{
 "id": "polity/emirate-of-hijaz",
 "class": "polity",
 "slug": "emirate-of-hijaz",
 "label": {
  "ar": "الإمارة بالحجاز (حكومة مكة)",
  "en": "The emirate of the Hijaz (the government of Mecca)"
 },
 "summary": {
  "ar": "زعامة مكة وولاية البيت من إسماعيل إلى قريش في عرض الرحيق المختوم: إسماعيل ثم ابناه، ثم جرهم زهاء عشرين قرناً، ثم خزاعة ثلاثمائة سنة، ثم قصي وقريش منذ نحو سنة 440م؛ حكومة خليط من الصدارة الدنيوية والزعامة الدينية، تحكم بين العرب باسم الدين وتشرف على مصالح الوافدين إلى البيت، لها دوائر تشبه البرلمان، لكنها ضعيفة كما وضح يوم غزو الأحباش.",
  "en": "The leadership of Mecca and custody of the House from Ismail to Quraysh in al-Raheeq al-Makhtum's account: Ismail and his sons, then Jurhum for about twenty centuries, then Khuza'a for three hundred years, then Qusayy and Quraysh from about 440 CE; a government mixing worldly primacy and religious leadership, ruling among the Arabs in religion's name and overseeing the pilgrims' affairs, with parliament-like offices, yet weak, as the Abyssinian invasion showed."
 },
 "stub": false,
 "wings": [],
 "regions": [
  "arabia"
 ],
 "periods": [
  "period/pre-islamic-arabia"
 ],
 "tags": [],
 "aliases": [],
 "themes": [
  "sacred-space-and-pilgrimage"
 ],
 "data": {
  "kind": "city-state",
  "capitals": [
   {
    "place": "place/mecca"
   }
  ],
  "provenance": {
   "layer": "own-research",
   "source": "الرحيق المختوم ص27–34 نقلاً عن ابن هشام 1/111–132 وقلب جزيرة العرب ص230–232 ومحاضرات الخضري 1/35–36 وتاريخ أرض القرآن 2/104–106",
   "generated_by": "Claude Code",
   "model": "claude-fable-5-1",
   "run": "raheeq-prose-batch-2c"
  },
  "sources": [
   "source/mubarakpuri-raheeq",
   "source/qalb-jazirat-al-arab",
   "source/ibn-hisham-sira"
  ],
  "status": {
   "review": "draft",
   "completeness": 2,
   "generated_by": "Claude Code (claude-fable-5-1); al-Raheeq al-Makhtum pp. 27–34"
  }
 },
 "prose": {
  "ar": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "موجز",
     "markdown": "يفرد الرحيق المختوم فصلاً للإمارة بالحجاز يتتبع فيه زعامة [[place/mecca|مكة]] وولاية [[building/kaaba|البيت]] من [[person/ismail|إسماعيل]] إلى [[group/quraysh|قريش]] {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.27}، ثم يصف حكومة الحجاز عند بزوغ الإسلام بأنها خليط من الصدارة الدنيوية والزعامة الدينية، لها من الدوائر ما يشابه دوائر البرلمان، لكنها ضعيفة {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.34}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "تعاقب الولاية",
     "markdown": "- ولي إسماعيل زعامة مكة وولاية البيت طول حياته، وتوفي وله 137 سنة في ما ينقله المؤلف عن سفر التكوين، ثم ولي ابناه [[person/nabit|نابت]] ثم [[person/qaydar|قيدار]] ويقال العكس {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.27} {cite:qalb-jazirat-al-arab p.230-237} {cite:sifr-al-takwin 17/25}.\n- ثم انتقلت الزعامة إلى [[group/jurhum|جرهم]] بولاية [[person/mudad-ibn-amr|مضاض بن عمرو]]، وكان لأولاد إسماعيل مركز محترم ولم يكن لهم من الحكم شيء، وحكمت جرهم زهاء عشرين قرناً {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.27} {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.29} {cite:ibn-hisham-sira 1/111-113}.\n- ثم [[group/khuzaa|خزاعة]] بعد [[event/expulsion-of-jurhum|إجلاء جرهم]] في أواسط القرن الثاني الميلادي، ثلاثمائة سنة، مع خلال ثلاث بقيت لقبائل مضر في الحج {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.28} {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.29} {cite:mujam-al-buldan-yaqut 5/181}.\n- ثم [[person/qusayy-ibn-kilab|قصي بن كلاب]] وقريش منذ أواسط القرن الخامس الميلادي سنة 440م، فصارت لقريش السيادة التامة والأمر النافذ في مكة {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.30} {cite:qalb-jazirat-al-arab p.232}. انظر [[event/qusayy-takes-mecca|استيلاء قصي على مكة]] و[[concept/manasib-quraysh|مناصب قريش]]."
