{
 "id": "person/mehmed-ii",
 "class": "person",
 "slug": "mehmed-ii",
 "label": {
  "ar": "السلطان محمد الفاتح"
 },
 "summary": {
  "ar": "سابع ملوك بني عثمان السلطان محمد بن السلطان مراد خان ولد سنة خمس وثلاثين وثمان مئة وولي السلطنة سنة ست وخمسين وكانت مدة ولايته إحدى وثلاثين سنة وكان من أعاظم سلاطين بني عثمان أعظمهم جهاداً وأقواهم إقداماً واجتهاداً وأثبتهم جأشاً وقوادة وأكثرهم توكلاً على الله واعتماداً وهو الذي أسس ملك بني عثمان وسن لهم قوانين صارت كالأطواق في أعناق الزمان وغزواته كسرت بها أصلاب الصلبان والأصنام من أعظمها أنه فتح القسطنطينية الكبرى وساق بها السفن تجري براً وبحراً وحاصرها خمسين يوماً أشد الحصار حتى فتحها يوم الأربعاء العشرون من جمادى الآخرة سنة سبع وخمسين وثمان مئة وصلى في أياصوفيا أكبر كنائس النصارى صلاة الجمعة وأسس في أصطنبول للعلم أساساً راسخاً وبنى بها مدارس كالجفان لها ثمانية أبواب وسن بها قوانين تطابق المعقول والمنقول وجعل للطلاب أيام الطلب ما يسد فاقتهم ومراتب يترقون إليها واستجلب العلماء الكبار من أقصى الديار وأنعم عليهم كمولانا علي القوشجي والفاضل الطوسي والعالم الكوراني فصارت أصطنبول بهم أم الدنيا واستقر بعده في المملكة ابنه الأكبر أبو يزيد يلدرم ومعناه البرق {cite:shadharat-dhahab p. 344-345}.",
  "en": "Mehmed the Conqueror, seventh of the Ottoman kings — sultan for thirty-one years from 856, 'the greatest of their sultans in jihad', who laid the Ottoman state's foundations and its statutes. His fame rests on the conquest of Constantinople: he drove ships over land, besieged it fifty days and took it on Wednesday 20 Jumada II 857, prayed Friday in Hagia Sophia, built the Eight Madrasas with endowed stipend-ranks for students, and drew the age's great scholars — Ali al-Qushji, al-Tusi, al-Kurani — till Istanbul became mother of the world {cite:shadharat-dhahab p. 344-345}."
 },
 "stub": false,
 "wings": [
  "people"
 ],
 "regions": [
  "anatolia-balkans"
 ],
 "periods": [
  "period/mongol-post-mongol",
  "period/gunpowder-empires"
 ],
 "tags": [],
 "aliases": [
  "person/muhammad-al-fatih"
 ],
 "themes": [],
 "span": {
  "earliest": 1481.0015948308314,
  "latest": 1482.0009308883507
 },
 "display": {
  "end": {
   "edtf": "1481",
   "hijri": "0886",
   "calendar": "julian",
   "precision": "year",
   "status": "tradition",
   "sources": [
    "source/dawlat-uthmaniyya-salabi"
   ]
  }
 },
 "data": {
  "names": [
   {
    "kind": "full",
    "lang": "ar",
    "value": "السلطان محمد بن السلطان مراد خان بن بايزيد بن أورخان بن عثمان"
   },
   {
    "kind": "laqab",
    "lang": "ar",
    "value": "الفاتح"
   }
  ],
  "gender": "male",
  "roles": [
   "ruler",
   "military"
  ],
  "died": {
   "edtf": "1481",
   "hijri": "0886",
   "calendar": "julian",
   "precision": "year",
   "status": "tradition",
   "sources": [
    "source/dawlat-uthmaniyya-salabi"
   ]
  },
  "provenance": {
   "layer": "own-research",
   "source": "شذرات الذهب — ابن العماد (ج6، سنة 886)",
   "generated_by": "Devin (SWE-2 High) from Apple Vision OCR",
   "run": "lib-shadharat-batch-70"
  },
  "sources": [
   "source/shadharat-dhahab",
   "source/dawlat-uthmaniyya-salabi"
  ],
  "status": {
   "review": "draft",
   "completeness": 2,
   "generated_by": "Devin (SWE-2 High)"
  }
 },
 "prose": {
  "ar": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "موجز",
     "markdown": "السلطان محمد الثاني، المعروف بالفاتح، هو سابع ملوك بني عثمان. وهو ابن [[person/murad-ii-uthmani|مراد خان]]. ولد سنة 835هـ وولي السلطنة سنة 856هـ، وبلغت مدة ولايته إحدى وثلاثين سنة. {cite:shadharat-dhahab p.344-345}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "الفتح",
     "markdown": "يذكر ابن العماد أنه حاصر القسطنطينية خمسين يوماً، حتى فتحها يوم الأربعاء 20 جمادى الآخرة سنة 857هـ. وصلى الجمعة في آيا صوفيا. {cite:shadharat-dhahab p.344-345}\n\nيصفه ابن العماد بأنه من أعظم سلاطين بني عثمان جهاداً وأقواهم إقداماً. {cite:shadharat-dhahab p.344-345}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "العلم",
     "markdown": "أسس في [[place/istanbul|إسطنبول]] مدارس بثمانية أبواب، وجعل للطلاب ما يسد حاجتهم ومراتب يترقون إليها. واستقدم علماء كباراً، منهم علي القوشجي والكوراني. {cite:shadharat-dhahab p.344-345}\n\nكان من تلاميذ [[person/aq-shams-al-din|آق شمس الدين]]، وخلفه ابنه أبو يزيد. {cite:dawlat-uthmaniyya-salabi}\n\nتوفي سنة 886هـ (1481م). التاريخ الميلادي برواية الصلابي. {cite:dawlat-uthmaniyya-salabi}"
