{
 "id": "person/sayyid-mir-muhammad-alim-khan",
 "class": "person",
 "slug": "sayyid-mir-muhammad-alim-khan",
 "label": {
  "ar": "سيد مير محمد عالم خان",
  "en": "Sayyid Mir Muhammad Alim Khan",
  "ur": "سید میر محمد عالم خان"
 },
 "summary": {
  "ar": "سيد مير محمد عالم خان (1880–1944)، آخر أمراء بخارى من سلالة المنغيط الأوزبكية، حكم من 1911 إلى 1920 رغم كون الإمارة محمية روسية منذ 1873، فأطاح به الجيش الأحمر سنة 1920، ففرّ إلى دوشانبه ثم كابل، حيث توفي سنة 1944.",
  "en": "Sayyid Mir Muhammad Alim Khan (1880–1944) was the last Emir of Bukhara of the Uzbek Manghud dynasty, reigning from 1911 to 1920 although the emirate had been a Russian protectorate since 1873. Deposed by the Red Army in 1920, he fled to Dushanbe and then to Kabul, where he died in 1944.",
  "ur": "سید میر محمد عالم خان (1880–1944) ازبک منغود خاندان کے آخری امیرِ بخارا تھے؛ انہوں نے 1911 سے 1920 تک حکومت کی حالانکہ امارت 1873 سے روسی محمیہ تھی۔ 1920 میں سرخ فوج نے انہیں معزول کیا تو وہ دوشنبہ اور پھر کابل فرار ہوئے، جہاں 1944 میں ان کا انتقال ہوا۔"
 },
 "stub": false,
 "wings": [
  "people"
 ],
 "regions": [
  "persia-central-asia"
 ],
 "periods": [],
 "tags": [],
 "aliases": [],
 "themes": [],
 "span": {
  "earliest": 1880.0049966802878,
  "latest": 1944.32390808843
 },
 "display": {
  "start": {
   "edtf": "1880-01-03",
   "hijri": "1297",
   "calendar": "gregorian",
   "precision": "day",
   "status": "historical",
   "derived": true,
   "note": "Born on 3 January 1880 at Bukhara, as the English and Russian articles and the Uzbek article's lead text give; the Uzbek article's infobox instead names Karmana, which is not followed. The Hijri year 1297 is from the Arabic article's birth category (مواليد 1297 هـ) and is marked derived.",
   "sources": [
    "source/wikipedia-alim-khan-en",
    "source/wikipedia-alim-khan-ru",
    "source/wikipedia-alim-khan-uz",
    "source/wikipedia-alim-khan-ar",
    "source/wikidata-alim-khan"
   ]
  },
  "end": {
   "edtf": "1944-04-28",
   "hijri": "1363",
   "calendar": "gregorian",
   "precision": "day",
   "status": "debated",
   "derived": true,
   "note": "Died at Kabul on 28 April 1944, as the English, Uzbek, Arabic and Urdu articles and Wikidata give; the Russian article gives 5 May 1944 in both its lead and its infobox, a variant no other source read supports, so the day is carried as debated with the majority form recorded. He was buried in the Shuadoi Solehin cemetery in Kabul; no entity exists for the cemetery, so no buried_in edge is written. The Hijri year 1363 is from the Arabic article's death category (وفيات 1363 هـ) and is marked derived.",
   "sources": [
    "source/wikipedia-alim-khan-en",
    "source/wikipedia-alim-khan-uz",
    "source/wikipedia-alim-khan-ar",
    "source/wikipedia-alim-khan-ur",
    "source/wikidata-alim-khan"
   ]
  }
 },
 "data": {
  "names": [
   {
    "value": "Sayyid Mir Muhammad Alim Khan",
    "kind": "full"
   },
   {
    "value": "سید میر محمد عالم خان",
    "kind": "full"
   },
   {
    "value": "Сеид Мир Мухаммед ибн Абдулахад Алим-хан",
    "kind": "full"
   },
   {
    "value": "Mohammed Alim Khan",
    "kind": "alternate"
   },
   {
    "value": "Said Olimxon",
    "kind": "alternate"
   },
   {
    "value": "Сеид Алим-хан",
    "kind": "alternate"
   }
  ],
  "gender": "male",
  "born": {
   "edtf": "1880-01-03",
   "hijri": "1297",
   "calendar": "gregorian",
   "precision": "day",
