Time · Islam Museum

Event
The Settlement of Hajar and Ismail at Mecca
c. 2000 BCEIbrahim leaves his wife Hajar and the infant Ismail in a barren valley by the future site of the House, entrusting them to God; when the water runs out the spring of Zamzam breaks forth, and the Yemeni tribe of Jurhum settles by them with Hajar’s permission.
Event
The Raising of the Kaaba’s Foundations
c. 1900 BCEOn the third recorded journey, Ibrahim finds Ismail sharpening arrows beneath a tree by Zamzam; together the aged father and the grown son raise the foundations of the House, and Ibrahim calls mankind to the pilgrimage as commanded.
Event
The Command to Sacrifice Ismail
c. 1900 BCEOn one of Ibrahim’s visits to Mecca he is shown in a dream that he must sacrifice his son; father and son submit, and the son is ransomed with a great sacrifice — the trial the Quran recalls in Surat al-Saffat, and which the Raheeq narrative places before Isaac’s birth.
Polity
The Kingdom of Saba (Sheba)
c. 1100 BCEThe oldest named power of Yemen in the sira’s prologue: its traces reach twenty-five centuries before the Common Era in the excavations of Ur, its flourish begins in the eleventh century BCE, and it passed through the Mukarrib era at Sirwah and the kingdom era at Maʾrib before Himyar absorbed it around 115 BCE.
Polity
The Himyarite Kingdom
c. 115 BCEThe Himyarite power that took over Saba around 115 BCE and ruled from Zafar; its last centuries saw decline, the Abyssinian occupations after Dhu Nuwas’s massacre of Najran’s Christians, then Persian control until Badhan’s conversion in 638 CE.
Event
The Expulsion of Jurhum from Mecca
c. 150 CEAfter some twenty centuries of Jurhumite rule over Mecca, their tyranny over pilgrims and appropriation of the Kaaba’s wealth turns the Adnani clans against them; Khuzaʾa, with Banu Bakr ibn Abd Manaf, expels them in the mid-second century CE — and the departing Jurhumites bury Zamzam and carry off the two golden gazelles and the Black Stone.
Polity
The Ghassanid Kingdom
c. 220 CEThe Arab client kingdom of Rome in al-Sham: the house of Jafna of the Azd displaced the Salihid Dajaʾima and ruled as Rome’s wardens of the desert frontier until Yarmuk, when their last king Jabala ibn al-Ayham entered Islam in Umar’s reign.
Polity
The Lakhmid Kingdom of al-Hira
c. 268 CEThe Arab client kingdom at al-Hira on Persia’s border: from Amr ibn Adi under Shapur until the last Lakhmid al-Mundhir (al-Maʾrur) in 632, serving the Sasanians as a buffer against Arab raiders and Rome’s own Arab clients.
Event
Qusayy ibn Kilab Takes Mecca
440 CEAround 440 CE Qusayy wrests the custody of the Kaaba and the rule of Mecca from Khuzaʾa — by alliance and, in one account, purchase from Abu Ghubshan — the two sides fight, then accept the arbitration of Yaʾmar ibn Awf who rules for Qusayy; Qusayy then gathers Quraysh into Mecca’s quarters, founds Dar al-Nadwa, and assumes the five offices of Meccan leadership.
Event
The Flood of al-Arim (the Bursting of Maʾrib Dam)
c. 450 CEThe great breach of the Maʾrib dam around 450–451 CE which the Quran recalls as Sayl al-Arim; in the sira’s account it ruins Yemen’s settled life and sends the Qahtani tribes scattering across the peninsula.
Period
Pre-Islamic Arabia
c. 500 CEThe Arabian Peninsula and its neighbours in the generations before the revelation: trading towns, tribes, poetry, and Jewish, Christian and polytheist communities.
Event
The Massacre of Najran (Ashab al-Ukhdud)
October 523 CEIn October 523 the Himyarite king Dhu Nuwas, a convert to Judaism, marched on the Christians of Najran demanding they renounce their faith; on their refusal he dug the great trench and burned them — men, women, children and elders, twenty to forty thousand by report — the Ashab al-Ukhdud of Surat al-Buruj, whose blood summoned the Abyssinian occupation.
Event
The Second Abyssinian Occupation of Yemen
525 CEIn 525, answering the Najran atrocity, the Roman emperors equipped an Abyssinian fleet which landed seventy thousand under Aryat; Aryat governed until his general Abraha killed him and ruled in his place — the Abraha of the elephant campaign against the Kaaba.
Person
Muhammad
c. 570 CEThe Prophet of Islam (c. 570–632 CE), through whom Muslims believe the Qur'an was revealed, and the founder of the first Muslim community in Medina.
Event
The Year of the Elephant and the Prophet's birth
c. April 571 CEThe traditional year of the Prophet Muhammad's birth in Mecca — Monday 9 Rabi' I of the Year of the Elephant, given in the book as 20 or 22 April 571 CE.
Event
The opening of the breast
c. 574 CEThe tradition, narrated by Muslim via Anas, that Jibril opened the boy Muhammad's breast while he played with the lads in Banu Sa'd, removed 'Satan's share' and washed his heart with Zamzam water — after which Halima returned him to his mother.
Event
Liberation and Persian Rule of Yemen
575 CEIn 575 the Yemenis under Sayf ibn Dhi Yazan, aided by Persia, expelled the Abyssinians and won independence; but Sayf’s assassination by his own Abyssinian guard ended the royal house, and Khosrow made Yemen a Persian province whose governors ruled until the last, Badhan, embraced Islam in 638.
Event
The death of Amina at al-Abwa
c. 577 CEOn the way back from a month in Yathrib visiting the grave of her husband, Amina bint Wahb fell ill and died at al-Abwa between Mecca and Medina, leaving her six-year-old son an orphan a second time.
Event
The monk Bahira at Busra
c. 583 CEWhen Abu Talib's trade caravan stopped at Busra in Syria, the monk Bahira (whose name the book gives as Jirjis) recognized the twelve-year-old Muhammad by 'the seal of prophethood' between his shoulders, and advised his uncle to take him home for fear of the Jews.
Event
The Fijar war
c. 586 CEThe sacrilegious war between Quraysh and Kinana on one side and Qays 'Aylan on the other, so named because it violated the sanctity of the sanctuary and the sacred months; the fifteen-year-old Muhammad attended, readying arrows for his uncles.
Event
Hilf al-Fudul (the pact of the virtuous)
c. 586 CEA pact sworn in Dhu al-Qa'da at the house of Abdullah ibn Jud'an by the clans of Hashim, al-Muttalib, Asad ibn Abd al-Uzza, Zuhra ibn Kilab and Taym ibn Murra, to stand with anyone wronged in Mecca until his right is restored; the young Muhammad witnessed it and praised it after prophethood.
Event
The Prophet's marriage to Khadija
c. 595 CEThe marriage of Muhammad and Khadija bint Khuwaylid, arranged after her trade trip under his management to Syria; the book gives her dowry as twenty young camels and her age as forty, and notes she remained his only wife until she died.
Event
The Battle of Dhu Qar
c. 604 CEKhosrow’s marzabans and the governor Iyas ibn Qabisa marched to wrest al-Nuʾman’s deposited family and wealth from Hani ibn Masʾud; Banu Shayban met them at Dhu Qar and routed the Persians utterly — the first day the Arabs defeated the Persians, shortly after the Prophet’s birth.
Event
The rebuilding of the Kaaba
c. 605 CEQuraysh's rebuilding of the Kaaba when Muhammad was thirty-five — a flood-weakened structure rebuilt with 'lawful money only' — and the arbitration over the Black Stone that he settled with the cloak solution.
Event
The three years of the secret call
c. 610 CEThe first stage of the call to Islam — individual and secret for three years — in which the first band believed: Khadija, Ali, Zayd and Abu Bakr on the first day, then those whom Abu Bakr called, then a company Ibn Hisham numbers at over forty from every clan of Quraysh; during it prayer was first prescribed.
Event
The pause of revelation (Fatra)
c. 610 CEThe pause in revelation after the first descent at Hira — days rather than years in the reading of Ibn Sa'd via Ibn Abbas that the book prefers — ending when Jibril appeared seated on a throne between heaven and earth and surat al-Muddaththir came down with the command to rise and warn.
Period
The Prophetic Era
c. 610 CEThe years of the Prophet Muhammad's mission in Mecca and Medina, from the first revelation to his death in 632 CE.
Event
The first revelation
10 August 610 CE · 21 Ramadan 12 BHThe descent of Jibril upon the Prophet in the cave of Hira with the opening verses of surat al-Alaq — on the night of Monday 21 Ramadan in the book's preferred reckoning, corresponding to 10 August 610 CE, when the Prophet was forty lunar years, six months and twelve days old.
Event
The call to the nearest kin
c. 613 CEAfter «وأنذر عشيرتك الأقربين» came down, the Prophet twice gathered Banu Hashim — about forty-five men with some of Banu al-Muttalib — declared himself God's messenger to them in particular and to people in general; Abu Lahab sabotaged the first gathering, and at the second Abu Talib pledged his protection while refusing to leave his fathers' religion.
Event
The persecution of the vulnerable Muslims
c. 613 CEAfter mockery and bargaining failed, a twenty-five-man committee of Quraysh's chiefs headed by Abu Lahab resolved to fight Islam and torture its adherents; the clanless and enslaved Muslims bore the worst — Bilal under the midday rocks, the family of Yasir, Sumayya the first martyr speared by Abu Jahl, Abu Fakiha, Khabbab, and slave women whom Abu Bakr bought and freed.
