{
 "id": "person/mulla-mushk-i-alam",
 "class": "person",
 "slug": "mulla-mushk-i-alam",
 "label": {
  "ar": "ملا مشک عالم",
  "en": "Mulla Mushk-i-Alam",
  "ur": "ملا مشک عالم"
 },
 "summary": {
  "ar": "زعيم ديني أفغاني من قسم أندر من قبيلة غلزاي (1790–نحو 1885)، واسمه الأصلي دين محمد ولقّبه معلّمه ملا عبد الحكيم بـ«مشك العالم». كان الزعيم الروحي لثورة 1879–1880 ضد البريطانيين في الحرب الإنجليزية الأفغانية الثانية وأبرز قادة «الحزب الوطني» الذين حاصروا معسكر شيرپور، فاعتُقل في عهد الأمير عبد الرحمن بتهمة التآمر لإعادة أيوب خان وقُتل في حبسه، فخلفه ابنه عبد الكريم بيرا وأصدر فتوى ضد الأمير سنة 1885.",
  "en": "Afghan religious leader of the Andar section of the Ghilzai tribe (1790–c. 1885), born Din Mohammad and given the laqab Mushk-i-'Alam ('perfume of the universe') by his teacher Mulla 'Abd al-Hakim. He was the spiritual leader of the 1879–80 rising against the British in the Second Anglo-Afghan War and the most influential of the 'National Party' leaders who besieged the Sherpur cantonment. Arrested under Amir 'Abd al-Rahman on a charge of plotting Ayub Khan's restoration, he was killed in custody; his son 'Abd al-Karim succeeded him as pir and issued a fatwa against the Amir in 1885.",
  "ur": "غلزئی قبیلے کے اندر طبقے کے افغان دینی رہنما (1790ء–تقریباً 1885ء)، اصل نام دین محمد، جنہیں ان کے استاد ملا عبدالحکیم نے «مشکِ عالم» کا لقب دیا۔ وہ دوسری اینگلو افغان جنگ میں 1879–80ء کی بغاوت کے روحانی رہنما اور شیرپور چھاؤنی کا محاصرہ کرنے والے «قومی جماعت» کے سب سے بااثر قائد تھے۔ امیر عبدالرحمٰن کے دور میں ایوب خان کی بحالی کی سازش کے الزام میں گرفتار ہو کر قید میں قتل ہوئے؛ ان کے بیٹے عبدالکریم ان کے جانشین پیر بنے۔"
 },
 "stub": false,
 "wings": [
  "people"
 ],
 "regions": [
  "persia-central-asia"
 ],
 "periods": [],
 "tags": [],
 "aliases": [],
 "themes": [],
 "span": {
  "earliest": 1790.0017796395546,
  "latest": 1886.001013025561
 },
 "display": {
  "start": {
   "edtf": "1790",
   "calendar": "gregorian",
   "precision": "year",
   "status": "debated",
   "derived": false,
   "note": "Kakar's thesis alone gives his birth year: 'he was too old (b. 1790) to be able to lead the struggle personally'. No other source read gives a birth date, and the single-source year is therefore carried as debated. No source read gives a Hijri pairing for this date, so none is recorded.",
   "sources": [
    "source/kakar-consolidation-abd-al-rahman-1968"
   ]
  },
  "end": {
   "edtf": "1885",
   "calendar": "gregorian",
   "precision": "year",
   "status": "debated",
   "derived": false,
   "note": "Lee recounts that he was arrested with others accused of plotting the restoration of Ayub Khan and was poisoned in prison or put to death, and that by the end of 1885 his eldest son had succeeded him as pir and issued a fatwa against the Amir — so he died in or before 1885. The harvest queue gives 1886, which no source read supports; 1885 is carried, marked debated. No source read gives a Hijri pairing, so none is recorded. No died_in relation is written: Lee places the killings of the group near Kabul but does not name his individual place of death.",
   "sources": [
    "source/lee-afghanistan-history-2018"
   ]
  }
 },
 "data": {
  "names": [
   {
    "value": "Mulla Mushk-i-Alam",
    "kind": "full"
   },
   {
    "value": "ملا مشک عالم",
    "kind": "full"
   },
   {
    "value": "Din Mohammad",
    "kind": "full"
   },
   {
    "value": "Mushk-i-Alam Akhundzada",
    "kind": "alternate"
   }
  ],
  "gender": "male",
  "born": {
   "edtf": "1790",
   "calendar": "gregorian",
   "precision": "year",
   "status": "debated",
   "derived": false,
   "note": "Kakar's thesis alone gives his birth year: 'he was too old (b. 1790) to be able to lead the struggle personally'. No other source read gives a birth date, and the single-source year is therefore carried as debated. No source read gives a Hijri pairing for this date, so none is recorded.",
   "sources": [
    "source/kakar-consolidation-abd-al-rahman-1968"
   ]
  },
  "died": {
   "edtf": "1885",
   "calendar": "gregorian",
   "precision": "year",
   "status": "debated",
   "derived": false,
