{
 "id": "work/letter-to-the-kings-of-himyar",
 "class": "work",
 "slug": "letter-to-the-kings-of-himyar",
 "label": {
  "ar": "كتاب النبي إلى ملوك حمير",
  "en": "The Prophet's letter to the kings of Himyar"
 },
 "summary": {
  "ar": "كتاب بعث به النبي إلى الحارث بن عبد كلال ونعيم بن عبد كلال والنعمان قيل ذي رعين ومعافر وهمدان جواباً على كتابهم بإسلامهم: يذكر لقاء رسولهم بالمدينة منقلبه من أرض الروم، ويبيّن ما على المسلمين من الصلاة والزكاة وخمس المغانم وسهم النبي وصفيه، وفرائض الصدقة في الزرع والإبل والبقر والغنم، وأن من أسلم من يهودي أو نصراني فهو من المؤمنين، ومن بقي على دينه لا يُرد عنها وعليه الجزية ديناراً وافياً على كل حالم أو عوضه ثياباً. ثم خطاب لزرعة ذي يزن بالوصية برسله وأن أميرهم معاذ بن جبل، وأن الصدقة لا تحل لمحمد ولا لأهل بيته.",
  "en": "A letter the Prophet sent to al-Harith ibn Abd Kulal, Nu'aym ibn Abd Kulal and al-Nu'man, qayl of Dhu Ru'ayn, Ma'afir and Hamdan, in answer to their letter announcing their Islam: it records meeting their envoy at Medina on his return from the land of the Romans, sets out the Muslims' duties of prayer, zakat, the fifth of booty with the Prophet's share and safi, the sadaqa rates on crops, camels, cattle and sheep, and rules that a Jew or Christian who converts is a believer while one who keeps his faith is not turned from it and owes a jizya of one full dinar per adult or its value in cloth. A second part addresses Zur'a Dhu Yazan, commending the envoys under Mu'adh ibn Jabal and stating that sadaqa is unlawful for Muhammad and his household."
 },
 "stub": false,
 "wings": [
  "words"
 ],
 "regions": [
  "arabia"
 ],
 "periods": [
  "period/prophetic-era"
 ],
 "tags": [],
 "aliases": [],
 "themes": [
  "zakat-and-sadaqa",
  "non-muslim-minorities-under-muslim-rule",
  "laws-of-war-and-peace"
 ],
 "span": {
  "earliest": 630.9991991622005,
  "latest": 631.9985352197195
 },
 "display": {
  "start": {
   "edtf": "0631~",
   "hijri": "0009~",
   "calendar": "julian",
   "precision": "year",
   "status": "tradition",
   "derived": true,
   "note": "«مقدمه من تبوك» (ص235)؛ تبوك في رجب سنة 9هـ.",
   "sources": [
    "source/ibn-hisham-saqqa"
   ]
  }
 },
 "data": {
  "kind": "charter",
  "genre": [
   "charter"
  ],
  "made": {
   "by_muslims": true,
   "basis": "unverified",
   "sources": [
    "source/ibn-hisham-saqqa"
   ]
  },
  "language": "language/arabic",
  "composed": {
   "edtf": "0631~",
   "hijri": "0009~",
   "calendar": "julian",
   "precision": "year",
   "status": "tradition",
   "derived": true,
   "note": "«مقدمه من تبوك» (ص235)؛ تبوك في رجب سنة 9هـ.",
   "sources": [
    "source/ibn-hisham-saqqa"
   ]
  },
  "provenance": {
   "layer": "own-research",
   "source": "sira-ibn-hisham saqqa 1936, juz' 4 pp. 235-237",
   "generated_by": "Claude Code",
   "model": "claude-fable-5-1",
   "run": "ibn-hisham-batch-9b"
  },
  "sources": [
   "source/ibn-hisham-saqqa",
   "source/mubarakpuri-raheeq"
  ],
  "status": {
   "review": "draft",
   "completeness": 2,
   "generated_by": "Claude Fable 5.1; mined from Ibn Hisham juz' 4 pp. 235-237"
  }
 },
 "prose": {
  "ar": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "موجز",
     "markdown": "كتاب كتبه النبي إلى ملوك [[group/himyar|حمير]] جواباً على كتابهم بإسلامهم الذي قدم به رسولهم [[person/malik-ibn-murra-al-rahawi|مالك بن مرة الرهاوي]] مقدم النبي من تبوك؛ انظر [[event/letter-of-himyar-kings|كتاب ملوك حمير]]. {cite:ibn-hisham-saqqa 4/235}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "المخاطَبون",
     "markdown": "يفتتح الكتاب بالبسملة ثم: من محمد رسول الله النبي إلى [[person/al-harith-ibn-abd-kulal|الحارث بن عبد كلال]] و[[person/nuaym-ibn-abd-kulal|نعيم بن عبد كلال]] و[[person/al-numan-qayl-dhi-ruayn|النعمان قيل ذي رعين ومعافر وهمدان]]. {cite:ibn-hisham-saqqa 4/235} ويفسّر المحققون «القيل» بواحد الأقيال، وهم الملوك الذين دون الملك الأكبر. {cite:ibn-hisham-saqqa 4/235}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "مضمون الكتاب",
