{
 "id": "source/iranica-paper-i",
 "class": "source",
 "slug": "iranica-paper-i",
 "label": {
  "ar": "الورق قبل الطباعة — جوناثان بلوم، إيرانيكا",
  "en": "Paper before printing — Jonathan Bloom, Iranica",
  "ur": "طباعت سے پہلے کاغذ — جوناتھن بلوم، ایرانیکا"
 },
 "summary": {
  "ar": "تعريف الورق وانتشاره المبكر؛ ينتقد قصة أسرى طلاس ويؤيد صنعه في بغداد بنهاية القرن الثامن دون تسمية مؤسس مصنع.",
  "en": "Paper's material definition and early spread; critiques the Talas-prisoner story and supports manufacture in Baghdad by the late eighth century without naming a workshop founder.",
  "ur": "کاغذ کی مادی تعریف اور ابتدائی پھیلاؤ؛ طلاس کے قیدیوں کی کہانی پر تنقید اور آٹھویں صدی کے آخر میں بغداد کی پیداوار، بانی کا نام دیے بغیر۔"
 },
 "stub": false,
 "wings": [],
 "regions": [],
 "periods": [],
 "tags": [],
 "aliases": [],
 "themes": [],
 "data": {
  "kind": "secondary",
  "type": "web",
  "title": "PAPER i. Paper in the Iranian World Prior to Printing",
  "author": [
   {
    "family": "Bloom",
    "given": "Jonathan M."
   }
  ],
  "publisher": "Encyclopaedia Iranica",
  "issued": {
   "date-parts": [
    [
     2017,
     8,
     25
    ]
   ]
  },
  "language": "en",
  "URL": "https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/paper-iran-prior-printing/",
  "open_access": true,
  "reliability_note": "Browser reading of definition, early history, early manuscripts and medieval paper professions paragraphs; actual metadata says published25 August2017, updated16 March2018. Direct fetch failed HTTP500 twice; browser succeeded, 2026-11-06. Supports Baghdad manufacture by late eighth century, not independently the178 AH date, al-Fadl attribution or equipment of his workshop. Cited books/articles and the Hudud al-Alam passage are reported through Bloom, not independently consulted.",
  "status": {
   "review": "published",
   "completeness": 2,
   "generated_by": "Copilot SDK in VS Code"
  },
  "provenance": {
   "generated_by": "Copilot SDK in VS Code",
   "model": "unknown",
   "run": "inventions-p3-b20",
   "source": "Actual Iranica browser text and displayed author/publication metadata, 2026-11-06"
  }
 },
 "prose": {},
 "degree": 0,
 "contemporaries": [],
 "updated": "2026-11-05",
 "connections": [],
 "related": [],
 "license": {
  "prose": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "data": "CC0 1.0"
 }
}