{
 "id": "person/murad-ii-uthmani",
 "class": "person",
 "slug": "murad-ii-uthmani",
 "label": {
  "ar": "مراد الثاني"
 },
 "summary": {
  "ar": "السلطان مراد الثاني (تولى ٨٢٤هـ/١٤٢١م)؛ تولى أمر الدولة بعد وفاة أبيه محمد جلبي وعمره لا يزيد على ثمانية عشر سنة، وكان محباً للجهاد والدعوة إلى الإسلام في ربوع أوروبا، معروفاً لدى رعيته بالتقوى والعدالة والشفقة. قضى على تمرد عمه مصطفى الذي دعمه الإمبراطور البيزنطي مانويل الثاني فحاصر غاليبولي، فقبض عليه مراد وقدمه للمشنقة، ثم احتل سالونيك ودخلها عنوة في مارس ٨٣٣هـ/١٤٣١م فصارت جزءاً لا يتجزأ من الدولة العثمانية، وأخضع إقليم ولاشيا بجزية سنوية وجدّد ملك الصب ولاءه للسلطان {cite:dawlat-uthmaniyya-salabi p. 77-79}.",
  "en": "Murad II (r. from 824 AH/1421 CE) — crushed his uncle Mustafa's Byzantine-backed revolt, stormed Thessaloniki in 1431, and fathered Mehmed the Conqueror {cite:dawlat-uthmaniyya-salabi p. 77-79}."
 },
 "stub": false,
 "wings": [
  "people"
 ],
 "regions": [
  "anatolia-balkans"
 ],
 "periods": [
  "period/mongol-post-mongol"
 ],
 "tags": [],
 "aliases": [],
 "themes": [],
 "span": {
  "earliest": 1450.9996098482516,
  "latest": 1451.9989459057706
 },
 "display": {
  "end": {
   "edtf": "1451",
   "hijri": "0855",
   "calendar": "julian",
   "precision": "year",
   "status": "tradition",
   "derived": true,
   "note": "خلفه ابنه محمد الفاتح في ١٦ محرم ٨٥٥هـ؛ التحويل مشتق {cite:dawlat-uthmaniyya-salabi p. 87}."
  }
 },
 "data": {
  "names": [
   {
    "kind": "full",
    "lang": "ar",
    "value": "مراد بن محمد الأول"
   }
  ],
  "gender": "male",
  "roles": [
   "ruler",
   "military"
  ],
  "died": {
   "edtf": "1451",
   "hijri": "0855",
   "calendar": "julian",
   "precision": "year",
   "status": "tradition",
   "derived": true,
   "note": "خلفه ابنه محمد الفاتح في ١٦ محرم ٨٥٥هـ؛ التحويل مشتق {cite:dawlat-uthmaniyya-salabi p. 87}."
  },
  "sources": [
   "source/dawlat-uthmaniyya-salabi"
  ],
  "provenance": {
   "layer": "own-research",
   "source": "الدولة العثمانية لعلي محمد الصلابي (ط1 1421) ص 77-79",
   "generated_by": "Devin (SWE-2 High) from Apple Vision OCR",
   "run": "lib-salabi-uthmani-batch-1"
  },
  "status": {
   "review": "draft",
   "completeness": 2,
   "generated_by": "Devin (SWE-2 High)"
  }
 },
 "prose": {
  "ar": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "موجز",
     "markdown": "السلطان مراد الثاني بن محمد الأول، تولى الحكم سنة 824هـ (1421م) بعد وفاة أبيه [[person/muhammad-i-jalabi|محمد جلبي]]، وعمره لا يزيد على ثماني عشرة سنة. يصفه الصلابي بأنه محب للجهاد معروف بالتقوى والعدالة والشفقة. {cite:dawlat-uthmaniyya-salabi p. 77-79}\n\nأنهى تمرد عمه مصطفى الذي دعمه الإمبراطور البيزنطي مانويل الثاني، ثم دخل سالونيك عنوة في مارس 1431م فصارت جزءاً من الدولة. وأخضع ولاشيا بجزية سنوية. {cite:dawlat-uthmaniyya-salabi p. 77-79}\n\nتوفي سنة 855هـ (1451م)، وخلفه ابنه محمد الفاتح في 16 محرم 855هـ. والتحويل إلى الميلادي مشتق. {cite:dawlat-uthmaniyya-salabi p. 87}"
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "person/murad-ii-uthmani",
    "lang": "ar",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": []
   }
  },
  "en": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "Overview",
     "markdown": "Sultan Murad II ibn Muhammad I, who came to the throne in 824 AH (1421 CE) after the death of his father [[person/muhammad-i-jalabi|Muhammad Celebi]], when he was not yet eighteen. Al-Salabi describes him as fond of holy war, known for piety, justice and compassion. {cite:dawlat-uthmaniyya-salabi p. 77-79}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "His reign",
     "markdown": "He ended the rebellion of his uncle Mustafa, who had the support of the Byzantine emperor Manuel II. He then entered Thessalonica by force in March 1431 CE, and it became part of the state. He subjected Wallachia to an annual tribute. {cite:dawlat-uthmaniyya-salabi p. 77-79}\n\nHe died in 855 AH (1451 CE), and was succeeded by his son Muhammad the Conqueror on 16 Muharram 855 AH. The Gregorian conversion is derived. {cite:dawlat-uthmaniyya-salabi p. 87}"
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "person/murad-ii-uthmani",
    "lang": "en",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": [
     "Claude Haiku 5.5 (claude-haiku-5-5), draft translation"
    ]
   }
  }
 },
 "degree": 8,
 "contemporaries": [
  "person/abd-al-rahman-al-tha-alibi",
  "person/al-abshitay-ahmad",
  "person/al-biqai-ibrahim-ibn-umar",
  "person/al-burshani-ibrahim-ibn-muhammad",
  "person/al-busrawi-ala-al-din-ali-ibn-yusuf",
  "person/al-khayali-ahmad-ibn-musa-shams-al-din",
  "person/al-sakhawi",
  "person/al-samhudi",
  "person/al-suyuti",
  "person/al-tanasi-muhammad-ibn-abd-allah",
  "person/al-tattai-muhammad-ibn-ibrahim",
  "person/al-tizini-muhammad-ibn-muhammad"
 ],
 "connections": [
  {
   "to": "person/mehmed-ii",
   "type": "parent_of",
   "inverse": true,
   "sources": [
    "source/dawlat-uthmaniyya-salabi"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "person/muhammad-i-jalabi",
   "type": "child_of",
   "inverse": false,
   "sources": [
    "source/dawlat-uthmaniyya-salabi"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/battle-kosovo-ii-852",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "القائد الغالب",
   "sources": [
    "source/dawlat-uthmaniyya-salabi"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/battle-varna-848",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "القائد الغالب",
   "sources": [
    "source/dawlat-uthmaniyya-salabi"
   ]
  }
 ],
 "related": [
  "event/conquest-constantinople-857",
  "event/ottoman-conquest-constantinople-1453",
  "person/aq-shams-al-din",
  "person/bayazid-i-yildirim",
  "person/bayazid-ii",
  "place/istanbul",
  "screen/fetih-1453-2012",
  "screen/su-ud-al-imbaraturiyat-uthman-2020"
 ],
 "license": {
  "prose": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "data": "CC0 1.0"
 }
}