Event
The proclamation on al-Safa
c. 613 CEAssured of Abu Talib's protection, the Prophet climbed al-Safa and cried 'Ya sabahah', gathering the clans of Quraysh; he warned them of a severe punishment ahead, named them clan by clan down to Fatima bint Muhammad, and Abu Lahab's 'Tabban laka' drew the revelation of surat al-Masad.
Event
al-Walid's council on how to brand the Prophet
c. 613 CEWith the pilgrimage season approaching, Quraysh's leaders sat with al-Walid ibn al-Mughira to agree one word to say to the Arabs about Muhammad; he rejected 'soothsayer', 'madman', 'poet' and even 'sorcerer' as literal descriptions, then advised them to call his word sorcery that separates a man from his family — and they sat on the pilgrims' roads warning people of him.
Event
The first migration to Abyssinia
c. 615 CEIn Rajab of the fifth year of prophethood, twelve men and four women — led by Uthman ibn Affan with the Prophet's daughter Ruqayya — slipped away by night to the port of Shu'ayba and sailed in two merchant ships to the kingdom of the Negus, 'a just king under whom no one is wronged'; most returned in Shawwal on the false report that Quraysh had converted.
Event
The prostration at surat al-Najm
c. 615 CEIn Ramadan of the fifth year, before a great assembly of Quraysh's chiefs in the sanctuary, the Prophet recited surat al-Najm; when he reached its closing prostration and prostrated, none present held back and all fell prostrate — Muslims and polytheists alike, as Bukhari reports.
Event
The boycott of the Banu Hashim
c. 616 CEA comprehensive political and economic boycott imposed by Quraysh against Banu Hashim and Banu al-Muttalib, confining them to Shib Abi Talib for three years until its repeal.
Event
Hamza accepts Islam
c. 616 CEIn late year six, Abu Jahl passed the Prophet at al-Safa and abused him while he stayed silent; a freedwoman of Abdullah ibn Jud'an told Hamza, returning from the hunt, who struck Abu Jahl with his bow and declared 'I abuse him while I follow his religion — take that if you can' — anger first, then faith settled in his heart.
Event
The second migration to Abyssinia
c. 616 CEWhen torture intensified after the first migrants' brief return, eighty-three men — Ammar's inclusion doubtful — and eighteen or nineteen women migrated again to Abyssinia; Quraysh sent Amr ibn al-As and Abdullah ibn Abi Rabi'a to win them back, but the Negus heard Ja'far ibn Abi Talib's account and sura Maryam, refused to surrender them, and returned the envoys' gifts.
Event
Utba ibn Rabi'a's offer to the Prophet
c. 616 CEAfter the conversions of Hamza and Umar, Utba ibn Rabi'a volunteered to offer Muhammad wealth, leadership and kingship if he would abandon his call; the Prophet listened to the end, then recited the opening of sura Fussilat down to its prostration, and Utba went back urging Quraysh to leave the man be.
Event
Umar accepts Islam
c. December 616 CEIn Dhu al-Hijja of year six — three days after Hamza — Umar, who had set out with his sword to kill the Prophet, was redirected by Nu'aym ibn Abdullah to his own sister's house; he heard the opening of sura Ta-Ha from Sa'id and Fatima, then went to the house of al-Arqam and declared the shahada, and the Muslims marched out in two rows and prayed openly at the Kaaba.
Event
Abu Talib gathers Banu Hashim and Banu al-Muttalib
c. 617 CEReading the escalating incidents — the deputations, the attempt to trade him for Amara ibn al-Walid, Abu Jahl's stone, Uqba's strangling attempt, Umar's unsheathed sword — Abu Talib sensed danger to his nephew and gathered Banu Hashim and Banu al-Muttalib to stand with him; all answered except Abu Lahab, who sided with the enemy.
Event
Last Quraysh delegation to Abu Talib
c. 619 CEA delegation of Quraysh notables visiting Abu Talib on his sickbed to seek a compromise with Muhammad; the Prophet answered by demanding a single word: 'La ilaha illa Allah'.
Event
The Prophet's marriage to Sawda bint Zam'a
c. 619 CEThe marriage of Prophet Muhammad to Sawda bint Zam'a in Shawwal of the tenth year of prophethood, his first marriage after the death of Khadija.
Event
The Year of Sorrow
c. 619 CEThe tenth year of prophethood in which the Prophet's protective uncle Abu Talib and his supportive wife Khadija bint Khuwaylid passed away within a short span.
Event
The Prophet's journey to al-Ta'if
c. May 619 CEThe Prophet Muhammad's journey on foot with Zayd ibn Haritha to al-Ta'if in Shawwal of the tenth year of prophethood, seeking support from Thaqif, their rejection, the incident of Addas in the orchard, and the encounter with the Jinn at Nakhla on return.
Event
First encounter with the six Ansar at al-Aqaba
c. July 620 CEThe historic meeting at al-Aqaba during the pilgrimage season of the 11th year of prophethood (July 620 CE) between the Prophet and six notables from the Khazraj clan of Yathrib, who embraced Islam and carried its call to Medina.
Event
The Isra and Mi'raj
c. 621 CEThe miraculous nocturnal journey of Prophet Muhammad from al-Masjid al-Haram to al-Masjid al-Aqsa in Jerusalem, and his ascent through the seven heavens, where the five daily prayers were ordained.
Event
The Pledges of Aqaba
c. July 621 CEThe First and Second Pledges of Aqaba at Mina in the 12th and 13th years of prophethood (621 and 622 CE), in which delegates from Yathrib pledged allegiance to the Prophet, preparing Medina as the haven of the Hijra.
Event
The brotherhood of the Muhajirun and Ansar
c. 622 CE · 1 AHThe Prophet paired emigrants from Mecca with helpers from Medina as brothers, sharing support in the first months after the Hijra.
Event
The Constitution of Medina
c. 622 CE · 1 AHA document, preserved in early sources, regulating relations among the Muslims and the other communities of Medina.
Event
The Hijra
c. 12 September 622 CE · c. 29 Safar 1 AH†The migration of the Prophet Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina in 622 CE, the event from which the Islamic calendar is counted.
Event
The departure night of the Hijra
c. 12 September 622 CE · c. 29 Safar 1 AH†The night of 27 Safar when eleven Quraysh chiefs surrounded the Prophet's house to kill him at dawn; Ali slept in his bed wrapped in his green Hadrami cloak while the Prophet walked through the cordon unscathed and reached Abu Bakr's house.
Event
The plot at Dar al-Nadwa
c. 12 September 622 CE · c. 29 Safar 1 AH†The fateful meeting of Quraysh's parliament in Dar al-Nadwa on Thursday 26 Safar 14 AH (12 September 622 CE) where chiefs debated expelling, imprisoning, or assassinating Muhammad, resolving on Abu Jahl's proposal to strike him simultaneously with a young warrior from each clan.
Event
The three nights in the cave of Thawr
c. 13 September 622 CE · c. 1 Rabi' I 1 AH†The Prophet and Abu Bakr hid in the cave of Thawr for the nights of Friday, Saturday and Sunday while Quraysh combed the country offering a hundred camels for each man; their pursuers reached the cave's mouth and turned back.
Event
The building of the Prophet's Mosque
c. 27 September 622 CE · Rabi' I 1 AHSoon after arriving in Medina, the Prophet and his companions built a mosque and living quarters on a plot of land, a model for later mosques.
Event
The sojourn at Quba
23 September 622 CE · 8 Rabi' I 1 AHThe Prophet's stay at Quba from Monday 8 Rabi' I 1 AH: hosted by Kulthum ibn al-Hidm, he founded the mosque of Quba — the first mosque 'upon taqwa' — before riding to Medina on Friday; the length of the stay is debated (four days per Ibn Ishaq, up to 24 nights in Bukhari).
Event
The first Friday prayer
24 September 622 CE · 12 Rabi' I 1 AHOn the Friday of his entry into Medina, prayer time overtook the Prophet among Banu Salim ibn Awf, and he led a congregation of a hundred men in the mosque in the valley bottom — counted in the sira as the first Jumu'a.
Event
Expedition of Sayf al-Bahr
c. March 623 CE · Ramadan 1 AHThe first expedition dispatched by the Prophet, led by Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib with 30 Muhajirun in Ramadan 1 AH to intercept a Quraysh caravan; mediated by Majdi ibn Amr without clash.
Event
Expedition of Rabigh
c. April 623 CE · Shawwal 1 AHAn expedition led by Ubayda ibn al-Harith in Shawwal 1 AH with 60 Muhajirun; witnessed the first arrow shot in Islam by Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas and the defection of al-Miqdad and Utba ibn Ghazwan to the Muslims.
Event
Expedition of al-Kharrar
c. May 623 CE · Dhu al-Qa'da 1 AHAn expedition led by Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas with 20 Muhajirun in Dhu al-Qada 1 AH marching on foot by night towards al-Kharrar; found the caravan had passed the day before.
Event
The prescription of the Ramadan fast
c. 624 CE · 2 AHThe fast of the month of Ramadan was prescribed for the Muslims of Medina in the second year after the Hijra.
Event
The marriage of Fatima and Ali
c. 624 CE · 2 AHThe Prophet's daughter Fatima married his cousin Ali ibn Abi Talib in Medina, from which the Prophet's line of descendants continued.
Event
Expedition of al-Abwa (Waddan)
c. August 623 CE · Safar 2 AHThe first expedition led personally by the Prophet in Safar 2 AH with 70 Muhajirun; established an alliance treaty with Amr ibn Makhshi of Banu Damra.
Event
Expedition of Buwat
c. September 623 CE · Rabi' I 2 AHAn expedition led by the Prophet in Rabi' al-Awwal 2 AH with 200 companions to intercept a Quraysh caravan led by Umayya ibn Khalaf; reached Mount Buwat without encounter.
