutmish-ar} وضرب عملة فضية هي التانكا، وأتم بناء مسجد قوة الإسلام ومنارة قطب منار في دهلي بعد أن بدأهما أيبك، وبنى مسجدًا في أجمير. {cite:wikipedia-iltutmish-ar} {cite:wikipedia-iltutmish-ur}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "إنصاف المظلومين وسياسته الدينية",
     "markdown": "من مراسيمه المشهورة أنه أمر من ظُلم أن يلبس ثيابًا ملوّنة بعد صلاة الجمعة فيعرفه السلطان من بين الناس وينصفه، وجعل عند باب قصره أسدين من رخام في رقابها سلسلة تنتهي إلى جرس يقرعه صاحب الحاجة فيُسمع. {cite:wikipedia-iltutmish-ar} وتصفه المقالة الإنجليزية بأنه مسلم تقيّ لا يترك صلواته اليومية حتى في الأسفار العسكرية، وأنه كان يجلّ مشايخ الصوفية مثل قطب الدين بختيار كاكي وحميد الدين الناكوري وجلال الدين التبريزي وبهاء الدين زكريا، وبنى الخانقاهات. {cite:wikipedia-iltutmish-en} ولا تسمّي النصوص المقروءة مذهبًا فقهيًا أو طريقة صوفية للسلطان نفسه. {cite:wikipedia-iltutmish-en}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "وفاته وخلافته",
     "markdown": "اختار إلتتمش ابنته رضية وليّة لعهده بعد أن أثبتت كفاءتها في نيابتها عنه بدهلي، رغم اعتراض بعض النبلاء على تقديم امرأة. {cite:wikipedia-iltutmish-ur} وتوفي في دهلي في 30 أبريل 1236 في رواية المقالة الإنجليزية، وتؤيدها المقالة العربية عن ابنته رضية التي تؤرخ وفاته بيوم الأربعاء 30 أبريل 1236، بينما تعطي المقالة الأردية وبطاقة ويكي بيانات 28 أبريل من السنة نفسها. {cite:wikipedia-iltutmish-en} {cite:wikipedia-razia-sultana-ar} {cite:wikipedia-iltutmish-ur} {cite:wikidata-iltutmish} ويوافق التاريخان شهر شعبان من سنة 633 هـ. {cite:wikidata-iltutmish} أما المقالة العربية عن إلتتمش نفسه فتخطئ إذ تجعل وفاته سنة 1229، وهو خطأ نبّهت عليه بطاقة مصدرها. {cite:wikipedia-iltutmish-ar}"
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "person/iltutmish",
    "lang": "ar",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": []
   },
   "updated": "2026-11-06"
  },
  "en": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "Summary",
     "markdown": "Shams ud-Din Iltutmish (1192 - 30 April 1236) was the third sultan of the Mamluk Sultanate of Delhi and its effective founder. {cite:wikipedia-iltutmish-en} An Ilbari Turk bought by Qutb ud-Din Aibak, he was freed by his master and married to Aibak's daughter, becoming his son-in-law and effective successor after dethroning Aram Shah in 1211. {cite:wikipedia-iltutmish-ar} {cite:wikipedia-iltutmish-ur} In his reign the sultanate stretched from Lahore and Bengal to Malwa, and in 1229 he received investiture from the Abbasid caliph al-Mustansir, the first Delhi sultan recognised by the caliph. {cite:wikipedia-iltutmish-en} {cite:wikipedia-iltutmish-ar}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "From slavery to the sultanate",
     "markdown": "Qutb ud-Din Aibak bought Iltutmish as a slave boy on seeing his promise, then drew him close, freed him and married him to his daughter. {cite:wikipedia-iltutmish-ar} After Aibak's death the nobles installed his son Aram Shah, whom Iltutmish dethroned in 1211 to take the throne of Delhi. {cite:wikipedia-iltutmish-ur} In the following years he subdued his Ghurid rivals, secured the sultanate's frontiers, and extended it in campaigns between 1226 and 1234. {cite:wikipedia-iltutmish-ur} He avoided confrontation with the Mongols when Jalal al-Din Mangburni, fleeing Genghis Khan, sought refuge in India, and so preserved his sultanate from invasion. {cite:wikipedia-iltutmish-ar}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "Caliphal investiture and state-building",
     "markdown": "In February 1229 Iltutmish received the ambassadors of the Abbasid caliph al-Mustansir, who brought him the robe of honour and the deed of investiture over India, deepening the legitimacy of his rule. {cite:wikipedia-iltutmish-en} {cite:wikipedia-iltutmish-ar} He founded the council of the Forty, the leading Mamluk officers, as the backbone of his administration and a guarantee of the state's unity. {cite:wikipedia-iltutmish-ar} He issued the silver tanka coinage, completed the Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque and the Qutb Minar at Delhi begun by Aibak, and built a mosque at Ajmer. {cite:wikipedia-iltutmish-ar} {cite:wikipedia-iltutmish-ur}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "Redress of grievances and religious policy",