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "person/mehmed-ii",
    "lang": "ar",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": []
   }
  },
  "en": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "Overview",
     "markdown": "Sultan Mehmed II, known as the Conqueror, the seventh of the Ottoman rulers, son of [[person/murad-ii-uthmani|Murad Khan]]. He was born in 835 AH, came to the sultanate in 856 AH, and his reign lasted thirty-one years. {cite:shadharat-dhahab p.344-345}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "The conquest",
     "markdown": "Ibn al-Imad says that he besieged Constantinople for fifty days until he took it on Wednesday, 20 Jumada al-Akhira 857 AH. He prayed the Friday prayer in Hagia Sophia. {cite:shadharat-dhahab p.344-345}\n\nIbn al-Imad describes him as one of the greatest of the Ottoman sultans in holy war and the boldest of them. {cite:shadharat-dhahab p.344-345}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "Learning",
     "markdown": "He founded madrasas with eight doors in [[place/istanbul|Istanbul]], gave the students what met their needs and grades to rise through, and brought in great scholars, among them Ali al-Qushji and al-Kurani. {cite:shadharat-dhahab p.344-345}\n\nHe was among the pupils of [[person/aq-shams-al-din|Aq Shams al-Din]], and his son Abu Yazid succeeded him. {cite:dawlat-uthmaniyya-salabi}\n\nHe died in 886 AH (1481 CE). The Gregorian date is from al-Salabi. {cite:dawlat-uthmaniyya-salabi}"
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "person/mehmed-ii",
    "lang": "en",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": [
     "Claude Haiku 5.5 (claude-haiku-5-5), draft translation"
    ]
   }
  }
 },
 "degree": 16,
 "contemporaries": [
  "person/al-balawi-ahmad-ibn-ali",
  "person/al-burshani-ibrahim-ibn-muhammad",
  "person/al-busrawi-ala-al-din-ali-ibn-yusuf",
  "person/al-sakhawi",
  "person/al-samhudi",
  "person/al-suyuti",
  "person/al-tanasi-muhammad-ibn-abd-allah",
  "person/al-tattai-muhammad-ibn-ibrahim",
  "person/al-tizini-muhammad-ibn-muhammad",
  "person/ali-ibn-muhammad-al-ashmuni",
  "person/bakhraq-muhammad-ibn-umar",
  "person/hululu-al-qarawi"
 ],
 "connections": [
  {
   "to": "person/bayazid-ii",
   "type": "parent_of",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
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   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "person/murad-ii-uthmani",
   "type": "child_of",
   "inverse": false,
   "sources": [
    "source/dawlat-uthmaniyya-salabi"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "place/istanbul",
   "type": "ruler_of",
   "inverse": false,
   "sources": [
    "source/dawlat-uthmaniyya-salabi"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "person/aq-shams-al-din",
   "type": "student_of",
   "inverse": false,
   "sources": [
    "source/dawlat-uthmaniyya-salabi"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/conquest-constantinople-857",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "القائد الفاتح",
   "sources": [
    "source/dawlat-uthmaniyya-salabi"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/ottoman-conquest-constantinople-1453",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "السلطان الفاتح",
   "sources": [
    "source/stoddard-arslan-hadir-1923"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "screen/fetih-1453-2012",
   "type": "subject_of",
   "inverse": true
  },
  {
   "to": "screen/su-ud-al-imbaraturiyat-uthman-2020",
   "type": "subject_of",
   "inverse": true
  }
 ],
 "related": [
  "event/ottoman-conquest-constantinople-1453",
  "place/istanbul",
  "screen/fetih-1453-2012",
  "screen/su-ud-al-imbaraturiyat-uthman-2020",
  "event/conquest-constantinople-857",
  "person/aq-shams-al-din",
  "building/eyup-sultan-mosque",
  "building/hagia-sophia"
 ],
 "license": {
  "prose": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "data": "CC0 1.0"
 }
}