Event
Expedition of Safwan (First Badr)
c. September 623 CE · Rabi' I 2 AHAn expedition led by the Prophet in Rabi' al-Awwal 2 AH in pursuit of Kurz ibn Jabir al-Fihri after he raided the pastures of Medina; chased him to the valley of Safwan near Badr.
Event
Expedition of Dhu al-Ushayra
c. November 623 CE · Jumada I 2 AHAn expedition led by the Prophet in Jumada al-Ula/al-Akhirah 2 AH with 150-200 Muhajirun to intercept a Quraysh caravan to Sham (the caravan pursued later at Badr); concluded a treaty with Banu Mudlij.
Event
Expedition of Nakhla
c. January 624 CE · Rajab 2 AHA secretive expedition dispatched by the Prophet under Abdullah ibn Jahsh in Rajab 2 AH with 12 Muhajirun; intercepted a Quraysh caravan at Nakhla, resulting in the death of Amr ibn al-Hadrami and captives; resolved by Qur'an 2:217.
Event
The change of the qibla
c. February 624 CE · Sha'ban 2 AHThe direction of prayer was changed from Jerusalem to the Kaaba in Mecca, about a year and a half after the Hijra.
Event
The Badr war council
Ramadan 2 AHThe consultative council the Prophet held at Dhi Afran after news of the Quraysh levy reached him, in which the Muslim commanders — and Sa'd ibn Mu'adh speaking for the Ansar — pledged to fight beyond the letter of the Aqaba pledge.
Event
The affair of the Badr prisoners
Ramadan 2 AHThe aftermath decision over the seventy Badr captives: the consultation in which Abu Bakr advised ransom and Umar advised execution, the ransom terms (1000–4000 dirhams, or teaching ten boys to write), the executions of al-Nadr and Uqba, and the exegetical comments in 8:67-68 and 47:4.
Event
The Qulayb at Badr
Ramadan 2 AHAfter the battle the Quraysh dead were cast into a pit (the qulayb) at Badr, where the Prophet addressed them by name; when Umar asked how he spoke to the dead he answered that they heard him no less than the living.
Event
The duel at Badr
13 March 624 CE · 17 Ramadan 2 AHThe opening single combat of Badr: Utba, Shayba and al-Walid of Quraysh against Ubayda, Hamza and Ali; all three Qurayshis fell, and Ubayda died of his wound days later.
Event
The Battle of Badr
13 March 624 CE · 17 Ramadan 2 AHThe first major battle between the Muslims of Medina and the Quraysh of Mecca, fought at the wells of Badr on 17 Ramadan 2 AH.
Event
Conversion of Umayr ibn Wahb
c. April 624 CE · Shawwal 2 AHUmayr ibn Wahb and Safwan ibn Umayya plotted at the Kaaba to assassinate the Prophet in Medina; when Umayr arrived, the Prophet disclosed their secret pact, leading Umayr to embrace Islam.
Event
Expedition of al-Kudr
c. April 624 CE · Shawwal 2 AHAn expedition of 200 Muslims led by the Prophet in Shawwal 2 AH to al-Kudr to disperse Banu Sulaym and Ghatafan gathering against Medina; the tribes scattered and Muslims captured 500 camels.
Event
Siege of Banu Qaynuqa
c. 9 April 624 CE · 15 Shawwal 2 AHA fifteen-day siege of the Jewish tribe Banu Qaynuqa in Shawwal 2 AH after their breach of the covenant; ended in their unconditional surrender and expulsion from Medina.
Event
Expedition of al-Sawiq
c. May 624 CE · Dhu al-Hijja 2 AHAn expedition in Dhu al-Hijjah 2 AH pursuing Abu Sufyan who raided the outskirts of Medina with 200 riders; the Meccans dumped bags of roasted barley flour (sawiq) to lighten their load during flight.
Event
Expedition of Dhu Amarr
c. July 624 CE · Muharram 3 AHAn expedition led by the Prophet with 450 men in Muharram 3 AH to disperse Banu Thalaba and Muharib at Dhu Amarr; the Bedouins fled to mountain tops without fighting.
Event
The killing of Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf
c. September 624 CE · 14 Rabi' I 3 AHThe assassination of the Jewish poet Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf in Rabi' al-Awwal 3 AH by a band led by Muhammad ibn Maslama, after he incited Quraysh to war and satirized Muslim women.
Event
Expedition of Buhran
c. October 624 CE · Rabi' II 3 AHAn expedition led by the Prophet with 300 men in Rabi' al-Thani 3 AH to Buhran in the direction of al-Furu'; stayed through Jumada al-Ula without encounter.
Event
Expedition of al-Qarada
c. November 624 CE · Jumada II 3 AHA successful raid in Jumada al-Akhirah 3 AH led by Zayd ibn Haritha with 100 riders to al-Qarada in Najd, intercepting a rich Quraysh caravan led by Safwan ibn Umayya valued at 100,000 dirhams.
Event
The Battle of Uhud
March 625 CE · Shawwal 3 AHA battle near Mount Uhud in which the Quraysh gained the upper hand and Hamza, the Prophet's uncle, was killed.
Event
The Withdrawal of Abdullah ibn Ubayy with a Third of the Army
March 625 CE · Shawwal 3 AHThe withdrawal of Abdullah ibn Ubayy with about a third of the army (some 300 men) on the march to Uhud; al-Raheeq al-Makhtum's author reads it as an attempt to sow confusion in the Muslim ranks.
Event
The Consultative Council for the Battle of Uhud
March 625 CE · Shawwal 3 AHA military council where the Prophet and his companions discussed the defense plan, debating between fortifying Medina or exiting to face the enemy.
Event
Mobilization of the Muslim Army for Uhud
March 625 CE · Shawwal 3 AHThe departure of the Muslim army of 1,000 fighters, divided into three battalions (Muhajirun, Aws, and Khazraj).
Event
Medina Intelligence on the Uhud Army
March 625 CE · Shawwal 3 AHAl-Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib sending a detailed message to the Prophet regarding Quraysh's army movements.
Event
Quraysh Preparations for the Battle of Uhud
March 625 CE · Shawwal 3 AHA large-scale military and financial mobilization by Quraysh to avenge their defeat at Badr.
Event
Funding of the Uhud Army
March 625 CE · Shawwal 3 AHThe sale of a thousand camels by Quraysh to raise fifty thousand dinars to fund their war against Muslims.
Event
Tactical Deployment of the Muslim Army at Uhud
March 625 CE · Shawwal 3 AHThe distribution of forces on the right and left wings, and the appointment of fifty archers on the Archers' Hill to protect the army's rear.
Event
Uhud war council and Muslim mobilization
22 March 625 CE · 6 Shawwal 3 AHWhen news of the Quraysh army heading for Medina reached the Prophet he held a senior war council. His view was to stay in Medina and fight the polytheists through the alleys, and Abdullah ibn Ubayy agreed; but the young Companions who had missed Badr pressed to march out until he yielded. The Prophet put on his armour and girt his sword, then divided his army into three battalions: the Muhajirun under the banner of Mus'ab ibn Umayr, the Aws under Usayd ibn Hudayr, and the Khazraj under al-Hubab ibn al-Mundhir {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.252}.
Event
Battle over the Quraysh standard at Uhud
23 March 625 CE · 7 Shawwal 3 AHThe weight of the battle circled the polytheists' standard, which was carried by the Banu Abd al-Dar. The first to bear it, Talha ibn Abi Talha, was killed by al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam. The Banu Abd al-Dar carried it in turn until they were wiped out: Uthman, Abu Sa'd, Artat, Shurayh, Abu Zayd ibn Abd Manaf, Ibn Sharhabil and others. Last to carry it was an Abyssinian slave named Sawab, who fought until his hands were cut off and fell upon it with his chest until he was killed. The standard fell to the ground with none left to bear it {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.259}.
Event
Burial of the Uhud martyrs
23 March 625 CE · 7 Shawwal 3 AHThe Messenger of God looked over the martyrs and said: 'I am witness over these.' He ordered that anyone who had carried a slain man back to Medina return him, and that they be buried where they fell, in their clothes, the iron and leather removed, unwashed; two or three were laid in one grave, the one who had taken most of the Qur'an placed first. Abdullah ibn Amr ibn Haram and Amr ibn al-Jamuh were buried together for the love between them. They looked for Hanzala and found him dripping water; the Prophet said the angels were washing him, and he was called the angels' washed. Among the martyrs they found Mus'ab ibn Umayr, for whom no shroud was found but a striped cloak {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.281}.
Event
Defection of the hypocrites at Uhud
23 March 625 CE · 7 Shawwal 3 AHOn the road to Uhud, when the army was near al-Shawt, Abdullah ibn Ubayy broke away and withdrew with some three hundred fighters on the pretext that the Messenger had rejected his advice to stay in Medina. This withdrawal revealed for the first time the hypocrisy that had been hidden. The Banu Haritha of the Aws and Banu Salama of the Khazraj wavered toward going back, then held firm by God's help; Abdullah ibn Haram, Jabir's father, tried to turn the hypocrites back and they refused {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.253}.
Event
Defense of the Prophet at Uhud
23 March 625 CE · 7 Shawwal 3 AHAfter the wheeling manoeuvre only nine men remained with the Prophet at the rear. Utba ibn Abi Waqqas threw stones at him; his lower right incisor was broken and his lip wounded. Abdullah ibn Qami'a struck his cheek with a sword so that two rings of the helmet sank into it. In the hardest moment Talha ibn Ubaydullah and Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas stood with him and shielded him. Sa'd shot until his quiver was emptied; Talha fought like eleven men until his fingers were cut and he bore thirty-five or thirty-nine wounds. Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah pulled the two helmet rings from his cheek with his front teeth. Abu Dujana shielded him with his back from the arrows. Umm Umara Nusayba bint Ka'b defended him until she took twelve wounds {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.267}.