   "status": "historical",
   "derived": true,
   "note": "Born on 3 January 1880 at Bukhara, as the English and Russian articles and the Uzbek article's lead text give; the Uzbek article's infobox instead names Karmana, which is not followed. The Hijri year 1297 is from the Arabic article's birth category (مواليد 1297 هـ) and is marked derived.",
   "sources": [
    "source/wikipedia-alim-khan-en",
    "source/wikipedia-alim-khan-ru",
    "source/wikipedia-alim-khan-uz",
    "source/wikipedia-alim-khan-ar",
    "source/wikidata-alim-khan"
   ]
  },
  "died": {
   "edtf": "1944-04-28",
   "hijri": "1363",
   "calendar": "gregorian",
   "precision": "day",
   "status": "debated",
   "derived": true,
   "note": "Died at Kabul on 28 April 1944, as the English, Uzbek, Arabic and Urdu articles and Wikidata give; the Russian article gives 5 May 1944 in both its lead and its infobox, a variant no other source read supports, so the day is carried as debated with the majority form recorded. He was buried in the Shuadoi Solehin cemetery in Kabul; no entity exists for the cemetery, so no buried_in edge is written. The Hijri year 1363 is from the Arabic article's death category (وفيات 1363 هـ) and is marked derived.",
   "sources": [
    "source/wikipedia-alim-khan-en",
    "source/wikipedia-alim-khan-uz",
    "source/wikipedia-alim-khan-ar",
    "source/wikipedia-alim-khan-ur",
    "source/wikidata-alim-khan"
   ]
  },
  "roles": [
   "emir"
  ],
  "faith": [
   {
    "value": "unknown",
    "basis": "unknown",
    "note": "FLAGGED: the school readings rest on infoboxes and structured data alone, under the headship line. The Russian article's infobox gives his religion as Islam of the Hanafi madhhab, the only school statement for him in any of the six editions read, referenced to no text; the English article's infobox gives Sunni Islam, likewise a field value; Wikidata's religion values are Islam and Sunni Islam, with no Hanafi value. No text in any edition names his school: the texts attest his throne, his rule over a Muslim state, his early reform edicts and his addition of the title Caliph to his name, which are office, state acts and titles, never a personal attestation, and Hanafi convention in Bukhara is not evidence. One infobox family short of the two-source bar, the segment is unknown, with the Hanafi and Sunni readings preserved here.",
    "sources": [
     "source/wikipedia-alim-khan-en",
     "source/wikipedia-alim-khan-ru",
     "source/wikipedia-alim-khan-uz",
     "source/wikidata-alim-khan"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "external_ids": {
   "wikidata": "Q558626"
  },
  "sources": [
   "source/wikipedia-alim-khan-en",
   "source/wikipedia-alim-khan-ru",
   "source/wikipedia-alim-khan-uz",
   "source/wikipedia-alim-khan-ar",
   "source/wikipedia-alim-khan-ur",
   "source/wikidata-alim-khan"
  ],
  "status": {
   "review": "published"
  },
  "provenance": {
   "layer": "own-research",