     "markdown": "يحمد النبي الله إليهم، ويذكر أن رسولهم وقع به منقلبه من أرض الروم فلقيه بالمدينة فبلّغ ما أرسلوا به وأنبأه بإسلامهم وقتلهم المشركين، وأن الله قد هداهم بهداه إن أصلحوا وأطاعوا الله ورسوله. {cite:ibn-hisham-saqqa 4/235} ثم يذكر ما عليهم: إقام الصلاة وإيتاء الزكاة، وإعطاء خمس المغانم وسهم النبي وصفيه، وما كُتب على المؤمنين من الصدقة من العقار: العشر فيما سقت العين والسماء ونصف العشر فيما سقي بالدلو. {cite:ibn-hisham-saqqa 4/235} {cite:ibn-hisham-saqqa 4/236} ويفصّل فرائض الإبل والبقر والغنم: في أربعين من الإبل بنت لبون، وفي ثلاثين ابن لبون، وفي كل خمس شاة، وفي كل عشر شاتان، وفي كل أربعين من البقر بقرة، وفي كل ثلاثين تبيع جذع أو جذعة، وفي كل أربعين من الغنم السائمة شاة؛ وهي فريضة الله على المؤمنين، فمن زاد خيراً فهو خير له. {cite:ibn-hisham-saqqa 4/236} ومن أدّى ذلك وأشهد على إسلامه وظاهر المؤمنين على المشركين فهو من المؤمنين، له ما لهم وعليه ما عليهم، وله ذمة الله وذمة رسوله. {cite:ibn-hisham-saqqa 4/236} ومن أسلم من يهودي أو نصراني فهو من المؤمنين، ومن كان على يهوديته أو نصرانيته فإنه لا يُرد عنها، وعليه [[concept/jizya|الجزية]]: على كل حالم ذكر أو أنثى، حر أو عبد، دينار وافٍ من قيمة المعافر أو عوضه ثياباً؛ فمن أدّى ذلك فله ذمة الله وذمة رسوله، ومن منعه فهو عدو لله ولرسوله. {cite:ibn-hisham-saqqa 4/236}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "الخطاب لزرعة ذي يزن",
     "markdown": "يقول الكتاب إن النبي أرسل إلى [[person/zura-dhu-yazan|زرعة ذي يزن]] أن يوصي برسله خيراً: [[person/muadh-ibn-jabal|معاذ بن جبل]] وعبد الله بن زيد ومالك بن عبادة وعقبة بن نمر ومالك بن مرة وأصحابهم، وأن يجمعوا ما عندهم من الصدقة والجزية من مخاليفهم ويبلغوها رسله، وأن أميرهم معاذ بن جبل فلا ينقلبن إلا راضياً. {cite:ibn-hisham-saqqa 4/236} ويخبره أن مالك بن مرة الرهاوي حدّثه أنه أسلم من أول حمير وقتل المشركين، فيبشّره بخير ويأمره بحمير خيراً، ولا يخونوا ولا يخاذلوا، وأن رسول الله ولي غنيهم وفقيرهم. {cite:ibn-hisham-saqqa 4/236} {cite:ibn-hisham-saqqa 4/237} وأن الصدقة لا تحل لمحمد ولا لأهل بيته، إنما هي زكاة تُزكّى على فقراء المسلمين وابن السبيل، وأنه أرسل إليهم من صالحي أهله وأولي دينهم وعلمهم، والسلام. {cite:ibn-hisham-saqqa 4/237}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "من شرح المحققين",
     "markdown": "«الصفي» ما يصطفيه الرئيس من الغنيمة لنفسه قبل القسمة، و«العقار» الأرض، و«الغرب» الدلو، و«ظاهر» عاون، و«المعافر» ثياب من ثياب اليمن؛ وفي نسخة «مولى» موضع «ولي». {cite:ibn-hisham-saqqa 4/236}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "ملاحظة",
     "markdown": "ينقل ابن إسحاق نص الكتاب كاملاً، ويُحفظ هنا بيانه بكلمات المتحف لأن النص يتجاوز حدّ الاقتباس. {cite:ibn-hisham-saqqa 4/235}"
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "work/letter-to-the-kings-of-himyar",
    "lang": "ar",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": []
   }
  },
  "en": {
   "sections": [
    {
     "heading": "Overview",
     "markdown": "A letter the Prophet wrote to the kings of [[group/himyar|Himyar]] in reply to their letter declaring their Islam, which their envoy [[person/malik-ibn-murra-al-rahawi|Malik ibn Murra al-Rahawi]] brought when the Prophet returned from Tabuk. See [[event/letter-of-himyar-kings|the letter of the kings of Himyar]]. {cite:ibn-hisham-saqqa 4/235}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "The addressees",
     "markdown": "The letter opens with the basmala, then: from Muhammad, Messenger of God, the Prophet, to [[person/al-harith-ibn-abd-kulal|al-Harith ibn Abd Kulal]], [[person/nuaym-ibn-abd-kulal|Nu'aym ibn Abd Kulal]] and [[person/al-numan-qayl-dhi-ruayn|al-Nu'man, the Qayl of Dhu Ru'ayn, Ma'afir and Hamdan]]. {cite:ibn-hisham-saqqa 4/235} The editors explain \"qayl\" as the singular of \"aqyal\", the kings who are below the supreme king. {cite:ibn-hisham-saqqa 4/235}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "What the letter says",
