{
 "id": "source/biruni-mactutor",
 "class": "source",
 "slug": "biruni-mactutor",
 "label": {
  "ar": "البيروني — ماكتوتر",
  "en": "Al-Biruni — MacTutor",
  "ur": "البیرونی — میک ٹیوٹر"
 },
 "summary": {
  "ar": "سيرة رياضية تعرض مساهمات البيروني وتنسب إليه قيمة6339.6كم؛ تعرض المقارنة هنا بوصفها قراءة حديثة لا تحويلاً محسوماً للذراع.",
  "en": "Mathematical biography reporting a6339.6km radius; used as an attributed modern assessment, not a settled cubit conversion.",
  "ur": "ریاضیاتی سوانح جو6339.6کلومیٹر نصف قطر بتاتی ہے؛ یہ منسوب جدید تعبیر ہے، ذراع کی قطعی تبدیلی نہیں۔"
 },
 "stub": false,
 "wings": [],
 "regions": [],
 "periods": [],
 "tags": [],
 "aliases": [],
 "themes": [],
 "data": {
  "kind": "secondary",
  "type": "website",
  "title": "Abu Arrayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni",
  "author": [
   {
    "family": "O'Connor",
    "given": "J. J."
   },
   {
    "family": "Robertson",
    "given": "E. F."
   }
  ],
  "publisher": "MacTutor History of Mathematics, University of St Andrews",
  "issued": {
   "date-parts": [
    [
     1999,
     11
    ]
   ]
  },
  "language": "en",
  "URL": "https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Biruni/",
  "open_access": true,
  "reliability_note": "Actual selected biographical/geodesy paragraphs and author/update footer read2026-11-06; footer November1999. Geodesy paragraph reports6339.6km and a favourable West comparison citing its reference50, not independently read. Do not equate that modern number with a verified metre conversion of the local cloth cubit in the inspected primary translation. Maslikov2019's abstract supplies a contrasting accuracy/unit caution; no invented reconciliation, universal priority or precise experiment date.",
  "status": {
   "review": "published",
   "completeness": 2,
   "generated_by": "Copilot SDK in VS Code"
  },
  "provenance": {
   "generated_by": "Copilot SDK in VS Code",
   "model": "unknown",
   "run": "inventions-p3-b28",
   "source": "Actual university biography, selected relevant passages and closing metadata"
  }
 },
 "prose": {},
 "degree": 0,
 "contemporaries": [],
 "updated": "2026-11-05",
 "connections": [],
 "related": [],
 "license": {
  "prose": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "data": "CC0 1.0"
 }
}