   "note": "Lee recounts that he was arrested with others accused of plotting the restoration of Ayub Khan and was poisoned in prison or put to death, and that by the end of 1885 his eldest son had succeeded him as pir and issued a fatwa against the Amir — so he died in or before 1885. The harvest queue gives 1886, which no source read supports; 1885 is carried, marked debated. No source read gives a Hijri pairing, so none is recorded. No died_in relation is written: Lee places the killings of the group near Kabul but does not name his individual place of death.",
   "sources": [
    "source/lee-afghanistan-history-2018"
   ]
  },
  "roles": [
   "activist"
  ],
  "faith": [
   {
    "value": "unknown",
    "basis": "unknown",
    "note": "FLAGGED: no source names a Sufi order or a school of law for him. Edwards, in one scholarly text, numbers him among the 'Sufi masters intimately familiar with the mystic realm' who led the resistance of the Second Anglo-Afghan War — a single text, which by itself is one source family. Lee presupposes that he was a pir: his eldest son 'succeeded him as pir', a succession after death that attests his standing as a pir but is order headship passing within a family, which the headship line does not count as a personal affiliation attestation. Kakar describes his religious learning, the madrasas he founded and the laqab his teacher gave him, and names no order. Under the two-source rule and the doubt rule the value therefore stays unknown, with the Edwards attestation preserved here; a founder word accepting the single Edwards text, or a second text naming his affiliation, would settle sufi.",
    "sources": [
     "source/edwards-heroes-of-the-age-1996",
     "source/lee-afghanistan-history-2018",
     "source/kakar-consolidation-abd-al-rahman-1968"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "sources": [
   "source/kakar-consolidation-abd-al-rahman-1968",
   "source/lee-afghanistan-history-2018",
   "source/edwards-heroes-of-the-age-1996"
  ],
  "status": {
   "review": "published"
  },
  "provenance": {
   "layer": "own-research",
   "source": "M. Hasan Kakar's SOAS MPhil thesis of 1968 (chapter 1), Jonathan L. Lee's Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present (2018) and David B. Edwards' Heroes of the Age (1996), all read on 27 October 2026. No Wikipedia article in any language was found for him. Existence was checked by name-fragment greps under all spellings (Mushk/Moshk/Mushk-i-Alam) and by biographical match; the grounded-QID grep route could not be run — no Wikidata item was identified for him — and that limitation is stated here. His faith is unknown FLAGGED: one scholarly text (Edwards) calls him a Sufi master, which is a single source family. The roles value [activist] is a judgment call on the wave 114–115 precedent for resistance leaders whose work was preaching and mobilisation rather than battlefield command (Kakar says he was too old to lead the struggle personally); it is flagged in the writer's report. No relations are written: the places of his activity (Ghazni, Andar) have no place entities, and his son Abd al-Karim, who succeeded him as pir, has no person record, so no parent_of edge can be written.",
   "generated_by": "Muse (Muse Spark 1.3)",
   "run": "century-additions-116"
  }
 },
 "prose": {
  "ar": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "زعيم ديني غلزاي",
     "markdown": "ملا مشك عالم، واسمه الأصلي دين محمد، من قسم أندر من قبيلة غلزاي، من شلغار في جهة غزني.{cite:kakar-consolidation-abd-al-rahman-1968} ويذكر كاكار أن مولده كان سنة 1790 وأن معلّمه ملا عبد الحكيم لقّبه بـ«مشك العالم» بعد فراغه من التحصيل الديني.{cite:kakar-consolidation-abd-al-rahman-1968} وكان رجلا ثريا ورأس أسرة نافذة، أسّس المدارس على نفقته وأعان العلماء وتمتّع بنفوذ ديني واسع بين غلزاي أندر.{cite:kakar-consolidation-abd-al-rahman-1968}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "ثورة 1879–1880",