    },
    {
     "heading": "طبيعة الحكومة",
     "markdown": "كانت العرب تنظر إلى حكومة الحجاز نظرة تقدير واحترام وترى أهلها قادة وسدنة المركز الديني؛ حكمت بين العرب باسم الزعامة الدينية، وحكمت في الحرم وما والاه بصفتها حكومة تشرف على مصالح الوافدين إلى البيت وتنفذ حكم شريعة إبراهيم، وكانت لها من الدوائر والتشكيلات ما يشابه دوائر البرلمان، ولكنها كانت ضعيفة لا تقدر على حمل العبء كما وضح يوم غزو الأحباش {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.34}. ويسمي المؤلف ما كوّنته قريش بمناصبها دويلة، بل شبه دويلة ديمقراطية {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.32}."
    },
    {
     "heading": "ما لم يُذكر هنا",
     "markdown": "الوصف بالضعف والتشبيه بالبرلمان تقدير المؤلف؛ انظر [[concept/pre-islamic-political-condition|الحالة السياسية]]. وحملة أبرهة في [[event/year-of-the-elephant-and-birth|عام الفيل]]."
    },
    {
     "heading": "للزوار الصغار",
     "markdown": "لم يكن في مكة ملك؛ كانت تحكمها عائلات قريش التي تخدم الكعبة والحجاج، وكان الناس يحترمونها لذلك."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "polity/emirate-of-hijaz",
    "lang": "ar",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": []
   }
  },
  "en": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "Overview",
     "markdown": "The Sealed Nectar devotes a chapter to the emirate of the Hijaz, tracing the leadership of [[place/mecca|Mecca]] and the custody of [[building/kaaba|the House]] from [[person/ismail|Isma'il]] to [[group/quraysh|Quraysh]]. {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.27} It then describes the government of the Hijaz at the rise of Islam as a mixture of worldly primacy and religious leadership, with councils similar to a parliament's, but weak. {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.34}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "Succession of custody",
     "markdown": "- Isma'il held the leadership of Mecca and the custody of the House for his whole life. He died aged 137 years, according to the author's report from the Book of Genesis. Then his sons [[person/nabit|Nabit]] and then [[person/qaydar|Qaydar]] held it, or it is said the other way round. {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.27} {cite:qalb-jazirat-al-arab p.230-237} {cite:sifr-al-takwin 17/25}\n- Then leadership passed to [[group/jurhum|Jurhum]] under [[person/mudad-ibn-amr|Mudad ibn Amr]]. The sons of Isma'il had a respected position but no share in rule, and Jurhum ruled for some twenty centuries. {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.27} {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.29} {cite:ibn-hisham-sira 1/111-113}\n- Then [[group/khuzaa|Khuza'a]] after [[event/expulsion-of-jurhum|the expulsion of Jurhum]] in the middle of the second century CE, for three hundred years, with the three privileges that remained to the tribes of Mudar in the pilgrimage. {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.28} {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.29} {cite:mujam-al-buldan-yaqut 5/181}\n- Then [[person/qusayy-ibn-kilab|Qusayy ibn Kilab]] and Quraysh from the middle of the fifth century CE, in 440 CE, when Quraysh gained full sovereignty and binding authority in Mecca. {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.30} {cite:qalb-jazirat-al-arab p.232} See [[event/qusayy-takes-mecca|the seizure of Mecca by Qusayy]] and [[concept/manasib-quraysh|the offices of Quraysh]]."
    },
    {
     "heading": "The nature of the government",
     "markdown": "The Arabs regarded the government of the Hijaz with esteem and respect, and saw its people as leaders and custodians of the religious centre. It ruled among the Arabs in the name of religious leadership, and in the sanctuary and its surroundings it acted as a government that looked after the interests of those coming to the House and carried out the law of the religion of Abraham. It had councils and formations similar to a parliament's, but they were weak and could not bear the burden, as the day of the Abyssinian invasion made clear. {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.34} The author calls what Quraysh formed through its offices a statelet, indeed a democratic near-statelet. {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.32}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "Not covered here",
     "markdown": "The description of weakness and the comparison to parliament are the author's judgement; see [[concept/pre-islamic-political-condition|the political condition]]. The expedition of Abraha is at [[event/year-of-the-elephant-and-birth|the Year of the Elephant]]."
    },
    {
     "heading": "For young visitors",
     "markdown": "Mecca had no king. It was governed by Quraysh families who served the Ka'ba and the pilgrims, and the people respected them for it."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "polity/emirate-of-hijaz",
    "lang": "en",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": [
     "Claude Haiku 5.5 (claude-haiku-5-5), draft translation"
    ]
   }
  }
 },
 "degree": 2,
 "contemporaries": [],
 "connections": [
  {
   "to": "place/mecca",
   "type": "located_in",
   "inverse": false,
   "sources": [
    "source/mubarakpuri-raheeq"
   ]
  }
 ],
 "related": [
  "building/dar-al-nadwa",
  "building/kaaba",
  "concept/manasib-quraysh",
  "event/fath-mecca-cleansing-kaaba",
  "event/ibrahim-visits-ismail-in-mecca",
  "event/istisqa-abi-talib-bi-al-nabi",
  "event/khirash-incident",
  "event/partition-of-meccan-offices"
 ],
 "license": {
  "prose": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "data": "CC0 1.0"
 }
}