   "source": "English, Russian, Uzbek, Arabic and Urdu Wikipedia articles on Sayyid Mir Muhammad Alim Khan and Wikidata item Q558626, each read at a recorded revision; existence checked both ways before building — name fragments (alim-khan, manghud) and slug variants across data/person found no record for him (the many Salim/Alim namesakes are distinct people), and Q558626, grounded through the English article's page properties and confirmed through the Russian, Uzbek, Arabic and Urdu articles', matched no existing record. His succession is attested — he followed his father 'Abd al-Ahad Khan and the monarchy was abolished at his deposition — but no successor_of edge is written because the museum holds no record for 'Abd al-Ahad Khan, and no ruler_of edge because no polity entity exists for the Emirate of Bukhara. His reign's start is given as 3 January 1911 in the English and Arabic articles; the Uzbek article dates his accession to his father's death in late December 1910.",
   "generated_by": "Muse (Muse Spark 1.3)",
   "run": "century-additions-104"
  }
 },
 "prose": {
  "ar": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "نشأته",
     "markdown": "وُلد في بخارى في 3 يناير 1880 ابنًا للأمير عبد الأحد خان؛ وصندوق معلومات المقالة الأوزبكية وحده يذكر كرمانه مسقطًا لرأسه خلافًا لمقدمتها وللمقالتين الإنجليزية والروسية {cite:wikipedia-alim-khan-en} {cite:wikipedia-alim-khan-ru} {cite:wikipedia-alim-khan-uz}. وفي الثالثة عشرة من عمره بعثه والده إلى سانت بطرسبرغ لدراسة تقنيات الحكم والعلوم العسكرية الحديثة ثلاث سنوات، وفي عام 1896 عاد إلى الوطن بعد اعتماده رسميًا وليًا للعهد {cite:wikipedia-alim-khan-ar}. ثم عين حاكمًا لمنطقة ناصف (قرشي) اثني عشر عامًا، ثم لمقاطعة كرمانه الشمالية عامين آخرين، حتى بلغه نبأ وفاة والده سنة 1910 فتولى العرش {cite:wikipedia-alim-khan-ar}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "حكمه",
     "markdown": "بدأ حكمه بإجراءات تحديثية: أعلن أنه لن يقبل الهدايا الشخصية، وحظر على موظفيه قبول الرشاوى أو فرض الضرائب دون الرجوع إليه {cite:wikipedia-alim-khan-ar}. ومع مرور الوقت تهاوت هذه المواقف، واحتدم الصراع بين الإصلاحيين والتقليديين فانتهى بفوز التيار التقليدي ونفي الإصلاحيين إلى موسكو أو قازان {cite:wikipedia-alim-khan-ar}. وكان عالم خان الأمير المنغيطي الوحيد الذي أضاف لقب خليفة إلى اسمه {cite:wikipedia-alim-khan-ar}.\n\nوفي مارس 1918 أبلغ نشطاء حركة الشباب البخاريين السوفييت أن أهل بخارى متأهبون للثورة، وحين طالب الجيش الأحمر الأمير بتسليم المدينة ردّ بقتل الوفد السوفييتي والمئات من أنصارهم الروس، فهرب الجيش البلشفي غير المجهز إلى طشقند {cite:wikipedia-alim-khan-ar}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "خلعه ووفاته",
     "markdown": "لكن الأمير لم يفز إلا بهدنة مؤقتة؛ ففي 2 سبتمبر 1920 هاجمت قوات الجيش الأحمر بقيادة الجنرال ميخائيل فرونزه مدينة بخارى، وبعد أربعة أيام من القتال دُمرت قلعة الأرك، فاضطر عالم خان للفرار إلى دوشانبه ثم إلى كابل {cite:wikipedia-alim-khan-ar} {cite:wikipedia-alim-khan-en}. وتوفي في كابل في 28 أبريل 1944 ودُفن في مقبرة شهداء الصالحين؛ والمقالة الروسية وحدها تذكر 5 مايو 1944 تاريخًا لوفاته {cite:wikipedia-alim-khan-en} {cite:wikipedia-alim-khan-ru} {cite:wikidata-alim-khan}. وكانت ابنته شكرية عليمي رعد مذيعة في إذاعة أفغانستان ثم في صوت أمريكا {cite:wikipedia-alim-khan-en}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "عقيدته",
     "markdown": "لا يسمّي أي نص في الطبعات الخمس المقروءة مذهب عالم خان. فصندوق معلومات المقالة الروسية يذكر دينه إسلامًا حنفي المذهب، وصندوق معلومات المقالة الإنجليزية يذكره إسلامًا سنيًا — وهما قيمتا صندوقين لا يستندان إلى نص — وقيمتا الدين في ويكيداتا هما الإسلام والإسلام السني دون قيمة حنفية {cite:wikipedia-alim-khan-ru} {cite:wikipedia-alim-khan-en} {cite:wikidata-alim-khan}. أما عرشه وحكمه لدولة مسلمة واتخاذه لقب الخليفة فمن شؤون المنصب لا شهادة شخصية، والعرف الحنفي في بخارى ليس دليلًا على الرجل. لذلك سُجلت عقيدته «غير معروف» مع تنبيه، وحُفظت القراءتان الحنفية والسنية في ملاحظة سجله."