     "markdown": "Among his famous decrees, anyone wronged was to wear coloured clothes after the Friday prayer so that the sultan could pick him out among the people and give him justice, and at his palace gate he set two marble lions with a chain ending in a bell in their necks, which a petitioner could ring to be heard. {cite:wikipedia-iltutmish-ar} The English article describes him as a devout Muslim who did not miss his daily prayers even on military campaigns, who revered Sufi masters such as Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki, Hamiduddin Nagauri, Jalaluddin Tabrizi and Bahauddin Zakariya, and who built khanqahs. {cite:wikipedia-iltutmish-en} The texts read name no legal school (madhhab) and no Sufi order for the sultan himself. {cite:wikipedia-iltutmish-en}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "Death and succession",
     "markdown": "Iltutmish chose his daughter Razia as his heir after she had proved her ability governing Delhi in his absence, despite the objection of some nobles to advancing a woman. {cite:wikipedia-iltutmish-ur} He died at Delhi on 30 April 1236 according to the English article, a date the Arabic article on his daughter Razia supports by dating his death to Wednesday 30 April 1236, while the Urdu article and the Wikidata item give 28 April of the same year. {cite:wikipedia-iltutmish-en} {cite:wikipedia-razia-sultana-ar} {cite:wikipedia-iltutmish-ur} {cite:wikidata-iltutmish} Both days fall in Sha'ban 633 AH. {cite:wikidata-iltutmish} The Arabic article on Iltutmish himself errs in placing his death in 1229, an error flagged in that source's own record. {cite:wikipedia-iltutmish-ar}"
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "person/iltutmish",
    "lang": "en",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": []
   },
   "updated": "2026-11-01"
  },
  "ur": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "خلاصہ",
     "markdown": "شمس الدین التتمش (1192ء – 30 اپریل 1236ء) دہلی کی مملوک سلطنت کے تیسرے سلطان اور اس کے حقیقی بانی تھے۔ {cite:wikipedia-iltutmish-en} وہ ایلبری ترک تھے جنہیں قطب الدین ایبک نے خریدا، پھر آزاد کر کے اپنی بیٹی سے بیاہ دیا؛ 1211ء میں انھوں نے آرام شاہ کو معزول کر کے دہلی کا تخت سنبھالا۔ {cite:wikipedia-iltutmish-ar} {cite:wikipedia-iltutmish-ur} 1229ء میں عباسی خلیفہ المستنصر نے انھیں خلعت و سندِ حکومت عطا کی، اور وہ پہلے سلطانِ دہلی بنے جنہیں خلیفہ نے تسلیم کیا۔ {cite:wikipedia-iltutmish-en} {cite:wikipedia-iltutmish-ar}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "زندگی",
     "markdown": "انھوں نے چہلگانی یعنی چالیس مملوک امیروں کی مجلس قائم کی، چاندی کا ٹنکا جاری کیا، اور دہلی کی قوت الاسلام مسجد اور قطب منار مکمل کیے جو ایبک نے شروع کیے تھے۔ {cite:wikipedia-iltutmish-ar} {cite:wikipedia-iltutmish-ur} ان کا مشہور فرمان تھا کہ مظلوم جمعہ کی نماز کے بعد رنگین کپڑے پہنے تاکہ سلطان اسے پہچان کر انصاف دے، اور محل کے دروازے پر سنگِ مرمر کے دو شیر زنجیر و گھنٹی سمیت نصب تھے جسے فریادی بجا سکتا تھا۔ {cite:wikipedia-iltutmish-ar} انھوں نے اپنی بیٹی رضیہ کو ولی عہد نامزد کیا۔ {cite:wikipedia-iltutmish-ur} ان کی وفات دہلی میں 1236ء میں ہوئی: انگریزی مضمون اور رضیہ پر عربی مضمون 30 اپریل دیتے ہیں، جبکہ اردو مضمون اور وکی ڈیٹا آئٹم 28 اپریل بتاتے ہیں؛ دونوں تاریخیں شعبان 633ھ میں پڑتی ہیں۔ {cite:wikipedia-iltutmish-en} {cite:wikipedia-razia-sultana-ar} {cite:wikipedia-iltutmish-ur} {cite:wikidata-iltutmish}"
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "person/iltutmish",
    "lang": "ur",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": []
   },
   "updated": "2026-11-01"
  }
 },
 "degree": 6,
 "contemporaries": [
  "person/abd-al-munim-ibn-al-faras",
  "person/abd-al-salam-ibn-taymiyya",
  "person/abd-al-wahid-al-marrakushi",
  "person/abu-al-abbas-al-azafi",
  "person/abu-al-abbas-al-qurti",
  "person/abu-al-hajjaj-al-biyasi",
  "person/abu-al-mahasin-al-shawwa",
  "person/abu-ali-al-shalubin",
  "person/abu-bakr-ibn-qawam",
  "person/ahmad-ibn-khalil-al-khui",
  "person/ahmad-ibn-umar-al-qurtubi-mufhim",
  "person/ahmad-ibn-yusuf-al-tifashi"
 ],
 "updated": "2026-11-09",
 "connections": [
  {
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   "type": "buried_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "confidence": "medium",
   "note": "Place link from Wikidata; pending a second source.",
   "sources": [
    "source/wikidata-iltutmish"
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   "sources": [
    "source/wikipedia-iltutmish-en"
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 ],
 "related": [
  "person/razia-sultana",
  "place/delhi",
  "building/afsarwala-tomb",
  "building/afsarwali-masjid-delhi",
  "building/begumpur-mosque",
  "building/isa-khan-mosque-delhi",
  "building/jami-masjid-firuzabad-delhi",
  "building/kalan-masjid-delhi"
 ],
 "license": {
  "prose": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "data": "CC0 1.0"
 }
}