{
 "id": "person/umayya-ibn-khalaf",
 "class": "person",
 "slug": "umayya-ibn-khalaf",
 "label": {
  "en": "Umayya ibn Khalaf",
  "ar": "أمية بن خلف"
 },
 "summary": {
  "en": "A headman of the clan of Jumah remembered above all as the owner who tortured Bilal — one of the named persecutors of the weak converts, killed at Badr.",
  "ar": "سيد من بني جُمح يذكر قبل كل شيء بأنه مولى بلال الذي عذّبه — من المسماة بأيديهم عذاب مستضعفي المسلمين، وقُتل ببدر."
 },
 "stub": false,
 "wings": [
  "people"
 ],
 "regions": [
  "arabia"
 ],
 "periods": [
  "period/prophetic-era"
 ],
 "tags": [],
 "aliases": [],
 "themes": [
  "anti-muslim-hatred",
  "slavery-and-freedom",
  "battles"
 ],
 "span": {
  "earliest": 570.0013689535035,
  "latest": 624.1982381568093
 },
 "display": {
  "start": {
   "edtf": "0570~",
   "calendar": "julian",
   "precision": "decade",
   "status": "tradition",
   "sources": [
    "source/ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley"
   ]
  },
  "end": {
   "edtf": "0624-03-13",
   "hijri": "0002-09-17",
   "calendar": "julian",
   "precision": "day",
   "status": "historical",
   "note": "Killed at Badr, 17 Ramadan 2 AH.",
   "sources": [
    "source/ibn-ishaq-guillaume"
   ]
  }
 },
 "data": {
  "names": [
   {
    "kind": "full",
    "lang": "ar",
    "value": "أمية بن خلف الجمحي"
   }
  ],
  "gender": "male",
  "born": {
   "edtf": "0570~",
   "calendar": "julian",
   "precision": "decade",
   "status": "tradition",
   "sources": [
    "source/ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley"
   ]
  },
  "died": {
   "edtf": "0624-03-13",
   "hijri": "0002-09-17",
   "calendar": "julian",
   "precision": "day",
   "status": "historical",
   "note": "Killed at Badr, 17 Ramadan 2 AH.",
   "sources": [
    "source/ibn-ishaq-guillaume"
   ]
  },
  "roles": [],
  "traditions": [],
  "story_roles": [
   {
    "role": "persecutor",
    "toward": "person/bilal-ibn-rabah",
    "start": {
     "edtf": "0612~"
    },
    "end": {
     "edtf": "0615~"
    },
    "status": "historical",
    "note": "Tortured his slave Bilal for embracing Islam until Abu Bakr ransomed and freed him.",
    "sources": [
     "source/ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley",
     "source/ibn-ishaq-guillaume"
    ]
   },
   {
    "role": "opponent",
    "toward": "person/muhammad",
    "start": {
     "edtf": "0613~"
    },
    "status": "historical",
    "sources": [
     "source/ibn-ishaq-guillaume"
    ]
   },
   {
    "role": "military-opponent",
    "toward": "group/early-muslims",
    "start": {
     "edtf": "0624"
    },
    "status": "historical",
    "note": "Marched with the Meccan army to Badr and was killed there.",
    "sources": [
     "source/ibn-ishaq-guillaume"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "faith": [
   {
    "value": "arabian-polytheism",
    "basis": "documented",
    "note": "Of the Meccan elite and its traditional cult.",
    "sources": [
     "source/watt-1953-mecca"
    ]
   }
  ],
  "sources": [
   "source/ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley",
   "source/ibn-ishaq-guillaume"
  ],
  "status": {
   "review": "draft",
   "completeness": 2,
   "generated_by": "Devin; 2026-10-11"
  }
 },
 "prose": {
  "ar": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "نبذة",
     "markdown": "أمية بن خلف سيد من بني جُمح — المولى الذي عذّب عبده بلالًا على رمضاء مكة، ومن الأشراف القتلى ببدر."
    },
    {
     "heading": "الحياة",
     "markdown": "تحفظ المصادر أمية قبل كل شيء في مشهد واحد: عبده [[person/bilal-ibn-rabah|بلال]] ممدودًا على الرمضاء والصخرة على صدره، حتى جاء [[person/abu-bakr|أبو بكر]] فاشتراه بأغلى ثمن وأعتقه {cite:ibn-ishaq-guillaume}. وهي من أقدم مواجهات القصة الموثقة — مالك في مقابل مؤمن، وغنى في مقابل إيمان {cite:ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley}.\n\nوفي بدر سار مع أشراف مكة فقُتل — وتسجل الرواية أن فتيان الأنصار حاسبوه على صبيحة الرمضاء {cite:ibn-ishaq-guillaume}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "الأثر",
     "markdown": "في رواية المعرض يقف أمية مقابل بلال: من ملك إنسانًا في مقابل الصوت الذي نادى الملايين إلى الصلاة. ويبقى اسمه في الغالب ميزانًا لغلاء ثمن الإيمان في السنين الأولى."