Event
Muslim deployment at Uhud and the archers' post
23 March 625 CE · 7 Shawwal 3 AHThe Prophet halted with seven hundred fighters in the gorge of Mount Uhud, facing Medina with his back to the mountain — the best position on the field. He picked fifty skilled archers under Abdullah ibn Jubayr ibn al-Nu'man al-Ansari al-Awsi and posted them on a small hill southeast of the camp known as the Archers' Hill, ordering them not to leave their position in victory or defeat, and told their commander: 'keep the cavalry off us with your arrows so they cannot come at us from behind.' He put al-Mundhir ibn Amr on the right wing and al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam on the left, supported by al-Miqdad {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.255}.
Event
Khalid's flanking manoeuvre at Uhud
23 March 625 CE · 7 Shawwal 3 AHWhen the Muslims' backs were left bare of archers, Khalid ibn al-Walid wheeled with lightning speed to the rear of the Muslim army and wiped out Abdullah ibn Jubayr and his nine companions on the hill, then fell on the Muslims from behind. Hearing the cry of Khalid's cavalry, the polytheists turned back on the Muslims. A woman named Umra bint Alqama al-Harithiyya raised the fallen polytheist standard and they rallied around it. The Muslims were trapped between Khalid's horse behind them and Quraysh's army returning from the front {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.264}.
Event
Martyrdom of Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib at Uhud
23 March 625 CE · 7 Shawwal 3 AHHamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib was fighting in the open like a grey camel, sweeping the ranks aside. Wahshi ibn Harb, an Abyssinian slave of Jubayr ibn Mut'im, lay in wait behind a tree or rock; Jubayr had promised Wahshi his freedom if he killed Hamza in revenge for his uncle Tu'ayma ibn Adi, slain at Badr. 'I shook my spear until I was satisfied, then hurled it at him; it struck his flank and came out between his legs' {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.261}. Wahshi finished him and returned to Mecca and was freed. Then Hind bint Utba came and cut open his liver and chewed it but could not swallow it {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.276}.
Event
Muslim withdrawal to the mountain pass at Uhud
23 March 625 CE · 7 Shawwal 3 AHWhen about thirty Companions had gathered around the Prophet he began an orderly withdrawal into the mountain gorge, cutting a path through the attacking polytheists. During the retreat he killed Ubayy ibn Khalaf with his own hand. The polytheists made a last attempt to climb the mountain under Abu Sufyan and Khalid, and Umar and a party of the Muhajirun fought until they drove them down. The Messenger of God settled in the gorge, where Fatima washed his wound and cauterised it with a burnt mat to stop the bleeding. Muhammad ibn Maslama brought fresh water from which the Prophet drank and prayed for him; he prayed the noon prayer sitting, from the effect of his wounds {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.278}.
Event
Expedition to Hamra al-Asad
24 March 625 CE · 8 Shawwal 3 AHOn the morning of Sunday 8 Shawwal 3 AH the Prophet called the people to pursue Quraysh and said: only those who fought with us may come. The Muslims answered despite their wounds. They reached Hamra al-Asad, eight miles from Medina, and camped. The Prophet sent Ma'bad ibn Abi Ma'bad al-Khuza'i to Abu Sufyan, and at al-Rawha he waged a propaganda war of nerves on him: 'Muhammad has come out with a gathering I have never seen the like of, burning for you.' The Meccan army's resolve collapsed and they kept withdrawing to Mecca. Abu Sufyan sent riders of Abd al-Qays to threaten the Muslims, which only increased their faith. The Prophet stayed Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday, then returned and executed Abu Azza al-Jumahi, who had broken his pledge {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.284}.
Event
The Incident of al-Raji'
c. July 625 CE · Safar 4 AHIn Safar 4 AH (July 625 CE), a party of ten Companions led by Asim ibn Thabit was sent as teachers following a deceptive request by the Adal and al-Qarah tribes; they were betrayed to Banu Lihyan at al-Raji', where seven were killed in combat and three taken captive.
Event
The Tragedy of Bi'r Ma'una
c. July 625 CE · Safar 4 AHIn Safar 4 AH, seventy senior Muslim reciters (qurra') led by al-Mundhir ibn Amr were sent to Najd at the request of Abu Bara' Amir ibn Malik; they were ambushed and massacred at Bi'r Ma'una by Amir ibn al-Tufayl and allied Sulaym clans.
Event
The Siege and Expulsion of Banu al-Nadir
c. August 625 CE · Rabi' I 4 AHIn Rabi' I 4 AH (August 625 CE), following Banu al-Nadir's attempt to assassinate the Prophet by dropping a millstone and their conspiracy with the hypocrites, the Muslims besieged their fortresses for six nights until they surrendered and were exiled to Khaybar and Syria, leaving behind weapons and heavy armour.
Event
The Expedition of Badr al-Maw'ida
c. January 626 CE · Sha'ban 4 AHIn Sha'ban 4 AH (January 626 CE), the Prophet marched with 1,500 fighters to Badr to meet Abu Sufyan according to their Uhud rendezvous; Abu Sufyan departed with 2,000 Meccans but retreated from Majanna citing a drought year, leaving the Muslims in full mastery of the annual Badr fair for eight days.
Event
The Expedition of Dumat al-Jandal
c. August 626 CE · Rabi' I 5 AHIn Rabi' I 5 AH (August 626 CE), the Prophet led a 1,000-strong expedition to Dumat al-Jandal on the borders of Syria to secure the trade routes against marauding tribes; the gathering dispersed, and the Muslims established security and concluded non-aggression terms with tribal chiefs.
Event
The Battle of the Trench (al-Ahzab)
c. February 627 CE · Shawwal 5 AHIn Shawwal 5 AH (February-March 627 CE), a confederate army of 10,000 Meccans and Bedouin allies besieged Medina; upon Salman al-Farisi's advice the Muslims dug a protective trench on their northern boundary; the siege endured for nearly a month amidst cold, hunger, and the treachery of Banu Qurayza, until broken by Nu'aym ibn Mas'ud's stratagem and a violent night windstorm.
Event
Marriage to Zaynab bint Jahsh
c. Dhu al-Qa'da 5 AHThe Prophet married Zaynab bint Jahsh after Zayd ibn Haritha divorced her, in Dhu al-Qa'da 5 AH, abolishing by act the jahili adoption rule that had treated an adopted son's wife as a real son's wife; verses of sura al-Ahzab were revealed about it and the hypocrites spread propaganda around it.
Event
The Siege and Judgment of Banu Qurayza
c. March 627 CE · Dhu al-Qa'da 5 AHIn Dhu al-Qa'da 5 AH (March 627 CE), immediately after the confederates withdrew, the Prophet marched on Banu Qurayza for breaking their treaty during the siege of Medina; after twenty-five nights of siege they surrendered unconditionally and accepted the arbitration of Sa'd ibn Mu'adh, who decreed the execution of the combatants and captivity of women and children.
Event
The Mission of Abu Rafi' (Sallam ibn Abi al-Huqayq)
c. May 627 CE · Dhu al-Hijja 5 AHIn Dhu al-Hijja 5 AH, five Khazrajite Companions led by Abdullah ibn Atik infiltrated Khaybar by night and eliminated Sallam ibn Abi al-Huqayq (Abu Rafi'), a primary financier and organizer of the confederate army at the Trench.
Event
The Expedition of Banu al-Mustaliq (al-Muraysi')
c. December 627 CE · Sha'ban 6 AHIn Sha'ban 6 AH (December 627 CE), the Prophet led an expedition against Banu al-Mustaliq at the watering-place of al-Muraysi' after intelligence revealed their mobilization; following a brief exchange, their forces scattered, their camp was taken, and the Prophet married Juwayriyya bint al-Harith, prompting the Muslims to free a hundred families of her clan.
Event
The Incident of the Slander (Hadith al-Ifk)
c. December 627 CE · Sha'ban 6 AHOn the return from the Expedition of al-Muraysi', Aisha was accidentally left behind when searching for a lost necklace and was escorted back to Medina by Safwan ibn al-Mu'attal; Abdullah ibn Ubayy orchestrated a malicious slander campaign that troubled the community for a month until verses of Surat al-Nur established her innocence.
Event
The Pledge of the Tree (Bay'at al-Ridwan)
c. March 628 CE · Dhu al-Qa'da 6 AHIn Dhu al-Qa'da 6 AH at al-Hudaybiyya, following rumors that Uthman ibn Affan had been murdered in Mecca, the Prophet summoned the 1,400 Companions to pledge under an acacia tree not to flee and to fight unto death; God revealed His pleasure with the pledge in Surat al-Fath.
Event
The Treaty of Hudaybiyya
c. March 628 CE · Dhu al-Qa'da 6 AHIn Dhu al-Qa'da 6 AH (March 628 CE), the Prophet marched towards Mecca with 1,400 companions for Umrah; halted at al-Hudaybiyya by Quraysh, negotiations through Suhayl ibn Amr produced a historic ten-year peace treaty described in the Qur'an as a 'Manifest Victory'.
Event
The Letters to Rulers and Kings
c. May 628 CE · Dhu al-Hijja 6 AHIn late 6 AH (early 628 CE) following the Hudaybiyya truce, the Prophet initiated an international diplomatic initiative, sending envoys with silver-sealed letters to the major emperors, kings, and regional chiefs of the surrounding world: the Negus of Abyssinia, the Muqawqis of Egypt, Chosroes of Persia, Heraclius of Byzantium, al-Mundhir ibn Sawa of Bahrain, Hawdha ibn Ali of al-Yamama, al-Harith al-Ghassani of Damascus, and the rulers of Oman.
