{
 "id": "source/hill-biruni-calendar-1985",
 "class": "source",
 "slug": "hill-biruni-calendar-1985",
 "label": {
  "ar": "هيل — تقويم البيروني الميكانيكي",
  "en": "Hill — al-Biruni's mechanical calendar",
  "ur": "ہل — بیرونی کا میکانی تقویم"
 },
 "summary": {
  "ar": "تحقيق من ثلاث نسخ وترجمة وتعليق، مع أخطاء وتبسيط مقترح.",
  "en": "Three-witness edition, translation and commentary, with errors and proposed simplification.",
  "ur": "تین نسخوں کی اشاعت، ترجمہ اور شرح، غلطیوں اور مجوزہ سادگی سمیت۔"
 },
 "stub": false,
 "wings": [],
 "regions": [],
 "periods": [],
 "tags": [],
 "aliases": [],
 "themes": [],
 "data": {
  "kind": "secondary",
  "type": "article",
  "title": "Al-Biruni's mechanical calendar",
  "author": [
   {
    "family": "Hill",
    "given": "Donald R."
   }
  ],
  "publisher": "Annals of Science42:2,pp139–163",
  "issued": {
   "date-parts": [
    [
     1985
    ]
   ]
  },
  "language": "en",
  "DOI": "10.1080/00033798500200141",
  "URL": "https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/downloads/hs1/Hill%20(1985).pdf",
  "open_access": true,
  "reliability_note": "Actual public university-hosted26page PDF:English139–142,156–163read;158/163visually inspected. Not all Arabic apparatus142–155 or independent originals.140infers Hellenistic/Byzantine antecedents/unknown original maker;163explicit Biruni simplification with inferred assembly. Four/fifty-two teeth reconstruct364days versus translated158mention360; baseline366.42, variant327.72 versus manuscript399/359, second354. No silent repair, exactness/build/surviving-device claim. Technical dimensions/pointer fittings partly Hill's assumptions.",
  "status": {
   "review": "published",
   "completeness": 3,
   "generated_by": "Copilot SDK in VS Code"
  },
  "provenance": {
   "generated_by": "Copilot SDK in VS Code",
   "model": "unknown",
   "run": "inventions-p3-b85",
   "source": "Actual selected English introduction/translation/commentary and inspected158/163; source PDF/extracts/images outside git. No original collation."
  }
 },
 "prose": {},
 "degree": 0,
 "contemporaries": [],
 "updated": "2026-11-06",
 "connections": [],
 "related": [],
 "license": {
  "prose": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "data": "CC0 1.0"
 }
}