    },
    {
     "heading": "للزوار الصغار",
     "markdown": "عذّب أمية عبده على إيمانه. اسم العبد يُذكر اليوم بإجلال — واسم المولى في الغالب لا."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "person/umayya-ibn-khalaf",
    "lang": "ar",
    "source_lang": "en",
    "translators": []
   }
  },
  "en": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "Brief",
     "markdown": "Umayya ibn Khalaf was a headman of Banu Jumah — the master who tortured the enslaved Bilal on the burning sands of Mecca, and one of the chiefs killed at Badr."
    },
    {
     "heading": "Life",
     "markdown": "The sources preserve Umayya above all in one scene: his slave [[person/bilal-ibn-rabah|Bilal]] staked out on the roasting ground, a rock on his chest, until [[person/abu-bakr|Abu Bakr]] arrived, paid over the odds, and freed him {cite:ibn-ishaq-guillaume}. It is one of the earliest documented confrontations of the story — owner against convert, wealth against faith {cite:ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley}.\n\nAt Badr he marched with the Meccan elite and was killed — the tradition records the Ansari fighters settling with him for that morning on the sands {cite:ibn-ishaq-guillaume}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "Legacy",
     "markdown": "In the museum's telling, Umayya stands opposite Bilal: the man who owned a human being, against the voice that called millions to prayer. His name survives mainly as a measure of how high the cost of belief ran in the first years."
    },
    {
     "heading": "For young visitors",
     "markdown": "Umayya tortured his own slave for believing. The slave's name is remembered with honor today — and the master's mostly is not."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "person/umayya-ibn-khalaf",
    "lang": "en",
    "source_lang": "en",
    "translators": []
   }
  }
 },
 "degree": 22,
 "contemporaries": [
  "person/abbas-ibn-abd-al-muttalib",
  "person/abdullah-ibn-salam",
  "person/abu-jahl",
  "person/abu-lahab",
  "person/abu-sufyan-ibn-harb",
  "person/halima-al-sadiyya",
  "person/hamza",
  "person/khosrow-ii",
  "person/muhammad",
  "person/salman-al-farisi",
  "person/suhayl-ibn-amr",
  "person/umm-ayman"
 ],
 "connections": [
  {
   "to": "person/bilal-ibn-rabah",
   "type": "persecuted",
   "inverse": false,
   "note": "Tortured by his owner Umayya ibn Khalaf until Abu Bakr ransomed and freed him.",
   "start": {
    "edtf": "0612~"
   },
   "end": {
    "edtf": "0615~"
   },
   "sources": [
    "source/ibn-sad-tabaqat-bewley",
    "source/ibn-ishaq-guillaume"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "place/mecca",
   "type": "born_in",
   "inverse": false
  },
  {
   "to": "place/badr",
   "type": "died_in",
   "inverse": false
  },
  {
   "to": "group/banu-jumah",
   "type": "member_of",
   "inverse": false
  },
  {
   "to": "group/quraysh",
   "type": "member_of",
   "inverse": false
  },
  {
   "to": "event/battle-of-badr",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "meccan-side",
   "sources": [
    "source/ibn-ishaq-guillaume"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/expedition-of-buwat",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "قائد قافلة قريش",
   "sources": [
    "source/mubarakpuri-raheeq"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/hijra-departure",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "من الأحد عشر رئيساً",
   "sources": [
    "source/mubarakpuri-raheeq"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/last-quraysh-delegation-to-abu-talib",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "من رؤساء الوفد",
   "sources": [
    "source/mubarakpuri-raheeq"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/persecution-of-mustadafin",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "عذّب بلالاً بالحبل والصخور",
   "sources": [
    "source/mubarakpuri-raheeq"
   ]
  },
  {
   "to": "event/plot-of-dar-al-nadwa",
   "type": "participated_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "role": "حضر عن بني جمح",
   "sources": [
    "source/mubarakpuri-raheeq"
   ]
  }
 ],
 "related": [
  "person/abu-jahl",
  "group/quraysh",
  "person/al-nadr-ibn-al-harith",
  "place/mecca",
  "person/muhammad",
  "person/uqba-ibn-abi-muayt",
  "person/utba-ibn-rabia",
  "period/prophetic-era"
 ],
 "license": {
  "prose": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "data": "CC0 1.0"
 }
}