Event
The Conquest of Khaybar
c. May 628 CE · Muharram 7 AHIn Muharram 7 AH (May-June 628 CE), the Prophet marched with 1,400 companions of Hudaybiyya against the formidable Jewish oasis of Khaybar; following fierce assaults and the capture of eight major fortresses (including Na'im, al-Sa'b ibn Mu'adh, al-Zubayr, Ubayy, and al-Qamus), the Jewish leaders surrendered and agreed to cultivate the land for half of its produce.
Event
The Negus carries the emigrants to the Prophet in two ships
c. 628 CE · c. 7 AHIbn Ishaq says: those of the Prophet's Companions who remained in Abyssinia stayed until the Prophet sent Amr ibn Umayya al-Damri to the Negus, who carried them in two ships and brought them to him at Khaybar after al-Hudaybiyya. The total who arrived in the two ships was sixteen men, and with them were carried wives of Muslims who had died there.
Event
The Expedition of Dhu Qarad (Ghazwat al-Ghaba)
c. May 628 CE · Muharram 7 AHShortly before Khaybar in 7 AH, Uyayna ibn Hisn raided the Prophet's milch camels at al-Ghaba; Salama ibn al-Akwa' pursued them alone on foot with stones and arrows, holding off the raiders until the cavalry arrived, recovering the camels.
Event
Ja'far ibn Abi Talib comes before the Prophet at Khaybar
c. 628 CE · c. 7 AHIbn Hisham, not Ibn Ishaq, transmits a report from Sufyan ibn Uyayna from al-Ajlah from al-Sha'bi: Ja'far ibn Abi Talib arrived to the Prophet on the day Khaybar fell; the Prophet kissed him between the eyes and embraced him, saying he did not know which gave him more joy — the conquest of Khaybar or the arrival of Ja'far.
Event
Return of the Abyssinian emigrants with Ja'far ibn Abi Talib
c. 628 CE · c. 7 AHAfter Hudaybiyya, the Prophet sent Amr ibn Umayya al-Damri to the Negus, who transported the remaining Muslim emigrants in two ships to the Prophet at Khaybar after the conquest. The Prophet received Ja'far with a kiss between the eyes, saying 'I do not know which gives me greater joy — the opening of Khaybar or the arrival of Ja'far.' Sixteen men came on the two ships; thirty-four others came later or died in Abyssinia; sixteen women emigrated in all, counting those who came back and those who died there, apart from daughters born there.
Event
The Incident of the Poisoned Sheep at Khaybar
c. June 628 CE · Safar 7 AHFollowing the conquest of Khaybar, Zaynab bint al-Harith (wife of Sallam ibn Mishkam) sent the Prophet a roasted sheep heavily laced with poison; upon chewing a morsel, the Prophet spat it out stating that the bone informed him it was poisoned, while Bishr ibn al-Bara' swallowed a bite and died.
Event
The Expedition of Dhat al-Riqa'
c. July 628 CE · Rabi' I 7 AHIn the 7th year AH after Khaybar (debated timing), the Prophet led an expedition into Najd against gathering clans of Ghatafan; named from the rags the Muslims wrapped around their injured feet; here Salat al-Khawf (prayer of fear) was performed and the incident of Abbad ibn Bishr praying while struck by arrows occurred.
Event
The Fulfilled Umrah (Umrat al-Qada)
c. March 629 CE · Dhu al-Qa'da 7 AHIn Dhu al-Qa'da 7 AH (March 629 CE), fulfilling the treaty of Hudaybiyya, the Prophet and 2,000 Muslims entered Mecca unarmed to perform Umrah while Quraysh watched from the hills; the Prophet married Maymuna bint al-Harith and the demonstration of Muslim devotion profoundly shifted Meccan sentiment, leading to the conversions of Khalid ibn al-Walid, Amr ibn al-As, and Uthman ibn Talha.
Event
Abu Sufyan's mission to Medina
629 CE · 8 AHFrightened by what had been done at al-Watir, Quraysh sent Abu Sufyan ibn Harb to Medina to stiffen the pact and extend its term. The Prophet gave him no answer; Abu Bakr and Umar declined to intercede; Ali advised him to grant protection himself, which he did and returned home empty-handed.
Event
Khuza'a's appeal to Medina
629 CE · 8 AHAfter al-Watir, Amr ibn Salim al-Khuza'i stood before the Prophet in the Medina mosque and recited his plea invoking the pact of the fathers — 'and that was what stirred the conquest of Mecca' — then Budayl ibn Warqa' arrived with Khuza'i men reporting Quraysh's backing of Bakr.
Event
The Bakr–Khuza'a clash at al-Watir
629 CE · 8 AHA night raid by Banu al-Dil of Banu Bakr — secretly armed and joined by men of Quraysh — on Khuza'a at their watering place al-Watir in lower Mecca. The breach of the Hudaybiyya truce it caused is the spark the tradition gives for the conquest of Mecca.
Event
Return of the Mu'tah army to Medina and the Prophet's reception
c. 629 CE · c. 8 AHWhen the army neared Medina, the Prophet and Muslims went out to meet it; boys ran ahead. The Prophet asked for Ja'far's son and carried Abd Allah ibn Ja'far on his mount. Some people threw dust and called the army 'deserters'; the Prophet replied: 'They are not deserters; they are the ones who will charge again, God willing.' Salama ibn Hisham hid at home in shame.
Event
The Battle of Mu'tah
September 629 CE · Jumada I 8 AHA Muslim force of three thousand sent north toward the Byzantine frontier met a larger Byzantine-led army at Mu'tah in Jumada I, 8 AH; after its three appointed commanders fell one by one, Khalid ibn al-Walid took command and withdrew the survivors. Ibn Ishaq (via Urwa ibn al-Zubayr) records a tactical withdrawal; Ibn Hisham cites al-Zuhri that God granted them victory.
Event
Dispatch of the Mu'tah army
c. September 629 CE · Jumada I 8 AHIn Jumada I of year 8 AH, the Prophet dispatched an army of three thousand to Syria, appointing three commanders in succession — Zayd ibn Haritha, then Jafar ibn Abi Talib, then Abd Allah ibn Rawaha — and the people bade farewell to the commanders at their departure.
Event
The army's halt at Ma'an and Ibn Rawaha's speech
c. September 629 CE · Jumada I 8 AHThe Mu'tah army camped at Ma'an in Syria; news reached them that Heraclius had encamped at Ma'ab in al-Balqa' with a hundred thousand Romans, joined by equal numbers from Lakhm, Judham, al-Qayn, Bahra' and Bali under Malik ibn Zaflah. When the men debated sending for reinforcements, Abd Allah ibn Rawaha urged them forward with a speech about the two good outcomes.
Event
Khalid ibn al-Walid's command and the army's withdrawal
c. September 629 CE · Jumada I 8 AHAfter the three commanders' deaths, Thabit ibn Aqram picked up the standard and declined command; the men chose Khalid ibn al-Walid. Khalid maneuvered defensively and withdrew the army intact. Ibn Hisham cites al-Zuhri with a divergent tradition that God granted victory under Khalid.
Event
Martyrdom of Abd Allah ibn Rawaha after his hesitation
c. September 629 CE · Jumada I 8 AHWhen Ja'far was killed, Ibn Rawaha took the standard and hesitated; he exhorted his soul in verse then dismounted. His cousin brought him a bone of meat; he bit from it, heard the battle roar and threw it down, advancing to fight until killed. The Prophet reported seeing Ibn Rawaha's throne in Paradise tilted slightly relative to the thrones of Zayd and Ja'far because he had hesitated.
Event
Martyrdom of Ja'far ibn Abi Talib and his hamstringing of his horse
c. September 629 CE · Jumada I 8 AHAfter Zayd's death Ja'far took the standard, dismounted and hamstrung his chestnut horse — the first such act in Islam — then fought until killed. Ibn Hisham adds (from a trusted source) that he gripped the banner with his right hand (cut off), then his left (cut off), then clasped it between his arms, dying at thirty-three. Ibn Hisham also records (ويقال) that a Roman cut him in two.
Event
Martyrdom of Zayd ibn Haritha as first commander
c. September 629 CE · Jumada I 8 AHAt Mu'tah, Zayd ibn Haritha carried the Prophet's standard and fought until he was killed. The Prophet announced his martyrdom in Medina before news arrived, and reported seeing him raised on a golden throne in a vision.
Event
The Prophet's grief over Ja'far and his instruction to feed his family
c. 629 CE · c. Jumada I 8 AHWhen Ja'far was killed the Prophet visited Asma' bint Umays, asked for Ja'far's children, smelled them and wept. He told her they had been struck down that day, and instructed the community not to neglect Ja'far's household and to send them food. Aisha reported that grief was visible on the Prophet's face when the news of Ja'far arrived.
Event
The Expedition of Dhat al-Salasil
c. October 629 CE · Jumada II 8 AHIn Jumada II 8 AH (October 629 CE), following the Battle of Mu'tah, the Prophet dispatched Amr ibn al-As with 300 men (later reinforced by 200 led by Abu Ubayda) to Dhat al-Salasil on the borders of Syria to win over and neutralize the Quda'a and Bali tribes; Amr demonstrated tactical prudence, routed the gatherings, and established Muslim authority in the northern deserts.
Work
Hatib's letter to Quraysh
The letter Hatib ibn Abi Balta'a sent to warn Quraysh that the Prophet had resolved to march on Mecca; hidden in a woman's braided hair, it was intercepted at al-Khaliqa and its contents known.
Event
The conversion of Abu Quhafa
January 630 CE · Ramadan 8 AHAt Dhu Tuwa or upon the entry into Mecca, Abu Bakr led his aged, blind father Abu Quhafa to the Prophet to profess Islam; the Prophet remarked with tenderness that he should have gone to the old man instead, and instructed that his white hair be dyed.