    },
    {
     "heading": "المصادر",
     "markdown": "- كيانات المصادر المعرّفة المذكورة أعلاه، المسجلة في `data/source/`.\n- يجب أن تكون مراجعات هذه المقالة مؤرخة، وأن تسمي المصدر الذي غيّر كل واقعة."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "person/sayyid-mir-muhammad-alim-khan",
    "lang": "ar",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": []
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-27"
  },
  "en": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "Early life",
     "markdown": "He was born at Bukhara on 3 January 1880, son of the emir 'Abd al-Ahad Khan; the Uzbek article's infobox alone names Karmana as his birthplace, against its own lead and the English and Russian articles {cite:wikipedia-alim-khan-en} {cite:wikipedia-alim-khan-ru} {cite:wikipedia-alim-khan-uz}. At thirteen his father sent him to Saint Petersburg for three years to study government and modern military techniques, and in 1896 he returned home formally confirmed as crown prince {cite:wikipedia-alim-khan-en}. After two years assisting his father's administration he governed the Nasef (Qarshi) region for twelve years, then the northern province of Karmana for two more, until his father's death in 1910 brought him to the throne {cite:wikipedia-alim-khan-en} {cite:wikipedia-alim-khan-uz}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "Reign",
     "markdown": "His rule opened with reforming gestures: he announced that he would refuse personal gifts, and forbade officials to solicit bribes or impose unauthorised taxes {cite:wikipedia-alim-khan-en}. Over time the promises lapsed, and in the struggle between the traditionalists and the reformist Young Bukharans the traditionalists prevailed, driving the reformers to refuge in Moscow and Kazan {cite:wikipedia-alim-khan-en}. The Tajik writer Sadriddin Ayni, a figure of the same Bukhara, left vivid accounts of life under the emir {cite:wikipedia-alim-khan-en}. Alim Khan was the only Manghud ruler to add the title of Caliph to his name {cite:wikipedia-alim-khan-en}.\n\nIn March 1918 the Young Bukharans told the Bolsheviks the city was ready for revolution; when the Red Army reached Bukhara's gates and demanded its surrender, the emir answered by killing the Bolshevik delegation and several hundred of their Russian supporters, and the ill-equipped Bolshevik force withdrew to Tashkent {cite:wikipedia-alim-khan-en}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "Deposition and death",
     "markdown": "The reprieve was temporary. On 2 September 1920 well-equipped Red Army troops under General Mikhail Frunze attacked Bukhara; after four days of fighting the Ark fortress was destroyed, and Alim Khan fled first to Dushanbe and then to Kabul {cite:wikipedia-alim-khan-en}. Three of his young sons were left behind in Bukhara and sent to a Moscow orphanage; their fates — one dead after arrest in the Great Terror, one shot at the Afghan border, one a Red Army major general who had publicly renounced his father — are traced in the English article {cite:wikipedia-alim-khan-en}. The emir died at Kabul on 28 April 1944 and was buried in the Shuadoi Solehin cemetery; the Russian article alone gives 5 May 1944 {cite:wikipedia-alim-khan-en} {cite:wikipedia-alim-khan-ru} {cite:wikidata-alim-khan}. His daughter Shukria Alimi Raad became a broadcaster with Radio Afghanistan and later the Voice of America {cite:wikipedia-alim-khan-en}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "Faith",
     "markdown": "No text in any of the five editions read names Alim Khan's school. The Russian article's infobox gives his religion as Islam of the Hanafi madhhab and the English article's infobox gives Sunni Islam — two infobox fields, referenced to no text — and Wikidata's religion values are Islam and Sunni Islam, with no Hanafi value {cite:wikipedia-alim-khan-ru} {cite:wikipedia-alim-khan-en} {cite:wikidata-alim-khan}. His throne, his rule over a Muslim state and his use of the caliphal title are matters of office, not personal attestation, and Hanafi convention in Bukhara is not evidence about a man. His faith segment is therefore recorded as unknown, flagged, with the Hanafi and Sunni readings preserved in the record's note."
