{
 "id": "source/tdv-ticaret",
 "class": "source",
 "slug": "tdv-ticaret",
 "label": {
  "ar": "التجارة — موسوعة TDV الإسلامية ⁦(جنكيز كالّك)⁩",
  "en": "TICARET (Trade) — TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi (Cengiz Kallek)"
 },
 "summary": {
  "ar": "مدخل «تجارة» في موسوعة TDV الإسلامية التركية بقلم جنكيز كالّك ⁦(المجلد 41، إسطنبول 2012، ص 134–144)⁩، ويتناول تعريف التجارة وصفة التاجر، وأخلاقها وتحريم المعاملات المحرّمة، وتاريخها من الجاهلية إلى العهد العثماني، والامتيازات التجارية، وتصنيف الدمشقي للتجار.",
  "en": "The TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi entry 'Ticaret' (trade) by Cengiz Kallek (vol. 41, Istanbul 2012, pp. 134–144). It covers the definition of trade and of the merchant, the ethics of trade and the transactions it forbids, its history from pre-Islamic Mecca to the Ottoman period, commercial privileges, and al-Dimashqi's classification of merchants."
 },
 "stub": false,
 "wings": [],
 "regions": [],
 "periods": [],
 "tags": [],
 "aliases": [],
 "themes": [],
 "data": {
  "kind": "reference_data",
  "type": "web",
  "title": "TİCARET",
  "author": [
   {
    "family": "Kallek",
    "given": "Cengiz"
   }
  ],
  "issued": {
   "date-parts": [
    [
     2012
    ]
   ]
  },
  "publisher": "TDV İslâm Araştırmaları Merkezi, TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, vol. 41 (Istanbul, 2012), pp. 134–144; web edition",
  "URL": "https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ticaret",
  "language": "tr",
  "reliability_note": "Read on 1 November 2026 in the web edition, the Kallek section (the page's first part; the second part by Mustafa Çağrıcı on trade ethics is listed on the page but not used for any fact in this record). The printed range pp. 134–144 is the one the page prints; the record cites that range for each fact and does not claim a narrower page within it. Read: the definition and etymology, the Qur'anic and hadith material on trade as the entry gives it, the forbidden transactions, Mecca's trade, the three periods of trade history as far as the Abbasid and Mediterranean sections, the al-Dimashqi classification and the sections on European privileges and the Ottoman period up to the 16th century. Not read in full: the late-Ottoman and modern sections, the bibliography's classical works (al-Dimashqi's al-Isharah, al-Maqdisi's Ahsan al-taqasim, al-Mawardi's Tashil al-nazar, Ibn Khaldun) and the EI2 articles the entry cites; those works are not cited as sources here.",
  "open_access": true,
  "status": {
   "review": "published",
   "generated_by": "Claude Code (claude-haiku-5-5)"
  }
 },
 "prose": {},
 "degree": 0,
 "contemporaries": [],
 "updated": "2026-11-06",
 "connections": [],
 "related": [],
 "license": {
  "prose": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "data": "CC0 1.0"
 }
}