{
 "id": "source/razi-pormann-uncertainty-2013",
 "class": "source",
 "slug": "razi-pormann-uncertainty-2013",
 "label": {
  "ar": "بورمان — توصيف عدم اليقين الطبي وعدّه عند الرازي",
  "en": "Pormann — qualifying and quantifying al-Razi's medical uncertainty",
  "ur": "پورمان — رازی کے طبی عدم یقین کی نوعیت اور گنتی"
 },
 "summary": {
  "ar": "دراسة في سجلات المستشفى والجماعات والأعداد وحدود اليقين، لا تصديق علاجي.",
  "en": "Study of hospital records, groups, numbers and uncertainty, not therapeutic endorsement.",
  "ur": "شفاخانے کے اندراج، گروہ، عدد اور یقین کی حدود کا مطالعہ، علاج کی توثیق نہیں۔"
 },
 "stub": false,
 "wings": [],
 "regions": [],
 "periods": [],
 "tags": [],
 "aliases": [],
 "themes": [],
 "data": {
  "kind": "secondary",
  "type": "article",
  "title": "Qualifying and quantifying medical uncertainty in 10th-century Baghdad: Abu Bakr al-Razi",
  "author": [
   {
    "family": "Pormann",
    "given": "Peter E"
   }
  ],
  "publisher": "Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine106(9),2013,370–372; James Lind Library commentary",
  "issued": {
   "date-parts": [
    [
     2013
    ]
   ]
  },
  "language": "en",
  "DOI": "10.1177/0141076813496515",
  "URL": "https://www.jameslindlibrary.org/articles/qualifying-and-quantifying-medical-uncertainty-in-10th-century-baghdad-abu-bakr-al-razi/",
  "open_access": true,
  "reliability_note": "Actual complete JLL main text and three-page journal PDF read,370–372; title/author/DOI verified on PDF. Distinguishes records, patient groups, approximate300/2000 contrary courses, and revised manuscript reading of three cures/one adverse course. Says no theoretical group discussion is supplied. Underlying Arabic Hawi/Doubts manuscripts and all cited studies not independently read. Web introduction's Hyderabad volI p122 conflicts with Tibi's vol15 p122; no silent reconciliation. Pormann's interpretations do not establish modern randomisation, safety, efficacy or universal priority.",
  "status": {
   "review": "published",
   "completeness": 2,
   "generated_by": "Copilot SDK in VS Code"
  },
  "provenance": {
   "generated_by": "Copilot SDK in VS Code",
   "model": "unknown",
   "run": "inventions-p3-b53",
   "source": "Actually read authored commentary and original three-page journal PDF, not search synthesis or inaccessible PMC cookie page"
  }
 },
 "prose": {},
 "degree": 0,
 "contemporaries": [],
 "updated": "2026-11-06",
 "connections": [],
 "related": [],
 "license": {
  "prose": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "data": "CC0 1.0"
 }
}