{
 "id": "polity/kingdom-of-saba",
 "class": "polity",
 "slug": "kingdom-of-saba",
 "label": {
  "en": "The Kingdom of Saba (Sheba)",
  "ar": "مملكة سبأ"
 },
 "summary": {
  "en": "The oldest named power of Yemen in the sira’s prologue: its traces reach twenty-five centuries before the Common Era in the excavations of Ur, its flourish begins in the eleventh century BCE, and it passed through the Mukarrib era at Sirwah and the kingdom era at Maʾrib before Himyar absorbed it around 115 BCE.",
  "ar": "أقدم قوة مسماة في اليمن في مقدمة السيرة: عُثر على ذكر قومها في حفريات أور بخمسة وعشرين قرناً قبل الميلاد، وازدهرت حضارتهم منذ أحد عشر قرناً قبله؛ مرّت بعهد المكاربة بصرواح ثم ملوك سبأ بمأرب، حتى غلبتها حمير نحو سنة 115ق.م."
 },
 "stub": false,
 "wings": [
  "time",
  "place"
 ],
 "regions": [
  "arabia"
 ],
 "periods": [
  "period/pre-islamic-arabia"
 ],
 "tags": [],
 "aliases": [],
 "themes": [
  "wars-and-campaigns"
 ],
 "span": {
  "earliest": -1099.998699494172,
  "latest": -113.99898697443905
 },
 "display": {
  "start": {
   "edtf": "-1100~",
   "calendar": "julian",
   "precision": "year",
   "status": "tradition"
  },
  "end": {
   "edtf": "-0115~",
   "calendar": "julian",
   "precision": "year",
   "status": "tradition"
  }
 },
 "data": {
  "kind": "kingdom",
  "start": {
   "edtf": "-1100~",
   "calendar": "julian",
   "precision": "year",
   "status": "tradition"
  },
  "end": {
   "edtf": "-0115~",
   "calendar": "julian",
   "precision": "year",
   "status": "tradition"
  },
  "capitals": [
   {
    "place": "place/marib"
   }
  ],
  "sources": [
   "source/mubarakpuri-raheeq",
   "source/tafhim-al-quran"
  ],
  "status": {
   "review": "draft",
   "completeness": 1,
   "generated_by": "Devin; al-Raheeq al-Makhtum pp. 23–34 (batch 25b)"
  }
 },
 "prose": {
  "ar": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "نبذة",
     "markdown": "مملكة سبأ: أقدم ممالك اليمن المسماة في مقدمة السيرة؛ عهد المكاربة بصرواح ثم ملوك سبأ بمأرب حتى غلبتها حمير."
    },
    {
     "heading": "في عرض السيرة",
     "markdown": "يفرد المباركفوري فصلاً للحكم والإمارة في العرب قبل الإسلام، يقسم فيه حكام الجزيرة إلى ملوك متوجين غير مستقلين (ملوك اليمن وآل غسان وملوك الحيرة) ورؤساء قبائل مستقلين {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq}."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "polity/kingdom-of-saba",
    "lang": "ar",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": []
   }
  },
  "en": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "Overview",
     "markdown": "The kingdom of Saba': the earliest of Yemen's kingdoms named in the sira's introduction; the Mukarribs' era at Sirwah, then Saba''s kings at Ma'rib until Himyar overcame it."
    },
    {
     "heading": "In the sira presentation",
     "markdown": "Al-Mubarakpuri devotes a chapter to government and rule among the Arabs before Islam, dividing the peninsula's rulers into non-independent crowned kings (Yemen's kings, the Ghassanid house and al-Hira's kings) and independent tribal chiefs {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq}."
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "polity/kingdom-of-saba",
    "lang": "en",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": [
     "Devin (SWE-2), draft translation"
    ]
   }
  }
 },
 "degree": 0,
 "contemporaries": [],
 "connections": [],
 "related": [
  "event/abyssinian-occupation-of-yemen",
  "event/battle-of-dhu-qar",
  "event/battle-of-khaybar",
  "event/battle-of-the-trench",
  "event/conquest-of-mecca",
  "event/death-of-abdullah-ibn-ubayy",
  "event/expedition-of-banu-al-mustaliq",
  "event/expedition-of-usama"
 ],
 "license": {
  "prose": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "data": "CC0 1.0"
 }
}