    },
    {
     "heading": "Sources",
     "markdown": "- The defined source entities cited above, recorded in `data/source/`.\n- Revisions of this article must be dated, and must name the source that changed each fact."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "person/sayyid-mir-muhammad-alim-khan",
    "lang": "en",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": []
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-27"
  },
  "ur": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "ابتدائی زندگی",
     "markdown": "وہ 3 جنوری 1880 کو بخارا میں امیر عبد الاحد خان کے ہاں پیدا ہوئے؛ ازبک مضمون کا معلوماتی خانہ اکیلا ان کی جائے پیدائش کرمانہ بتاتا ہے، جو اس کے اپنے متن اور انگریزی و روسی مضامین کے خلاف ہے {cite:wikipedia-alim-khan-en} {cite:wikipedia-alim-khan-ru} {cite:wikipedia-alim-khan-uz}. تیرہ برس کی عمر میں ان کے والد نے انہیں حکومت اور جدید عسکری فنون کی تعلیم کے لیے تین سال سینٹ پیٹرزبرگ بھیجا، اور 1896 میں وہ باضابطہ ولی عہد تسلیم ہو کر وطن لوٹے {cite:wikipedia-alim-khan-ur}. پھر وہ بارہ سال ناصف (قرشی) کے حاکم اور دو سال کرمانہ کے حاکم رہے، یہاں تک کہ 1910 میں والد کی وفات پر تخت نشین ہوئے {cite:wikipedia-alim-khan-ur}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "دورِ حکومت",
     "markdown": "ان کے دور کا آغاز اصلاحی اعلانات سے ہوا: انہوں نے ذاتی تحائف قبول کرنے سے انکار کیا اور اہلکاروں پر رشوت لینا اور بے اجازت محصول عائد کرنا حرام قرار دیا {cite:wikipedia-alim-khan-ur}. وقت گزرنے کے ساتھ یہ وعدے ماند پڑ گئے، اور روایت پسندوں اور اصلاح پسند نوجوان بخاریوں کی کشمکش میں روایت پسند غالب آ گئے اور اصلاح پسند ماسکو اور قازان کی طرف بھاگ گئے {cite:wikipedia-alim-khan-en}. عالم خان منغود حکمرانوں میں واحد تھے جنہوں نے اپنے نام کے ساتھ خلیفہ کا لقب جوڑا {cite:wikipedia-alim-khan-en}.\n\nمارچ 1918 میں نوجوان بخاریوں نے بالشویکوں کو خبر دی کہ شہر انقلاب کے لیے تیار ہے؛ جب سرخ فوج نے شہر کی سپردگی کا مطالبہ کیا تو امیر نے بالشویک وفد اور ان کے سیکڑوں روسی حامیوں کو قتل کر دیا، اور ناکافی ساز و سامان والی بالشویک فوج تاشقند کی طرف پسپا ہو گئی {cite:wikipedia-alim-khan-ur}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "معزولی اور وفات",
     "markdown": "تاہم یہ مہلت عارضی نکلی۔ 2 ستمبر 1920 کو جنرل میخائل فرونزے کی قیادت میں سرخ فوج نے بخارا پر حملہ کیا؛ چار دن کی لڑائی کے بعد قلعہ ارک تباہ ہوا اور عالم خان پہلے دوشنبہ اور پھر کابل فرار ہو گئے {cite:wikipedia-alim-khan-en} {cite:wikipedia-alim-khan-ur}. وہ 28 اپریل 1944 کو کابل میں وفات پا گئے اور شہدائے صالحین کے قبرستان میں دفن ہوئے؛ صرف روسی مضمون ان کی وفات 5 مئی 1944 بتاتا ہے {cite:wikipedia-alim-khan-en} {cite:wikipedia-alim-khan-ru} {cite:wikidata-alim-khan}. ان کی بیٹی شکریہ علیمی رعد ریڈیو افغانستان اور بعد میں وائس آف امریکہ کی نشریات کار رہیں {cite:wikipedia-alim-khan-en}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "عقیدہ",
