{
 "id": "source/columbia-encyclopedia-abdus-salam",
 "class": "source",
 "slug": "columbia-encyclopedia-abdus-salam",
 "label": {
  "en": "Abdus Salam — Columbia Encyclopedia"
 },
 "summary": {
  "ar": "مدخل موسوعة كولومبيا عن عبد السلام، ويصفه بأنه عضو في الجماعة الأحمدية، ويذكر تأسيسه المركز الدولي للفيزياء النظرية سنة 1964 وأكاديمية العالم الثالث للعلوم سنة 1983.",
  "en": "The Columbia Encyclopedia entry on Abdus Salam, describing him as a member of the Ahmadi religious group, and recording his founding of the ICTP in 1964 and the Third World Academy of Sciences in 1983."
 },
 "stub": false,
 "wings": [],
 "regions": [],
 "periods": [],
 "tags": [],
 "aliases": [],
 "themes": [],
 "data": {
  "kind": "reference_data",
  "type": "web",
  "title": "Salam, Abdus",
  "author": [
   {
    "family": "Columbia University Press",
    "given": ""
   }
  ],
  "publisher": "The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. (via FactMonster)",
  "URL": "http://www.factmonster.com/encyclopedia/people/science/physics/salam-abdus",
  "language": "en",
  "reliability_note": "Independent encyclopedia attestation, alongside English Wikipedia, that Salam was a member of the Ahmadiyya community: it states he lived in exile after 1974 'in protest against a 1974 Pakistani law that defined Ahmadis (the religious group of which he was a member) as non-Muslims'. Also used for the Cambridge PhD (1952), the Lahore teaching years, the Imperial College professorship and the 1964/1983 Trieste foundings. Read as opened on 26 Oct 2026.",
  "open_access": true,
  "status": {
   "review": "published",
   "generated_by": "Claude Code (claude-haiku-5-5)"
  }
 },
 "prose": {},
 "degree": 0,
 "contemporaries": [],
 "updated": "2026-10-24",
 "connections": [],
 "related": [],
 "license": {
  "prose": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "data": "CC0 1.0"
 }
}