{ "id": "person/muhammad-munir", "class": "person", "slug": "muhammad-munir", "label": { "ar": "محمد منير", "en": "Muhammad Munir", "ur": "محمد منیر" }, "summary": { "ar": "محمد منير (1895–1979) قاضٍ باكستاني، ثاني رؤساء قضاة باكستان (1954–1960)، صاحب الحكم في قضية تميز الدين الذي أرسى مبدأ الضرورة، ومؤلف كتاب «من جناح إلى ضياء».", "en": "Muhammad Munir (1895–1979) was a Pakistani judge, the second Chief Justice of Pakistan (1954–1960), whose judgment in the Tamizuddin Khan case founded the doctrine of necessity; he later wrote From Jinnah to Zia.", "ur": "محمد منیر (1895ء–1979ء) پاکستانی منصف تھے، پاکستان کے دوسرے منصف اعظم (1954ء–1960ء) رہے، تمیز الدین خان مقدمے میں ان کے فیصلے نے نظریۂ ضرورت کی بنیاد رکھی؛ بعد میں انہوں نے «جناح سے ضیا تک» لکھی۔" }, "stub": false, "wings": [ "people" ], "regions": [ "south-asia" ], "periods": [], "tags": [], "aliases": [], "themes": [], "span": { "earliest": 1895.0005133575637, "latest": 1979.9988363894904 }, "display": { "start": { "edtf": "1895", "calendar": "gregorian", "precision": "year", "status": "historical", "derived": false, "note": "Born in 1895 at Amritsar, in British India, into a Kakkyzai Pashtun family (family background, recorded as the articles give it and carrying no faith weight): the English article's lead, infobox and short description give the year, and the Urdu article agrees. Wikidata alone gives a day, 3 May 1895, which no article corroborates, so the block stays at year precision. No consulted source gives a Hijri pairing (the year spans 1312–1313 AH), so the block carries no hijri value. Amritsar has no place entity, so no born_in edge is written.", "sources": [ "source/wikipedia-muhammad-munir-en", "source/wikipedia-muhammad-munir-ur", "source/wikidata-muhammad-munir" ] }, "end": { "edtf": "1979", "calendar": "gregorian", "precision": "year", "status": "debated", "derived": false, "note": "Died in 1979 as the English article gives in its lead, short description and death category, and as the Urdu article's own death category also files. The Urdu article's lead and Wikidata instead give 26 June 1981; the conflict is disclosed here and the better-attested 1979 reading is followed. No source gives a death place, and no consulted source gives a Hijri pairing (the year spans 1399–1400 AH), so the block carries no hijri value.", "sources": [ "source/wikipedia-muhammad-munir-en", "source/wikipedia-muhammad-munir-ur", "source/wikidata-muhammad-munir" ] } }, "data": { "names": [ { "value": "Muhammad Munir", "kind": "full" }, { "value": "محمد منير", "kind": "full" }, { "value": "محمد منیر", "kind": "full" } ], "gender": "male", "roles": [ "jurist", "writer" ], "born": { "edtf": "1895", "calendar": "gregorian", "precision": "year", "status": "historical", "derived": false, "note": "Born in 1895 at Amritsar, in British India, into a Kakkyzai Pashtun family (family background, recorded as the articles give it and carrying no faith weight): the English article's lead, infobox and short description give the year, and the Urdu article agrees. Wikidata alone gives a day, 3 May 1895, which no article corroborates, so the block stays at year precision. No consulted source gives a Hijri pairing (the year spans 