Event
The conversion of Abu Sufyan ibn Harb
January 630 CE · Ramadan 8 AHAt Marr al-Zahran on the eve of the Conquest, al-Abbas brought Abu Sufyan into the Muslim camp; after witnessing the ten thousand campfires and parading contingents, Abu Sufyan professed Islam, and the Prophet granted general sanctuary to whoever entered his house.
Event
The Demolition of al-Uzza and Major Idols
c. January 630 CE · Ramadan 8 AHIn Ramadan 8 AH immediately following the conquest of Mecca, the Prophet dispatched detachments to obliterate the major pagan sanctuaries of Arabia: Khalid ibn al-Walid destroyed al-Uzza at Nakhla, Amr ibn al-As demolished Suwa' of Hudhayl, and Sa'd ibn Zayd al-Ashhali destroyed Manat at al-Mushallal.
Event
The cleansing of the Kaaba and destruction of idols
January 630 CE · Ramadan 8 AHUpon entering the sacred precinct, the Prophet circumambulated the Kaaba on his mount, toppled three hundred and sixty lead-fastened idols with his staff while reciting Qur'an 17:81, opened the sanctuary with Uthman ibn Talha's key, effaced the wall frescoes inside while reciting Qur'an 3:67, and had Bilal deliver the adhan from atop the roof.
Event
The proscribed persons on the day of the Conquest
January 630 CE · Ramadan 8 AHPrior to entering Mecca, the Prophet ordered the army to fight only those who offered armed resistance, except for a small named group of individuals accused of apostasy combined with murder, severe physical harm, or treasonous incitement, ordered slain even if found under the Kaaba's curtains. Several were executed, while others were granted protection and returned to Islam.
Event
The Prophet's sermon at the Kaaba and general amnesty
January 630 CE · Ramadan 8 AHStanding at the threshold of the Kaaba, the Prophet addressed the assembled people of Mecca, abolishing pre-Islamic blood feuds, reciting Qur'an 49:13 on human equality, returning the hereditary custodianship of the key to Uthman ibn Talha, and declaring a comprehensive general amnesty with the renowned words: 'Go, for you are the free ones' (al-Tulaqa').
Event
The skirmish of al-Khandama
January 630 CE · Ramadan 8 AHA sharp clash on the heights of al-Khandama where armed resisters from Quraysh and Banu Bakr under Safwan ibn Umayya, Ikrima ibn Abi Jahl, and Suhayl ibn Amr attempted to bar Khalid ibn al-Walid's entry; the resistance was quickly routed, leaving twelve to thirteen Meccan fighters dead, while Kurz ibn Jabir, Khunays ibn Khalid, and Salama ibn al-Mayla' fell on the Muslim side.
Event
The killing of Ibn al-Anwa' and the sermon on Mecca's sanctity
January 630 CE · Ramadan 8 AHAfter the general safety was proclaimed, Khirash ibn Umayya ambushed and killed Ibn al-Anwa' al-Hudhali to settle an old blood dispute; the Prophet strongly condemned the murder, paid the full wergild from his own funds, and the next day delivered a decisive sermon proclaiming the perpetual inviolability of Mecca's blood, trees, and game.
Event
The Conquest of Mecca (Fath Makka)
c. 11 January 630 CE · 20 Ramadan 8 AHIn Ramadan 8 AH (January 630 CE), following Banu Bakr and Quraysh's breach of the Hudaybiyya peace at al-Watir, the Prophet mobilized 10,000 Muslims and entered Mecca in triumphant humility; dividing the army into four columns, the city was taken almost without resistance; the 360 idols around the Kaaba were shattered, and the Prophet announced a general amnesty to the populace: 'Go, for you are free'.
Event
The Battle of Hunayn
c. 630 CE · Shawwal 8 AHA battle in a valley near Mecca against the tribes of Hawazin and Thaqif, shortly after the conquest of Mecca.
Event
The expedition to Awtas
c. January 630 CE · Shawwal 8 AHA detachment sent by the Prophet under Abu Amir al-Ash'ari in pursuit of the routed Hawazin remnants encamped at Awtas; Abu Amir was struck by an arrow and martyred after routing nine enemy champions, whereupon Abu Musa al-Ash'ari took the banner and secured victory.
Event
The Dhat Anwat incident
January 630 CE · Shawwal 8 AHOn the march to Hunayn the army passed the sacred tree Dhat Anwat, where pagans hung their weapons and held rites; some of the newly converted soldiers asked the Prophet to 'appoint for us a Dhat Anwat as they have one', and he rebuked the request, likening it to the Israelites' demand that Moses make them a god.
Event
The siege of Ta'if
January 630 CE · Shawwal 8 AHAfter Hunayn, the Muslims besieged the fortified town of Ta'if, home of the Thaqif; the siege was lifted without taking it, and the Thaqif accepted Islam the next year.
Event
The Prophet's address to the Ansar at al-Ji'rana
February 630 CE · Dhu al-Qa'da 8 AHWhen the Ansar received nothing of the lavish Hunayn grants and grumbled that 'the Prophet has rejoined his own people', Sa'd ibn Ubada conveyed their hurt and gathered them in an enclosure; the Prophet reminded them they had been astray and God guided them, destitute and God enriched them, enemies and God reconciled their hearts — then asked whether they were not content that people return with sheep and camels while they return to their homes with the Messenger of God; the Ansar wept until their beards were wet and declared themselves content with the Messenger of God as their share.
Event
The distribution of Hunayn spoils at al-Ji'rana
February 630 CE · Dhu al-Qa'da 8 AHAt al-Ji'rana the Prophet divided the vast spoils of Hunayn (twenty-four thousand camels, forty thousand sheep, and four thousand silver awqiya); he warned against the misappropriation of spoils, and bestowed major grants upon Meccan notables and Najdi tribal chieftains to reconcile their hearts to Islam.
Event
The Hawazin delegation and the amnesty of captives
February 630 CE · Dhu al-Qa'da 8 AHA delegation of Hawazin came to the Prophet at al-Ji'rana after professing Islam, invoking his foster-kinship among their clans; the Prophet relinquished his own share and that of Banu Abd al-Muttalib, and inspired the Muhajirun and Ansar to return six thousand captives to their families in a grand act of reconciliation.
Event
The Prophet's speech to the Ansar at al-Ji'rana
February 630 CE · Dhu al-Qa'da 8 AHAfter the Ansar felt grieved that newly reconciled Qurashi and Bedouin chieftains received large gifts while they received nothing, the Prophet gathered them in an enclosure at al-Ji'rana and delivered an impassioned, tearful address: 'Are you not pleased that people return with sheep and camels while you return with the Messenger of God to your dwellings?', moving the entire gathering to tears.
Event
The Prophet's Umrah from al-Ji'rana
February 630 CE · Dhu al-Qa'da 8 AHAfter completing the distribution of spoils, the Prophet entered the state of ihram from al-Ji'rana by night, entered Mecca to perform the rites of Umrah, confirmed Attab ibn Asid as governor of Mecca, and departed back to Medina in Dhu al-Qa'dah 8 AH.
Event
The death of Abdullah ibn Ubayy and the Prophet's prayer over him
c. 631 CE · 9 AHSoon after the return from Tabuk in 9 AH, Abdullah ibn Ubayy — chief of the hypocrites — died; the Prophet sought forgiveness for him and prayed over him despite Umar's attempt to dissuade him, and the revelation afterwards sided with Umar's objection, forbidding prayer over such people or standing at their graves.
Event
The death of Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad
c. 631 CE · 9 AHIn 9 AH Umm Kulthum, the Prophet's daughter and wife of Uthman ibn Affan, died; the Prophet grieved her deeply and told Uthman, 'Had I had a third daughter I would have given her to you in marriage' — whence Uthman was called Dhu al-Nurayn, the possessor of the two lights.
Event
The dispatch of the sadaqa collectors
January 631 CE · Muharram 9 AHWith the new moon of Muharram 9 AH the Prophet sent the musaddiqun — alms-tax collectors — to the tribes: Uyayna ibn Hisn to Banu Tamim, Yazid ibn al-Husayn to Aslam and Ghifar, Abbad ibn Bishr to Sulaym and Muzayna, Rafi' ibn Makith to Juhayna, Amr ibn al-As to Banu Fazara, al-Dahhak ibn Sufyan to Banu Kilab, Bashir ibn Sufyan to Banu Ka'b, Ibn al-Lutbiyya to Banu Dhubyan, al-Muhajir ibn Abi Umayya to San'a', Ziyad ibn Labid to Hadramawt, Adi ibn Hatim to Tayy' and Banu Asad, Malik ibn Nuwayra to Banu Hanzala, al-Zibriqan ibn Badr and Qays ibn Asim to parts of Banu Sa'd, al-Ala ibn al-Hadrami to Bahrayn, and Ali ibn Abi Talib to Najran for sadaqa and jizya alike.
Event
The Prophet's funeral prayer in absentia for the Negus
c. 631 CE · 9 AHIn 9 AH news reached Medina of the death of Ashama, the Negus of Abyssinia, who had sheltered the Muslim emigrants; the Prophet announced his death the day he died and led the funeral prayer for him in absentia.
Event
The li'an between Uwaymir al-Ajlani and his wife
c. 631 CE · 9 AHAfter the return from Tabuk in 9 AH, Uwaymir al-Ajlani accused his wife before the Prophet; the Prophet administered between them the mutual oath of condemnation (li'an) prescribed in Surat al-Nur, then separated them — an early application of the li'an ruling.
