{
 "id": "person/mahmud-ii-uthmani",
 "class": "person",
 "slug": "mahmud-ii-uthmani",
 "label": {
  "ar": "محمود الثاني"
 },
 "summary": {
  "ar": "السلطان محمود الثاني؛ تولى الحكم عام ١٢٢٣هـ واستطاع أن يتخلص من الإنكشارية وأزالها من الوجود، فأصبح بعد ذلك حراً في تطوير جيشه، فترسم خطى الحضارة الغربية واستبدل الطربوش الرومي بالعمامة وتزيّا بالزي الأوروبي وأمر أن يكون الزي الرسمي لكل موظفي الدولة {cite:dawlat-uthmaniyya-salabi p. 548}.",
  "en": "Mahmud II (r. from 1223/1808) — destroyed the Janissary corps outright, then was free to rebuild his army on European lines: the fez replaced the turban and European dress became the officials' uniform {cite:dawlat-uthmaniyya-salabi p. 548}."
 },
 "stub": false,
 "wings": [
  "people",
  "time"
 ],
 "regions": [
  "anatolia-balkans"
 ],
 "periods": [
  "period/modern-era"
 ],
 "tags": [],
 "aliases": [],
 "themes": [],
 "data": {
  "names": [
   {
    "kind": "full",
    "lang": "ar",
    "value": "محمود الثاني بن عبد الحميد الأول"
   }
  ],
  "gender": "male",
  "roles": [
   "ruler"
  ],
  "sources": [
   "source/dawlat-uthmaniyya-salabi"
  ],
  "provenance": {
   "layer": "own-research",
   "source": "الدولة العثمانية لعلي محمد الصلابي (ط1 1421) ص 548",
   "generated_by": "Devin (SWE-2 High) from Apple Vision OCR",
   "run": "lib-salabi-uthmani-batch-6"
  },
  "status": {
   "review": "draft",
   "completeness": 2,
   "generated_by": "Devin (SWE-2 High)"
  }
 },
 "prose": {
  "ar": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "موجز",
     "markdown": "السلطان محمود الثاني بن عبد الحميد الأول، تولى الحكم سنة 1223هـ. {cite:dawlat-uthmaniyya-salabi p.548}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "إلغاء الإنكشارية",
     "markdown": "يذكر الصلابي أنه استطاع أن يتخلص من الإنكشارية وأزالها من الوجود، فصار حراً في تطوير جيشه. {cite:dawlat-uthmaniyya-salabi p.548}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "الزي والإصلاح",
     "markdown": "ويذكر أنه ترسم خطى الحضارة الغربية، فاستبدل الطربوش بالعمامة، وتزيّا بالزي الأوروبي، وأمر أن يكون زياً رسمياً لكل موظفي الدولة. {cite:dawlat-uthmaniyya-salabi p.548}\n\nوصف هذه الخطوات بأنها «ترسّم» للحضارة الغربية حكم الصلابي نفسه. ولم تُضف هنا قراءات أخرى لها، وتحتاج إلى مصدر إضافي."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "person/mahmud-ii-uthmani",
    "lang": "ar",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": []
   }
  },
  "en": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "Overview",
     "markdown": "Sultan Mahmud II ibn Abd al-Hamid I, who came to the throne in 1223 AH. {cite:dawlat-uthmaniyya-salabi p.548}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "Abolition of the Janissaries",
     "markdown": "Al-Salabi says that he managed to rid himself of the Janissaries and abolished them, and so became free to develop his army. {cite:dawlat-uthmaniyya-salabi p.548}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "Dress and reform",
     "markdown": "Al-Salabi also says that he followed the path of Western civilisation, replacing the fez with the turban, dressing in European clothes, and ordering that it be the official dress of all the state's officials. {cite:dawlat-uthmaniyya-salabi p.548}\n\nAl-Salabi's own judgement describes these steps as \"following\" Western civilisation. No other readings are added here, and this needs an additional source."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "person/mahmud-ii-uthmani",
    "lang": "en",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": [
     "Claude Haiku 5.5 (claude-haiku-5-5), draft translation"
    ]
   }
  }
 },
 "degree": 10,
 "contemporaries": [],
 "connections": [
  {
   "to": "person/abd-al-aziz-uthmani",
   "type": "parent_of",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/dawlat-uthmaniyya-salabi"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "person/abd-al-majid-i-uthmani",
   "type": "parent_of",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/dawlat-uthmaniyya-salabi"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "person/abd-al-majid-i-uthmani",
   "type": "predecessor_of",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/dawlat-uthmaniyya-salabi"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/greek-revolt-morea",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "السلطان",
   "sources": [
    "source/dawlat-uthmaniyya-salabi"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/muhammad-ali-sham-campaign",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "السلطان",
   "sources": [
    "source/dawlat-uthmaniyya-salabi"
   ]
  }
 ],
 "related": [
  "person/ibrahim-pasha-misri",
  "person/murad-v-uthmani",
  "person/abd-al-aziz-uthmani",
  "person/abd-al-majid-i-uthmani",
  "event/khatt-gulhane-1255",
  "event/khatt-humayun-1272",
  "person/abd-al-hamid-ii-uthmani",
  "person/gregorios-v-patriarch"
 ],
 "license": {
  "prose": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "data": "CC0 1.0"
 }
}