1312–1313 AH), so the block carries no hijri value. Amritsar has no place entity, so no born_in edge is written.", "sources": [ "source/wikipedia-muhammad-munir-en", "source/wikipedia-muhammad-munir-ur", "source/wikidata-muhammad-munir" ] }, "died": { "edtf": "1979", "calendar": "gregorian", "precision": "year", "status": "debated", "derived": false, "note": "Died in 1979 as the English article gives in its lead, short description and death category, and as the Urdu article's own death category also files. The Urdu article's lead and Wikidata instead give 26 June 1981; the conflict is disclosed here and the better-attested 1979 reading is followed. No source gives a death place, and no consulted source gives a Hijri pairing (the year spans 1399–1400 AH), so the block carries no hijri value.", "sources": [ "source/wikipedia-muhammad-munir-en", "source/wikipedia-muhammad-munir-ur", "source/wikidata-muhammad-munir" ] }, "faith": [ { "value": "unknown", "basis": "unknown", "note": "No consulted source names any religion or school for him: the English and Urdu article texts and infoboxes are silent on religion, and Wikidata carries no religion statement. The English article's filing category 'Pakistani critics of religions' is a category, not an attestation, and his judicial office and rulings — including rulings that turned on religious questions — are professional work, which never attests the office-holder's own affiliation. His birth into a Kakkyzai Pashtun family is family background and never counts. Nothing here supports any segment beyond unknown.", "sources": [ "source/wikipedia-muhammad-munir-en", "source/wikipedia-muhammad-munir-ur", "source/wikidata-muhammad-munir" ] } ], "sources": [ "source/wikipedia-muhammad-munir-en", "source/wikipedia-muhammad-munir-ur", "source/wikidata-muhammad-munir" ], "provenance": { "layer": "own-research", "source": "English Wikipedia 'Muhammad Munir' (revision 1381788131) and Urdu Wikipedia 'محمد منیر' (revision 9889494), each fetched by its recorded revision id through the MediaWiki API with the returned id asserted equal before use, and Wikidata item Q6932618 (item revision 2528992096, queried twice with identical results). Existence checks by name fragments (munir, Muhammad Munir, محمد منير, محمد منیر), by biography (Chief Justice of Pakistan 1954–1960), by QID across data/person, and by record provenances found no prior record for this man; the records for other Munirs (Munir al-Baalbaki, Ahmed Munir Baha al-Din and others) are different people. No Arabic Wikipedia article exists for him (the only Arabic-side sitelink is an Egyptian-dialect stub, which this lane does not count as an Arabic article), so the Arabic prose is written from the English and Urdu sources and says so. No relations are written: his birthplace Amritsar has no place entity, and his predecessor and successor as Chief Justice (Abdul Rashid and Muhammad Shahabuddin) have no person records. His death year is genuinely contested between the sources (1979 in the English article and both articles' filing categories; 26 June 1981 in the Urdu lead and Wikidata) and is recorded debated with both readings stated. The lane queue gives 'Justice Muhammad Munir (1895–1979)', which the English article confirms.", "generated_by": "Muse (Muse Spark 1.3)", "run": "century-additions-86" }, "status": { "review": "published", "completeness": 3, "generated_by": "Muse (Muse Spark 1.3)" } }, "prose": { "ar": { "sections": [ { "heading": "موجز", "markdown": "محمد منير (1895–1979) قاضٍ باكستاني تولّى رئاسة قضاة باكستان ثانيًا من 29 حزيران 1954 إلى 2 أيار 1960. {cite:wikipedia-muhammad-munir-en} {cite:wikidata-muhammad-munir} وقد أرسى حكمه في قضية تميز الدين مبدأ الضرورة في القانون الدستوري الباكستاني. {cite:wikipedia-muhammad-munir-en} وتؤكد المقالة الأردية مدة ولايته وموقعه في تعاقب رؤساء القضاة. {cite:wikipedia-muhammad-munir-ur} ولا توجد له مقالة في ويكيبيديا العربية، فتستند هذه المدخلة إلى المقالتين الإنجليزية والأردية وويكي بيانات." }, { "heading": "النشأة والمحاماة", "markdown": "وُلد سنة 1895 في أمريتسار في أسرة بشتونية من الكاكيزاي. {cite:wikipedia-muhammad-munir-en} تخرّج في الأدب الإنجليزي في الكلية الحكومية الجامعية بلاهور، ونال إجازة الحقوق من كلية الحقوق بجامعة البنجاب. {cite:wikipedia-muhammad-munir-en} بدأ المحاماة في أمريتسار سنة 1921 وانتقل إلى لاهور في السنة التالية. {cite:wikipedia-muhammad-munir-en}" }, { "heading": "القضاء", "markdown": "صار مساعدًا للمحامي العام للبنجاب سنة 1937 وأول رئيس لمحكمة ضريبة الدخل الاستئنافية في الهند البريطانية سنة 1940، ورُقّي إلى قضاء لاهور سنة 1942. {cite:wikipedia-muhammad-munir-en} وفي 1947 مثّل مع القاضي دين محمد رابطة مسلمي عموم الهند في لجنة حدود البنجاب، ورأس لجنة رواتب باكستان سنة 1948. {cite:wikipedia-muhammad-munir-en} ثم صار رئيس قضاة محكمة لاهور العليا سنة 1949. {cite:wikipedia-muhammad-munir-en}" }, { "heading": "رئاسة قضاة باكستان", "markdown": "عيّنه الحاكم العام مالك غلام محمد، فخلف عبد الرشيد في رئاسة قضاة باكستان في 29 حزيران 1954 وبقي حتى 2 أيار 1960، إذ خلفه محمد شهاب الدين. {cite:wikipedia-muhammad-munir-en} {cite:wikipedia-muhammad-munir-ur} وفي قضية تميز الدين استند إلى مبدأ الضرورة لتصديق حلّ الجمعية التأسيسية في 24 تشرين الأول 1954 — وهو حكم تلاحظ المقالة الإنجليزية أنه تعرّض لانتقاد واسع بوصفه ضربة للديمقراطية في باكستان. {cite:wikipedia-muhammad-munir-en} وصدّق أيضًا انقلاب 1958 العسكري بالمبدأ نفسه، ورأس لجنة ترسيم الدوائر من حزيران 1956 إلى تموز 1958. {cite:wikipedia-muhammad-munir-en}" }, { "heading": "كتاباته الأخيرة والوفاة", "markdown": "كتب بعد تقاعده «من جناح إلى ضياء» (1980) مدافعًا عن أن جناح كان يقصد دولة علمانية — وهو ادعاء تسجّل المقالة الإنجليزية اعتراض معاصرين عليه بأن خطب جناح اقتُطعت من سياقها. {cite:wikipedia-muhammad-munir-en} توفي سنة 1979؛ أما مقدمة المقالة الأردية وويكي بيانات فيعطيان 26 حزيران 1981 بدلًا منها، وقد سُجّل الخلاف في بيانات المتحف. {cite:wikipedia-muhammad-munir-en} {cite:wikipedia-muhammad-munir-ur} {cite:wikidata-muhammad-munir} ولا يسمّي أي مصدر تمت مراجعته ديانة أو مذهبًا له، فيسجّل المتحف انتماءه مجهولًا." } ], "frontmatter": { "id": "person/muhammad-munir", "lang": "ar", "source_lang": "ar", "translators": [] }, "updated": "2026-10-27" }, "en": { "sections": [ { "heading": "Summary", "markdown": "Muhammad Munir (1895–1979) was a Pakistani judge who served as the second Chief Justice of Pakistan from 29 June 1954 to 2 May 1960. {cite:wikipedia-muhammad-munir-en} {cite:wikidata-muhammad-munir} His judgment in *Federation of Pakistan v. Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan* founded the doctrine of necessity in Pakistani constitutional law. {cite:wikipedia-muhammad-munir-en} The Urdu article confirms the tenure and his place in the succession of chief justices. {cite:wikipedia-muhammad-munir-ur} No Arabic Wikipedia article exists for him, so this entry rests on the English and Urdu articles and Wikidata." }, { "heading": "Early life and the bar", "markdown": "He was born in 1895 at Amritsar into a Kakkyzai Pashtun family. {cite:wikipedia-muhammad-munir-en} He graduated in English literature from Government College University, Lahore, and took his law degree at the University Law College of Punjab University. {cite:wikipedia-muhammad-munir-en} He began practice at Amritsar in 1921 and moved to Lahore the following year. {cite:wikipedia-muhammad-munir-en}" }, { "heading": "The bench", "markdown": "He became an assistant advocate-general of Punjab in 1937 and the first president of the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal of British India in 1940, and was elevated to the Lahore bench in 1942. {cite:wikipedia-muhammad-munir-en} In 1947 he and Justice Din Muhammad represented the All-India Muslim League on the Punjab Boundary Commission, and in 1948 he chaired the Pakistan Pay Commission. {cite:wikipedia-muhammad-munir-en} He became Chief Justice of the Lahore High Court in 1949. {cite:wikipedia-muhammad-munir-en}" }, { "heading": "Chief Justice of Pakistan", "markdown": "Appointed by Governor-General Malik Ghulam Muhammad, he succeeded Abdul Rashid as Chief Justice of Pakistan on 29 June 1954 and held the office until 2 May 1960, when Muhammad Shahabuddin followed him. {cite:wikipedia-muhammad-munir-en} {cite:wikipedia-muhammad-munir-ur} In the Tamizuddin Khan case he invoked the doctrine of necessity to validate the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly on 24 October 1954 — a judgment the English article notes was widely criticised as a blow to democracy in Pakistan. {cite:wikipedia-muhammad-munir-en} He also validated the 1958 military coup on the same doctrine, and chaired the Delimitation Commission from June 1956 to July 1958. {cite:wikipedia-muhammad-munir-en}" }, { "heading": "Later writing and death", "markdown": "In retirement he wrote *From Jinnah to Zia* (1980), arguing that Jinnah had stood for a secular state — a claim the English article records as drawing objections from contemporaries who said Jinnah's speeches had been quoted out of context. {cite:wikipedia-muhammad-munir-en} He died in 1979; the Urdu article's lead and Wikidata give 26 June 1981 instead, and the conflict is recorded in the museum's data. {cite:wikipedia-muhammad-munir-en} {cite:wikipedia-muhammad-munir-ur} {cite:wikidata-muhammad-munir} No consulted source names a religion or school for him, and the museum records his affiliation as unknown." } ], "frontmatter": { "id": "person/muhammad-munir", "lang": "en", "source_lang": "ar", "translators": [] }, "updated": "2026-10-27" }, "ur": { "sections": [ { "heading": "خلاصہ", "markdown": "محمد منیر (1895ء–1979ء) پاکستانی منصف تھے جو 29 جون 1954ء سے 2 مئی 1960ء تک پاکستان کے دوسرے منصف اعظم رہے۔ {cite:wikipedia-muhammad-munir-en} {cite:wikidata-muhammad-munir} تمیز الدین خان مقدمے میں ان کے فیصلے نے پاکستانی آئینی قانون میں نظریۂ ضرورت کی بنیاد رکھی۔ {cite:wikipedia-muhammad-munir-en} اردو مقالہ ان کی مدت اور منصفین اعظم کی ترتیب میں ان کا مقام تصدیق کرتا ہے۔ {cite:wikipedia-muhammad-munir-ur}" }, { "heading": "ابتدائی زندگی اور وکالت", "markdown": "وہ 1895ء میں امرتسر میں کاکازئی پٹھان خاندان میں پیدا ہوئے۔ {cite:wikipedia-muhammad-munir-en} گورنمنٹ کالج یونیورسٹی لاہور سے انگریزی ادب میں فارغ التحصیل ہوئے اور پنجاب یونیورسٹی کے یونیورسٹی لا کالج سے قانون کی ڈگری حاصل کی۔ {cite:wikipedia-muhammad-munir-en} 1921ء میں امرتسر سے وکالت شروع کی اور اگلے سال لاہور منتقل ہو گئے۔ {cite:wikipedia-muhammad-munir-en}" }, { "heading": "عدلیہ", "markdown": "1937ء میں پنجاب کے اسسٹنٹ ایڈووکیٹ جنرل اور 1940ء میں برطانوی ہند کے انکم ٹیکس اپیلٹ ٹربیونل کے پہلے صدر بنے، اور 1942ء میں لاہور بنچ پر فائز ہوئے۔ {cite:wikipedia-muhammad-munir-en} 1947ء میں انہوں نے جسٹس دین محمد کے ساتھ پنجاب باؤنڈری کمیشن میں آل انڈیا مسلم لیگ کی نمائندگی کی، اور 1948ء میں پاکستان پے کمیشن کے چیئرمین رہے۔ {cite:wikipedia-muhammad-munir-en} 1949ء میں لاہور ہائی کورٹ کے چیف جسٹس بنے۔ {cite:wikipedia-muhammad-munir-en}" }, { "heading": "منصف اعظم پاکستان", "markdown": "گورنر جنرل ملک غلام محمد کی تقرری سے وہ 29 جون 1954ء کو عبد الرشید کے بعد منصف اعظم بنے اور 2 مئی 1960ء تک رہے، جب محمد شہاب الدین ان کے جانشین ہوئے۔ {cite:wikipedia-muhammad-munir-en} {cite:wikipedia-muhammad-munir-ur} تمیز الدین مقدمے میں انہوں نے نظریۂ ضرورت کی بنیاد پر 24 اکتوبر 1954ء کو دستور ساز اسمبلی کی تحلیل کو جائز قرار دیا — انگریزی مقالہ لکھتا ہے کہ اس فیصلے پر پاکستان میں جمہوریت کو دھچکا کہہ کر وسیع تنقید ہوئی۔ {cite:wikipedia-muhammad-munir-en} اسی نظریے پر انہوں نے 1958ء کے فوجی انقلاب کو بھی جائز قرار دیا، اور جون 1956ء سے جولائی 1958ء تک حد بندی کمیشن کی صدارت کی۔ {cite:wikipedia-muhammad-munir-en}" }, { "heading": "بعد کی تحریر اور وفات", "markdown": "ریٹائرمنٹ کے بعد انہوں نے «جناح سے ضیا تک» (1980ء) لکھی، جس میں موقف اختیار کیا کہ جناح سیکولر ریاست کے قائل تھے — انگریزی مقالہ نقل کرتا ہے کہ ہم عصروں نے اعتراض کیا کہ جناح کی تقاریر سیاق سے کاٹی گئیں۔ {cite:wikipedia-muhammad-munir-en} ان کی وفات 1979ء میں ہوئی؛ اردو مقالے کی تمہید اور ویکی ذخیرہ اس کے بجائے 26 جون 1981ء دیتے ہیں، اور یہ اختلاف عجائب گھر کے ڈیٹا میں درج ہے۔ {cite:wikipedia-muhammad-munir-en} {cite:wikipedia-muhammad-munir-ur} {cite:wikidata-muhammad-munir} کسی مراجعہ شدہ ماخذ میں ان کا کوئی مذہب یا مسلک مذکور نہیں، اس لیے عجائب گھر ان کی وابستگی نامعلوم درج کرتا ہے۔" } ], "frontmatter": { "id": "person/muhammad-munir", "lang": "ur", "source_lang": "ar", "translators": [] }, "updated": "2026-10-27" } }, "degree": 0, "contemporaries": [ "person/abdullah-musawi-shirazi", "person/hamid-aytac", "person/hassanein-makhlouf", "person/idris-senussi", "person/khan-abdul-ghaffar-khan", "person/mohamed-salah-ben-mrad", "person/mohammad-ali-araki", "person/muhammad-zafrullah-khan", "person/sultan-al-atrash", "person/uzair-gul-peshawari", "person/ghulam-ghaus-hazarvi", "person/jahanara-shahnawaz" ], "updated": "2026-10-27", "connections": [], "related": [], "license": { "prose": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "data": "CC0 1.0" } }