Ra'y (grazing): the freedom of pasture, the Haram's grass, the herdsman's liability and wage, and taking the milk of another's flock

الرعي

Ra'y (grazing) is free by default, as the Prophet ﷺ said that the Muslims share three things: pasture, water and fire; he abolished the grazing preserves of the pre-Islamic period. ^{1 2} The majority hold that a village may not exclude others from its pasture; the Malikis allow an inhabited town its own reserve. ² The jurists differ on grazing in the Haram: the Malikis, Shafi'is and Abu Yusuf allow it, while Abu Hanifa and Muhammad forbid it. ² A ruler may take no fee for grazing in a protected preserve, because only God and His Messenger may protect land. ^{2 3} A hired herdsman is trusted and is liable only for negligence or misconduct. ³ Most jurists forbid taking the milk of another's flock without leave, while the Hanbalis allow it after asking. ^{3 4}