{
 "id": "person/saad-ibn-abi-waqqas",
 "class": "person",
 "slug": "saad-ibn-abi-waqqas",
 "label": {
  "en": "Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas",
  "ar": "سعد بن أبي وقاص"
 },
 "summary": {
  "en": "One of the earliest converts, an archer at Badr, and the commander who broke the Sasanian army at al-Qadisiyya about 636; founder of the garrison city of Kufa.",
  "ar": "من السابقين إلى الإسلام، رامي يوم بدر، والقائد الذي كسر الجيش الساساني في القادسية نحو سنة 636م؛ مؤسس مدينة الكوفة."
 },
 "stub": false,
 "wings": [
  "people"
 ],
 "regions": [
  "arabia",
  "levant-iraq"
 ],
 "periods": [
  "period/prophetic-era",
  "period/rashidun"
 ],
 "tags": [],
 "aliases": [
  "person/sad-ibn-abi-waqqas"
 ],
 "themes": [
  "wars-and-campaigns",
  "battles",
  "cities"
 ],
 "span": {
  "earliest": 595.0011978343155,
  "latest": 675.000102671481
 },
 "display": {
  "start": {
   "edtf": "0595~",
   "calendar": "julian",
   "precision": "year",
   "status": "tradition",
   "sources": [
    "source/ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley"
   ]
  },
  "end": {
   "edtf": "0674~",
   "calendar": "julian",
   "precision": "year",
   "status": "tradition",
   "note": "Died at his estate at al-Aqiq near Medina, about 55 AH.",
   "sources": [
    "source/ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley"
   ]
  }
 },
 "data": {
  "names": [
   {
    "kind": "full",
    "lang": "ar",
    "value": "سعد بن مالك بن وهيب الزهري"
   }
  ],
  "gender": "male",
  "born": {
   "edtf": "0595~",
   "calendar": "julian",
   "precision": "year",
   "status": "tradition",
   "sources": [
    "source/ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley"
   ]
  },
  "died": {
   "edtf": "0674~",
   "calendar": "julian",
   "precision": "year",
   "status": "tradition",
   "note": "Died at his estate at al-Aqiq near Medina, about 55 AH.",
   "sources": [
    "source/ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley"
   ]
  },
  "roles": [
   "companion",
   "general"
  ],
  "traditions": [
   "sunni"
  ],
  "story_roles": [
   {
    "role": "convert",
    "start": {
     "edtf": "0611~"
    },
    "status": "tradition",
    "note": "Among the earliest converts, through Abu Bakr.",
    "sources": [
     "source/ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley"
    ]
   },
   {
    "role": "companion",
    "start": {
     "edtf": "0611~"
    },
    "status": "tradition",
    "sources": [
     "source/ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley"
    ]
   },
   {
    "role": "commander",
    "toward": "polity/rashidun-caliphate",
    "start": {
     "edtf": "0636~"
    },
    "end": {
     "edtf": "0645~"
    },
    "status": "historical",
    "note": "Commanded at al-Qadisiyya, then governed Iraq and founded Kufa.",
    "sources": [
     "source/tabari-donner-1993",
     "source/ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "faith": [
   {
    "value": "sunni",
    "basis": "tradition",
    "note": "Early Muslim; recorded under the museum's Sunni frame (docs/scope.md)."
   }
  ],
  "sources": [
   "source/ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley",
   "source/tabari-donner-1993"
  ],
  "status": {
   "review": "draft",
   "completeness": 2,
   "generated_by": "Devin; 2026-10-11"
  }
 },
 "prose": {
  "ar": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "نبذة",
     "markdown": "سعد بن أبي وقاص من أول المسلمين، رامي بدر، والقائد الذي كسر جيش الدولة الساسانية في القادسية. ومدينة الكوفة من تأسيسه."
    },
    {
     "heading": "الحياة",
     "markdown": "شاب قرشي من [[group/banu-zuhra|بني زهرة]] — عشيرة أم النبي نفسها — أسلم على يد [[person/abu-bakr|أبي بكر]] وهو دون العشرين من أول عشرة مؤمنين {cite:ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley}. شهد [[event/battle-of-badr|بدرًا]] — ويسمّيه التراث أول من رمى بسهم في سبيل الإسلام — ومعارك المدينة بعدها {cite:ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley}.\n\nوفي سنة 636م، قائدًا عن [[person/umar-ibn-al-khattab|عمر]]، لقي الجيش الساساني في [[event/battle-of-qadisiyya|القادسية]] بالعراق فدحره في قتال أيام — فانفتحت كل بلاد فارس {cite:tabari-donner-1993}. وبأمر عمر وضع مصر الكوفة ووالى العراق، ثم اعتزل في عقيقه قرب المدينة ومات نحو سنة 674م {cite:ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "الأثر",
     "markdown": "الكوفة — عاصمة علي، ومهد نحو العربية وفقهها الأول، وقاعدة الشرق — بدأت عسكر سعد. وقول النبي المروي «اللهم أصب رميّة سعد» جعله رامي التراث المثالي."