     "markdown": "حين انتفضت كابل على البريطانيين سنة 1879 صار مشك عالم الزعيم الروحي للحركة، وفي رواية كاكار كان أبرز قادة «الحزب الوطني» الذين وجّهوا الثورة وأكثرهم نفوذا.{cite:kakar-consolidation-abd-al-rahman-1968} وكان مع الجنرال محمد جان خان وردك، في رواية لي، أحد الرجلين الأساسيين في حصار معسكر البريطانيين في شيرپور — وقد بلغ من الكبر، كما يقول كاكار، ما منعه من قيادة النضال بنفسه، لكنه ظل محور توجيهه الديني.{cite:lee-afghanistan-history-2018} وكان بيته مقرّا للحركة، وتولّى ابنه عبد الكريم صرف رواتب القوات الأفغانية وتموينها.{cite:kakar-consolidation-abd-al-rahman-1968}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "الاعتقال والوفاة",
     "markdown": "بعد اعتلائه العرش تحرّك الأمير عبد الرحمن ضد رجال الثورة. ويروي لي أن الأمير اتهم مشك عالم وآخرين بالتآمر لإعادة أيوب خان، وأن المتهمين اعتُقلوا وسُمّوا في السجن أو قُتلوا.{cite:lee-afghanistan-history-2018} وبحلول أواخر سنة 1885 كان ابنه الأكبر عبد الكريم قد خلفه بيرا وأصدر فتوى ضد الأمير — فيكون مشك عالم قد توفي سنة 1885 أو قبلها، وإن كان تاريخ 1886 الوارد في قائمة الحصاد متداولا أيضا.{cite:lee-afghanistan-history-2018}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "الهوية والمذهب",
     "markdown": "يعدّ إدواردز مشك عالم في أساتذة الصوفية الذين قادوا الجانب الديني من المقاومة في الحرب الإنجليزية الأفغانية الثانية.{cite:edwards-heroes-of-the-age-1996} ولا تسمّي أي من المصادر المستشارة طريقة صوفية ولا مدرسة فقهية له: يصف كاكار علمه ومدارسه دون أن يسمّي طريقة، وتُظهر رواية لي مكانته بيرا تنتقل إلى ابنه دون أن تسمّي واحدة أيضا. وشهادة علمية واحدة لا تثبت مدرسة بقواعد هذا المتحف، فسُجّل مذهبه غير معروف مع حفظ الشهادة في ملفه."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "person/mulla-mushk-i-alam",
    "lang": "ar",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": []
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-27"
  },
  "en": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "A Ghilzai religious leader",
     "markdown": "Mulla Mushk-i-Alam, whose own name was Din Muhammad, belonged to the Andar section of the Ghilzai tribe and came from Shilgar in the Ghazni direction.{cite:kakar-consolidation-abd-al-rahman-1968} Kakar gives his birth year as 1790 and notes that his teacher, Mulla 'Abd al-Hakim, gave him the laqab Mushk-i-'Alam — \"perfume of the universe\" — after his period of religious training.{cite:kakar-consolidation-abd-al-rahman-1968} A wealthy man and the head of a leading family, he founded madrasas at his own expense, subsidised scholars and enjoyed wide religious influence among the Andar Ghilzais.{cite:kakar-consolidation-abd-al-rahman-1968}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "The rising of 1879–80",
     "markdown": "When Kabul rose against the British in 1879, Mushk-i-Alam became the spiritual leader of the movement and, in Kakar's account, the most influential of the leaders of the \"National Party\" who directed the rising.{cite:kakar-consolidation-abd-al-rahman-1968} With General Muhammad Jan Khan Wardak he was, in Lee's account, one of the two men instrumental in the siege of the British cantonment at Sherpur — too old by then, Kakar says, to lead the struggle in person, but central to its religious direction.{cite:lee-afghanistan-history-2018} His house served as the movement's headquarters, and his son 'Abd al-Karim acted as paymaster and quartermaster-general of the Afghan forces.{cite:kakar-consolidation-abd-al-rahman-1968}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "Arrest and death",
     "markdown": "After his accession, Amir 'Abd al-Rahman moved against the men of the rising. Lee recounts that the Amir accused Mushk-i-Alam and others of conspiring to restore Ayub Khan, and that those accused were arrested and poisoned in prison or put to death.{cite:lee-afghanistan-history-2018} By the end of 1885 his eldest son 'Abd al-Karim had succeeded him as pir and had issued a fatwa against the Amir — so Mushk-i-Alam himself died in or before 1885, though the harvest list's date of 1886 also circulates.{cite:lee-afghanistan-history-2018}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "Identity and faith",