     "markdown": "The Prophet praises God to them, and mentions that their envoy met him in Medina on his return from the land of the Byzantines. He delivered what they had sent him, informed him of their Islam and their killing of the polytheists, and said that God has guided them by His guidance if they set things right and obey God and His Messenger. {cite:ibn-hisham-saqqa 4/235} He then sets out what is due from them: establishing the prayer and giving the alms, paying a fifth of the spoils and the portion of the Prophet and his chosen share, and what is due from the believers on produce: a tenth of what is watered by springs or rain, and half a tenth of what is watered by bucket. {cite:ibn-hisham-saqqa 4/235} {cite:ibn-hisham-saqqa 4/236} He spells out the obligations on camels, cattle and sheep: for forty camels a bint labun, for thirty a ibn labun; for every five a sheep, for every ten two sheep; for every forty cattle one cow, for every thirty a yearling bull; for every forty free-grazing sheep one sheep. These are God's obligation on the believers, and whoever gives more has done better. {cite:ibn-hisham-saqqa 4/236} Whoever pays these and bears witness to his Islam, and supports the believers against the polytheists, is among the believers, with what they have and the duties they bear, and has the protection of God and of His Messenger. {cite:ibn-hisham-saqqa 4/236} Whoever among Jews or Christians embraces Islam is among the believers. Whoever keeps to Judaism or Christianity is not turned from it, but owes the [[concept/jizya|tribute]]: on every adult, male or female, free or slave, a full dinar worth of the Ma'afir cloth, or its equivalent in cloth. Whoever pays it has the protection of God and of His Messenger; whoever refuses it is an enemy of God and His Messenger. {cite:ibn-hisham-saqqa 4/236}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "The address to Zur'a Dhu Yazan",
     "markdown": "The letter says that the Prophet sent to [[person/zura-dhu-yazan|Zur'a Dhu Yazan]] to commend his messengers well: [[person/muadh-ibn-jabal|Mu'adh ibn Jabal]], Abdullah ibn Zayd, Malik ibn Ubada, Uqba ibn Namir, Malik ibn Murra and their companions. He asked him to gather what they had of alms and tribute from their districts and send it to his messengers, and said that their leader is Mu'adh ibn Jabal, who should not return except content. {cite:ibn-hisham-saqqa 4/236} It informs him that Malik ibn Murra al-Rahawi told him that he was among the first of Himyar to embrace Islam and to kill the polytheists; so he gives him good news and orders him to deal well with Himyar, that they should neither betray nor forsake one another, and that the Messenger of God is the guardian of their rich and their poor. {cite:ibn-hisham-saqqa 4/236} {cite:ibn-hisham-saqqa 4/237} Alms are not lawful for Muhammad or for his family; they are only a purifying alms distributed to the poor among the Muslims and the wayfarer. He sent them some of his righteous people, of his household, and of their own religious men and scholars. Peace. {cite:ibn-hisham-saqqa 4/237}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "Commentators' glosses",
     "markdown": "\"Al-Safi\" is what the leader chooses from the spoils for himself before division; \"al-'aqar\" is land; \"al-gharb\" is a bucket; \"zahara\" means helped; \"al-ma'afir\" are garments from Yemen. In one copy \"mawla\" stands in the place of \"wali\". {cite:ibn-hisham-saqqa 4/236}"
    },
    {
     "heading": "A note",
     "markdown": "Ibn Ishaq gives the whole text of the letter. The museum records its content in its own words, because the text goes beyond the limit of a quotation. {cite:ibn-hisham-saqqa 4/235}"
    }
   ],
   "frontmatter": {
    "id": "work/letter-to-the-kings-of-himyar",
    "lang": "en",
    "source_lang": "ar",
    "translators": [
     "Claude Haiku 5.5 (claude-haiku-5-5), draft translation"
    ]
   }
  }
 },
 "degree": 14,
 "contemporaries": [],
 "connections": [
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 ],
 "related": [
  "event/letter-of-himyar-kings",
  "event/mission-of-muadh-to-yemen",
  "group/himyar",
  "person/zura-dhu-yazan",
  "concept/jizya",
  "concept/dhimma",
  "event/conquest-of-raqqa",
  "event/treaty-with-samaritans"
 ],
 "license": {
  "prose": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "data": "CC0 1.0"
 }
}