    },
    {
     "heading": "للزوار الصغار",
     "markdown": "أسلم سعد وهو مراهق، ورمى «أول سهم» عند التراث، وكبر فهزم إحدى القوتين العظميين في عالمه."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "person/saad-ibn-abi-waqqas",
    "lang": "ar",
    "source_lang": "en",
    "translators": []
   }
  },
  "en": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "Brief",
     "markdown": "Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas was one of the first Muslims, an archer at Badr, and the general who broke the Sasanian Empire's army at al-Qadisiyya. The garrison city of Kufa was his foundation."
    },
    {
     "heading": "Life",
     "markdown": "A young Qurayshi of [[group/banu-zuhra|Banu Zuhra]] — the Prophet's mother's own clan — Sa'd embraced Islam through [[person/abu-bakr|Abu Bakr]] when barely in his teens, among the first dozen converts {cite:ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley}. He fought at [[event/battle-of-badr|Badr]] — tradition calls him the first to loose an arrow in the defense of Islam — and through the Medinan battles {cite:ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley}.\n\nIn 636 CE, commanding for [[person/umar-ibn-al-khattab|Umar]], he met the Sasanian army at [[event/battle-of-qadisiyya|al-Qadisiyya]] in Iraq and, in a multi-day battle, destroyed it — opening the whole Sasanian heartland {cite:tabari-donner-1993}. On Umar's orders he laid out the garrison city of Kufa and governed Iraq before retiring to his estate near Medina, where he died about 674 {cite:ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "Legacy",
     "markdown": "Kufa — seat of Ali's caliphate, crucible of Arabic grammar and early law, launching point of the east — began as Sa'd's camp. And the saying recorded of the Prophet praying for \"Sa'd's shooting\" made him the tradition's emblematic archer."
    },
    {
     "heading": "For young visitors",
     "markdown": "Sa'd joined when he was a teenager, shot the tradition's \"first arrow,\" and grew up to defeat one of the two superpowers of his world."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "person/saad-ibn-abi-waqqas",
    "lang": "en",
    "source_lang": "en",
    "translators": []
   }
  }
 },
 "degree": 30,
 "contemporaries": [
  "person/halima-al-sadiyya",
  "person/umm-salama",
  "person/abu-hurayra",
  "person/abdullah-ibn-salam",
  "person/amr-ibn-al-as",
  "person/sajah",
  "person/umm-ayman",
  "person/aisha",
  "person/salman-al-farisi",
  "person/zubayr-ibn-al-awwam",
  "person/uthman-ibn-affan",
  "person/ali-ibn-abi-talib"
 ],
 "connections": [
  {
   "to": "place/mecca",
   "type": "born_in",
   "inverse": false
  },
  {
   "to": "place/medina",
   "type": "died_in",
   "inverse": false
  },
  {
   "to": "group/banu-zuhra",
   "type": "member_of",
   "inverse": false
  },
  {
   "to": "group/quraysh",
   "type": "member_of",
   "inverse": false
  },
  {
   "to": "person/abu-bakr",
   "type": "converted_under",
   "inverse": false,
   "sources": [
    "source/ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/hijra",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "sources": [
    "source/ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/battle-of-badr",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "archer",
   "sources": [
    "source/ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/battle-of-uhud",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "sources": [
    "source/ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/battle-of-qadisiyya",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "muslim-commander",
   "sources": [
    "source/tabari-donner-1993"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "place/kufa",
   "type": "lived_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "note": "Founded and governed the garrison city of Kufa under Umar's orders.",
   "sources": [
    "source/tabari-donner-1993"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/al-dawa-al-sirriyya",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "أسلم بدعوة أبي بكر",
   "sources": [
    "source/mubarakpuri-raheeq"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/expedition-of-al-kharrar",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "أمير السرية",
   "sources": [
    "source/mubarakpuri-raheeq"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/expedition-of-buwat",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "حامل اللواء الأبيض",
   "sources": [
    "source/mubarakpuri-raheeq"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/expedition-of-nakhla",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "note": "أضل بعيره مع عتبة بن غزوان فتخلف في طلبه (الرحيق ص200)",
   "sources": [
    "source/mubarakpuri-raheeq"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/expedition-of-rabigh",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "رامي أول سهم في الإسلام",
   "sources": [
    "source/mubarakpuri-raheeq",
    "source/zad-al-maad"
   ]
  }
 ],
 "related": [
  "group/quraysh",
  "period/prophetic-era",
  "person/abu-ubayda-ibn-al-jarrah",
  "person/umar-ibn-al-khattab",
  "group/muhajirun",
  "person/muhammad",
  "group/early-muslims",
  "person/abdullah-ibn-masud"
 ],
 "license": {
  "prose": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "data": "CC0 1.0"
 }
}