     "markdown": "Edwards numbers Mushk-i Alam among the Sufi masters who led the religious side of the resistance in the Second Anglo-Afghan War.{cite:edwards-heroes-of-the-age-1996} No source consulted names a Sufi order or a school of law for him: Kakar describes his learning and his madrasas without naming an order, and Lee's account shows his standing as a pir passing to his son without naming one either. A single scholarly attestation does not settle a school under this museum's rules, so his faith is recorded as unknown, with the attestation preserved in his record."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "person/mulla-mushk-i-alam",
    "lang": "en",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": []
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-27"
  },
  "ur": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "غلزئی دینی رہنما",
     "markdown": "ملا مشکِ عالم، جن کا اصل نام دین محمد تھا، غلزئی قبیلے کے اندر طبقے سے تعلق رکھتے تھے اور غزنی کی طرف شلگار کے رہنے والے تھے۔{cite:kakar-consolidation-abd-al-rahman-1968} کاکار کے مطابق ان کی پیدائش 1790ء میں ہوئی اور ان کے استاد ملا عبدالحکیم نے دینی تعلیم کے بعد انہیں «مشکِ عالم» کا لقب دیا۔{cite:kakar-consolidation-abd-al-rahman-1968} وہ مالدار اور ایک بااثر خاندان کے سربراہ تھے؛ انہوں نے اپنے خرچ پر مدرسے قائم کیے، علماء کی اعانت کی اور اندر غلزئیوں میں وسیع دینی اثر رکھتے تھے۔{cite:kakar-consolidation-abd-al-rahman-1968}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "1879–80ء کی بغاوت",
     "markdown": "1879ء میں جب کابل انگریزوں کے خلاف اٹھ کھڑا ہوا تو مشکِ عالم اس تحریک کے روحانی رہنما بن گئے، اور کاکار کی روایت میں وہ «قومی جماعت» کے ان قائدین میں سب سے بااثر تھے جنہوں نے بغاوت کی رہنمائی کی۔{cite:kakar-consolidation-abd-al-rahman-1968} جنرل محمد جان خان وردک کے ساتھ وہ، لی کی روایت میں، ان دو آدمیوں میں سے ایک تھے جنہوں نے شیرپور میں برطانوی چھاؤنی کے محاصرے میں کلیدی کردار ادا کیا — کاکار کہتے ہیں کہ تب تک وہ اس قدر عمر رسیدہ تھے کہ جدوجہد کی ذاتی قیادت نہیں کر سکتے تھے، مگر اس کی دینی رہنمائی کا مرکز وہی تھے۔{cite:lee-afghanistan-history-2018} ان کا گھر تحریک کا صدر دفتر تھا اور ان کے بیٹے عبدالکریم افغان افواج کے خزانچی و رسد کے نگران تھے۔{cite:kakar-consolidation-abd-al-rahman-1968}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "گرفتاری اور وفات",
     "markdown": "تخت نشینی کے بعد امیر عبدالرحمٰن بغاوت کے آدمیوں کے خلاف متحرک ہوئے۔ لی روایت کرتے ہیں کہ امیر نے مشکِ عالم اور دوسروں پر ایوب خان کی بحالی کی سازش کا الزام لگایا، اور ملزمان کو گرفتار کر کے قید میں زہر دیا گیا یا قتل کر دیا گیا۔{cite:lee-afghanistan-history-2018} 1885ء کے اواخر تک ان کے بڑے بیٹے عبدالکریم ان کے جانشین پیر بن چکے تھے اور امیر کے خلاف فتویٰ جاری کر چکے تھے — چنانچہ مشکِ عالم کی وفات 1885ء میں یا اس سے پہلے ہوئی، اگرچہ فہرست میں درج 1886ء بھی رائج ہے۔{cite:lee-afghanistan-history-2018}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "شناخت اور مذہب",
     "markdown": "ایڈورڈز مشکِ عالم کو ان صوفی اساتذہ میں شمار کرتے ہیں جنہوں نے دوسری اینگلو افغان جنگ میں مزاحمت کے دینی پہلو کی قیادت کی۔{cite:edwards-heroes-of-the-age-1996} مشاورت کیے گئے کسی ماخذ میں ان کے لیے کوئی صوفی سلسلہ یا فقہی مسلک درج نہیں: کاکار ان کے علم اور مدارس کا ذکر کرتے ہیں مگر کوئی سلسلہ نہیں بتاتے، اور لی کی روایت میں ان کی پیری ان کے بیٹے کو منتقل ہوتی ہے مگر سلسلے کا نام وہاں بھی نہیں۔ اس عجائب گھر کے قواعد کے مطابق ایک واحد علمی شہادت مسلک ثابت نہیں کرتی، اس لیے ان کا مذہب نامعلوم درج کیا گیا ہے اور شہادت ان کے ریکارڈ میں محفوظ ہے۔"
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "person/mulla-mushk-i-alam",
    "lang": "ur",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": []
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-27"
  }
 },
 "degree": 0,
 "contemporaries": [
  "person/muhammad-ibn-ahmad-aknasus",
  "person/taj-al-dawla-calligrapher",
  "person/zia-al-saltaneh",
  "person/said-ahmed-mougne-mkou",
  "person/ahmad-faris-al-shidyaq",
  "person/ahmad-akansus",
  "person/qudsia-begum",
  "person/sidi-ibn-al-mukhtar-al-abyiri",
  "person/azurda",
  "person/abd-al-qadir-al-jazairi",
  "person/safa-al-din-isa-al-bandanijy",
  "person/abd-al-ghani-al-maydani"
 ],
 "updated": "2026-10-27",
 "connections": [],
 "related": [],
 "license": {
  "prose": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "data": "CC0 1.0"
 }
}