     "markdown": "مطالعہ کی گئی پانچوں طبعات میں کوئی متن عالم خان کا مذہبی مسلک نام لے کر بیان نہیں کرتا۔ روسی مضمون کا معلوماتی خانہ ان کا دین «اسلام، حنفی مذہب» اور انگریزی مضمون کا خانہ «سنی اسلام» بتاتا ہے — یہ دونوں خانوں کی قیمتیں ہیں جن کا کوئی متن حوالہ نہیں — اور وکی ڈیٹا کی اقدار اسلام اور سنی اسلام ہیں، حنفی قدر موجود نہیں {cite:wikipedia-alim-khan-ru} {cite:wikipedia-alim-khan-en} {cite:wikidata-alim-khan}. ان کا تخت، مسلم ریاست پر حکومت اور خلیفہ کا لقب منصب کے امور ہیں، ذاتی شہادت نہیں، اور بخارا کا حنفی ماحول کسی فرد کے بارے میں دلیل نہیں بنتا۔ اس لیے ان کا عقیدہ «نامعلوم» درج کیا گیا ہے، تنبیہ کے ساتھ، اور حنفی و سنی قراءتیں ان کے ریکارڈ کی ملاحظہ میں محفوظ ہیں۔"
    },
    {
     "heading": "مآخذ",
     "markdown": "- اوپر مذکور معرّف ماخذ اکائیاں، جو `data/source/` میں درج ہیں۔\n- اس مضمون کی ہر نظرثانی مؤرخ ہونی چاہیے اور ہر واقعہ بدلنے والے ماخذ کا نام لینا چاہیے۔"
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "person/sayyid-mir-muhammad-alim-khan",
    "lang": "ur",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": []
   },
   "updated": "2026-10-27"
  }
 },
 "degree": 4,
 "contemporaries": [
  "person/a-k-fazlul-huq",
  "person/abbas-hilmi-ii",
  "person/abd-al-qadir-al-maghribi",
  "person/abdelaziz-thaalbi",
  "person/abdul-haq",
  "person/abdul-karim-amrullah",
  "person/abdulmecid-ii",
  "person/abdurreshid-ibrahim",
  "person/aga-khan-iii",
  "person/ahmed-lutfi-al-sayyid",
  "person/ahmed-skirej",
  "person/ahmet-refet-efendi"
 ],
 "updated": "2026-10-27",
 "connections": [
  {
   "to": "place/bukhara",
   "type": "born_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "note": "Born at Bukhara, as the English and Russian articles and the Uzbek article's lead text attest.",
   "sources": [
    "source/wikipedia-alim-khan-en",
    "source/wikipedia-alim-khan-ru"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "place/kabul",
   "type": "died_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "note": "Died at Kabul in exile, as the English, Russian, Uzbek, Arabic and Urdu articles attest.",
   "sources": [
    "source/wikipedia-alim-khan-en",
    "source/wikipedia-alim-khan-uz"
   ]
  }
 ],
 "related": [
  "event/al-biruni-flees-to-bukhara",
  "event/alp-arslan-death-465",
  "event/kabul-islam-mamun",
  "event/kabul-revolt-yazid-death",
  "event/kabul-shah-submission",
  "event/march-on-kabul",
  "event/said-bukhara-host",
  "event/tekish-bukhara-594"
 ],
 "license": {
  "prose": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "data": "CC0 1.0"
 }
}