Event
Uyayna ibn Hisn's raid on Banu Tamim
January 631 CE · Muharram 9 AHIn Muharram 9 AH the Prophet sent Uyayna ibn Hisn al-Fazari with fifty horsemen — none Muhajirun or Ansar — against Banu Tamim, who had been inciting tribes and withholding jizya; he surprised them in the desert and took eleven men, twenty-one women and thirty children to Medina, where ten of their chiefs came for the famous oratory and poetry contest; al-Aqra' ibn Habis declared the Muslims' orator and poet superior, they accepted Islam, and their families were returned.
Event
The stoning of the Ghamidi woman
c. 631 CE · 9 AHIn 9 AH a woman of Ghamid came to the Prophet and confessed to fornication; he repeatedly turned her away hoping she would recant, then deferred her until she bore and weaned her child, whereupon she was stoned — an application of the prescribed penalty which the Prophet described as a repentance that would suffice seventy of Medina's people were it apportioned.
Event
The Choice Offered to the Prophet's Wives
c. 9 AHWhen the Prophet's wives asked for a better standard of living amid the austerity of his household, the verse of choice was revealed (al-Ahzab 28-29): if you desire the life of this world and its adornment, come, I will provide for you and release you graciously; but if you desire Allah and His Messenger and the abode of the Hereafter, Allah has prepared a great reward for the doers of good among you. All of them chose Allah and His Messenger.
Event
The Year of Delegations
c. 631 CE · 9 AHIn the ninth year after the Hijra, delegations from tribes across Arabia came to Medina to accept Islam or make agreements.
Event
Qutba ibn Amir's raid on Khath'am
February 631 CE · Safar 9 AHIn Safar 9 AH the Prophet sent Qutba ibn Amir ibn Hadida with twenty men on ten camels they shared in turns against a clan of Khath'am near Tabala in the Turba region; the raid met hard fighting with many wounded on both sides, and the Muslims drove cattle, captives and sheep back to Medina.
Event
Ali's expedition to destroy al-Fuls, the idol of Tayy'
March 631 CE · Rabi' I 9 AHIn Rabi' al-Awwal 9 AH the Prophet sent Ali ibn Abi Talib with one hundred and fifty men — a hundred camels and fifty horses, a black banner and a white standard — to demolish al-Fuls, the idol-temple of Tayy'; they raided Hatim's quarter at dawn, demolished it, and took captives among them Adi ibn Hatim's sister, whose appeal to the Prophet led to her release and to Adi's coming from Syria and accepting Islam.
Event
al-Dahhak ibn Sufyan's expedition to Banu Kilab
March 631 CE · Rabi' I 9 AHIn Rabi' al-Awwal 9 AH the Prophet sent al-Dahhak ibn Sufyan al-Kilabi to his own people Banu Kilab to invite them to Islam; they refused and fought, and the Muslims routed them and killed one man.
Event
Alqama ibn Mujazziz's expedition to the Jeddah coast
April 631 CE · Rabi' II 9 AHIn Rabi' al-Akhir 9 AH the Prophet sent Alqama ibn Mujazziz al-Mudliji with three hundred men against a band of Abyssinians gathered near the Jeddah coast for piracy against the people of Mecca; he crossed the sea to an island, and they fled when they heard of the Muslims' approach.
Event
Abu Dharr lags behind and follows on foot
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHMan after man fell behind the Prophet on the march, and he would say: leave him; if there is good in him, God will bring him up to you. Then Abu Dharr was reported to have fallen behind, his camel slowing him, so he took his baggage on his back and set out on foot following the Prophet's tracks. When a watcher saw him the Prophet said: let it be Abu Dharr; and it was he. The Prophet prayed for him and said that he walks alone, dies alone and is raised alone.
Event
Abu Khaythama catches up with the Prophet
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHDays after the Prophet had marched, Abu Khaythama returned to his family on a hot day and found his two wives in two bowers they had prepared for him with cold water and food. He refused to enter, saying he would not sit in cool shade while the Prophet was out in the midday wind and heat; he took his provisions and his camel and went after the Prophet until he caught up with him at Tabuk.
Event
Abu Ruhm and the stragglers of Ghifar and Aslam
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHIbn Ishaq relates from al-Zuhri, from Ibn Ukayma al-Laythi, from the nephew of Abu Ruhm al-Ghifari that Abu Ruhm Kulthum ibn al-Husayn — one of those who pledged under the tree — campaigned to Tabuk. Riding near the Prophet at al-Akhdar his mount jostled the Prophet's, and the Prophet asked him about the Ghifar men who had stayed behind, then about a party of their Aslam allies, and said that the dearest of his people to him were those who did not stay behind: the Muhajirun of Quraysh, the Ansar, Ghifar and Aslam.
Event
al-Jadd ibn Qays asks leave to stay behind
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHAl-Jadd ibn Qays of Banu Salima asked the Prophet whether he had any part in fighting the Banu al-Asfar, meaning the Byzantines, and excused himself as a man too fond of women who feared temptation; the Prophet turned away from him and gave him leave. Ibn Ishaq says a verse of Sura al-Tawba was revealed about him, explaining that his falling into temptation by staying behind was greater than what he feared.
Event
Ali is left in charge of the Prophet's family
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHThe Prophet left Ali in charge of his family and ordered him to stay with them. The hypocrites spread the rumour that he had found Ali a burden, so Ali took up his weapons and caught up with the Prophet at al-Jurf. The Prophet told him he had left him behind for what he had left behind him, and asked: are you not content to be to me as Aaron was to Moses, except that there is no prophet after me? Ali returned to Medina.
Event
The Bedouin excuse-makers
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHBedouin came making excuses to the Prophet, and God did not excuse them, according to Ibn Ishaq; they were reported to him as a group of Banu Ghifar.
Event
Four believers lag behind without doubt
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHIbn Ishaq records that a number of Muslims whose resolve lagged stayed behind the Prophet without doubt or suspicion, naming among them Ka'b ibn Malik, Murara ibn al-Rabi', Hilal ibn Umayya and Abu Khaythama, and describing them as truthful men whose Islam was not to be questioned.
Event
The fifty-night boycott of the three
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHAfter his return the Prophet forbade the Muslims to speak to Ka'b, Murara and Hilal; people shunned them and their world changed for fifty nights. Two of them kept to their houses, while Ka'b went out to prayer and the markets and no one spoke to him.
Event
The burial of Dhu al-Bijadayn at Tabuk
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHIbn Ishaq relates from Muhammad ibn Ibrahim ibn al-Harith al-Taymi that Abdullah ibn Mas'ud told how he rose in the depth of night on the Tabuk campaign and saw a fire-brand at the edge of the camp: the Prophet, Abu Bakr and Umar were burying Abdullah Dhu al-Bijadayn al-Muzani, who had died; the Prophet was in the grave receiving the body, saying: bring your brother close to me. He then prayed for him, and Ibn Mas'ud said: would that I had been the man of that grave.
Event
Burning of Suwaylim's house
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHIbn Hisham reports from 'a trusted source' that the Prophet was told that some of the 'hypocrites' were gathering in the house of Suwaylim the Jew at Jasum, discouraging people from him on the Tabuk campaign, so he sent Talha ibn Ubaydullah with a party and ordered him to burn the house down on them; he did so, and al-Dahhak ibn Khalifa rushed out of the back of the house and broke his leg while his companions escaped.
Event
The army camps at al-Hijr and the Prophet bans its water
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHOn the road to Tabuk the Prophet stopped at al-Hijr, and the people drew water from its well. After they had rested he forbade them to drink its water, perform ablutions from it or eat dough kneaded with it, and ordered that no one go out at night without a companion; two men of Banu Sa'ida disobeyed — one was strangled and the wind carried the other to the mountains of Tayy.
Event
The death of Abu Dharr at al-Rabadha
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHIbn Ishaq relates, through Burayda ibn Sufyan al-Aslami from Muhammad ibn Ka'b al-Qurazi from Abdullah ibn Mas'ud, that when Uthman exiled Abu Dharr to al-Rabadha and his death came there, he had with him only his wife and his servant. He charged them to wash and shroud him and lay him on the road; Ibn Mas'ud passed in a party of Iraqis and helped bury him, and recalled what the Prophet had said to Abu Dharr on the march to Tabuk.
Event
The demolition of Masjid al-Dirar
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHWhen the Prophet stopped at Dhi Awan on his return from Tabuk, news of the mosque reached him; he summoned Malik ibn al-Dukhshum and Ma'n ibn Adi (or his brother Asim) and ordered them to demolish and burn it. They did so, its people dispersed, and Qur'an was revealed about them, according to Ibn Ishaq.
Event
The expedition to Tabuk
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHThe Prophet led a large expedition north toward the Byzantine frontier as far as Tabuk; no battle took place.
Event
The letter of the king of Ghassan to Ka'b ibn Malik
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHWhile Ka'b was walking in the market during the boycott, a Nabataean from the Nabataeans of al-Sham who had brought food asked after him and handed him a letter from the king of Ghassan, wrapped in a scrap of silk, inviting him to join him; Ka'b thrust it into a lit oven.
Event
Some say: do not march in the heat
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHSome of the 'hypocrites', in Ibn Ishaq's account, said to one another: do not march out in the heat — in disdain for the campaign, doubt of the truth and to demoralise the Prophet's side; he says two verses of Sura al-Tawba were revealed about them.
Event
A group of hypocrites mock the army, then excuse themselves
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHA party of the 'hypocrites', among them Wadi'a ibn Thabit and Makhshan ibn Humayr al-Ashja'i, were riding toward the Prophet as he set out for Tabuk and said that fighting the Banu al-Asfar was not like fighting the Arabs and that they would be tied up in ropes tomorrow. The Prophet sent Ammar ibn Yasir to question them; they excused themselves that they had only been jesting and playing, and God revealed a verse of Sura al-Tawba about them.
Event
Ibn Ubayy's separate camp and his staying behind
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHAbdullah ibn Ubayy pitched his own camp below the Prophet's camp toward Dhubab — as they claim, no smaller than the Prophet's own. When the Prophet marched on, Ibn Ubayy stayed behind with those of the 'hypocrites and doubters' who stayed.
Event
Ka'b and Abu Qatada at the garden wall
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHDuring the boycott Ka'b climbed the wall of his cousin Abu Qatada's garden and greeted him; he did not answer. Ka'b adjured him three times: did he know that Ka'b loved God and His Messenger? On the third Abu Qatada said: God and His Messenger know best — and Ka'b's eyes welled up.
Event
Ka'b ibn Malik puts off his preparations for Tabuk
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHKa'b related that he had never stayed behind from any campaign except Badr, and that he was never stronger or better provided than when he stayed behind from Tabuk: he kept putting off his preparations day after day until the army left without him. When the Prophet asked about him at Tabuk, Mu'adh ibn Jabal spoke in his defence.
Event
Ka'b offers his wealth and vows to speak only the truth
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHKa'b told the Prophet that part of his repentance was to give up his wealth in charity; the Prophet said: keep some of your wealth, it is better for you, so Ka'b kept his share of Khaybar and vowed to speak nothing but the truth as long as he lived, counting his truthfulness to the Prophet the greatest blessing after Islam.
Event
Ka'b tells the Prophet the truth
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHWhen news of the Prophet's return from Tabuk reached Ka'b he resolved on honesty. When he greeted the Prophet in the mosque and was asked why he had stayed behind, he admitted he had no excuse; the Prophet said: you have told the truth — rise until God decides your case. Men of Banu Salima followed him out, blaming him.
Event
Khalid's mission to Ukaydir of Dumat al-Jandal
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHThe Prophet summoned Khalid ibn al-Walid and sent him to Ukaydir ibn Abd al-Malik al-Kindi, the Christian king of Duma, telling him he would find him hunting wild cows. Khalid set out, and on a moonlit night Ukaydir came out when the cows rubbed their horns against his palace gate; the Prophet's cavalry met him, captured him and killed his brother Hassan. Khalid took his brocade gown laced with gold and sent it to the Prophet.
Event
The builders of the mosque ask the Prophet to pray in it
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHShortly before marching to Tabuk, the people of the mosque they had built came to the Prophet saying they had built it for the sick and needy and for rainy and wintry nights, and asked him to pray in it for them; he put them off until his return.
Event
The order that the three keep apart from their wives
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHWhen forty nights had passed, the Prophet's messenger came to Ka'b ordering him to stay apart from his wife and not approach her, and the same was sent to his two companions. Ka'b sent his wife to her family, while Hilal ibn Umayya's wife was allowed to serve him without him approaching her.
Event
The Prophet's prayer places between Medina and Tabuk
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHIbn Ishaq names seventeen places where the Prophet had known, named mosques between Medina and Tabuk — the first a mosque at Tabuk and the last a mosque at Dhi Khushub.
Event
The Prophet's return and the excuses of those who stayed behind
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHThe Prophet reached Medina in the morning, began at the mosque where he prayed two rak'as and sat for the people. Those who had stayed behind came swearing oaths and making excuses — eighty-odd men by Ka'b ibn Malik's count; he accepted their outward professions and oaths, asked forgiveness for them, and left their inner thoughts to God.
Event
Rain falls after the Prophet's prayer at al-Hijr
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHThe people woke with no water and complained to the Prophet; he prayed, and God sent a cloud that rained until they were quenched and carried away what they needed. In Mahmud ibn Labid's account, a man known for hypocrisy said on seeing it: a passing cloud.
Event
The acceptance of the repentance of the three
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHAt dawn on the fiftieth night Ka'b heard a caller on Mount Sal' bringing him good news and fell prostrate. After the dawn prayer the Prophet announced God's acceptance of their repentance and people congratulated them; Talha ibn Ubaydullah rose to Ka'b and congratulated him, and the Prophet told him this was the best day that had come upon him since his mother bore him.
Event
The Prophet leaves Medina and appoints a deputy
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHThe Prophet pitched his camp at Thaniyyat al-Wada'. Ibn Hisham says he put Muhammad ibn Maslama al-Ansari in charge of Medina, and he reports from al-Darawardi from his father that he appointed Siba' ibn Urfuta.
Event
The Prophet orders the people to prepare to fight the Byzantines
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHIbn Ishaq says the Prophet stayed in Medina from Dhu al-Hijja to Rajab, then ordered the people to prepare for the campaign against the Byzantines — in a time of hardship, fierce heat and drought, when the fruit had ripened. He rarely went on a campaign without concealing its destination, but for Tabuk he declared it plainly because the distance was far, the time harsh and the enemy many.
Event
The stay at Tabuk and the return to Medina
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHThe Prophet stayed at Tabuk a few nights, no more than a dozen, then turned back toward Medina.
Event
The Prophet's she-camel strays and Zayd ibn al-Lusayt's remark
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHThe Prophet's she-camel strayed on the road and his Companions went out searching for her. With him was Umara ibn Hazm, and in his litter rode Zayd ibn al-Lusayt al-Qaynuqa'i, a hypocrite in Ibn Ishaq's account, who said mockingly: does Muhammad bring news of the heavens yet not know where his camel is? The Prophet announced what he had said and where the camel was; it was found where he described, and Umara drove Zayd from his litter.
Event
The three who were left behind after Tabuk
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHAfter the Prophet returned to Medina he forbade speech with three Muslims who had stayed behind from Tabuk 'without doubt and without hypocrisy' in Ibn Ishaq's words — Ka'b ibn Malik, Murara ibn al-Rabi' and Hilal ibn Umayya. People withdrew from them for fifty nights until their repentance was announced after the dawn prayer.
Event
The Weepers: seven who asked to be carried
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHSeven men of the Ansar and of Banu Amr ibn Awf, called the Weepers, needy men, came to the Prophet begging for mounts; he said: I find nothing to carry you on — and they turned away, their eyes overflowing with tears that they had nothing to spend. Ibn Yamin ibn Umayr al-Nadri gave one of them a camel and dates.
Event
The treaty with Yuhanna ibn Ru'ba, lord of Ayla
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHWhen the Prophet reached Tabuk, Yuhanna ibn Ru'ba, the master of Ayla, came to him, made peace and paid the jizya; the people of Jarba and Adhruh also came and paid it, and he wrote them a document they still hold. For Yuhanna and the people of Ayla he wrote a letter of safe-conduct whose text Ibn Ishaq preserves.
Event
The treaty with Ukaydir
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHKhalid brought Ukaydir to the Prophet, who spared his blood, made peace with him on payment of the jizya, and released him; he returned to his village.
Event
Uthman funds the army of hardship
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHThe Prophet urged the wealthy to spend and provide mounts in God's path, and men among them did. Uthman ibn Affan spent a vast sum such as no one else spent, in Ibn Ishaq's account; Ibn Hisham adds, from 'one who is trusted', that it was a thousand dinars and that the Prophet said: God, be pleased with Uthman, for I am pleased with him.
Event
The water of Wadi al-Mushaqqaq
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHOn the road was a trickle of water in a valley called Wadi al-Mushaqqaq, enough only for a rider or two. The Prophet forbade anyone to reach it before him; some of the 'hypocrites' went ahead and drew what was in it, and he cursed them and prayed against them. He then placed his hand beneath the trickle, the water gushed forth, and the people drank.
Event
The hypocrites' ambush at the pass on the return from Tabuk
c. January 631 CE · Ramadan 9 AHOn the return from Tabuk, twelve hypocrites — faces veiled — attempted to frighten the Prophet's camel at a steep pass; Ammar was holding its halter and Hudhayfa driving it, and Hudhayfa struck the ambushers' mounts with his staff until God terrified them into flight; the Prophet told Hudhayfa their names and their plot, whence Hudhayfa was called 'keeper of the Prophet's secret'.
Event
The pilgrimage led by Abu Bakr
March 631 CE · Dhu al-Hijja 9 AHThe Prophet sent Abu Bakr to lead the pilgrimage of the ninth year after the Hijra, the first led by the Muslims after the conquest of Mecca.
Event
The proclamation of Bara'a at Mina
March 631 CE · Dhu al-Hijja 9 AHOn the Day of Sacrifice in 9 AH Ali ibn Abi Talib, sent after Abu Bakr by the Prophet, proclaimed the opening of Surat Bara'a (al-Tawba) at the Jamrah: treaties with the polytheists were dissolved with a four-month respite, and after that year no polytheist would perform the pilgrimage nor would anyone circle the House naked.
Event
Death of Ibrahim
c. 27 January 632 CE · c. 28 Shawwal 10 AHIbrahim, the Prophet's son by Maria the Copt, died an infant in Medina on 28 or 29 Shawwal 10 AH (January 632 CE); the Prophet wept and said: the eye weeps and the heart grieves, and we say only what pleases our Lord.
Event
The Farewell Pilgrimage
March 632 CE · Dhu al-Hijja 10 AHThe only pilgrimage the Prophet led, during which he gave the sermon known as the Farewell Sermon.
Event
Ghadir Khumm
March 632 CE · Dhu al-Hijja 10 AHA halt at the pool of Khumm on the return from the Farewell Pilgrimage, at which the Prophet spoke about Ali.
Event
The Farewell Sermon at Arafat
March 632 CE · 9 Dhu al-Hijja 10 AHOn the Day of Arafa, 9 Dhu al-Hijja 10 AH, the Prophet stood at the foot of the valley before more than a hundred thousand pilgrims and delivered the comprehensive sermon: sanctity of blood and property, abolition of pagan blood-feuds and usury beginning with his own house, counsel on women, the pledge of the Book of God, and the testimony 'have I conveyed?'
Event
The sermon of the Day of Sacrifice at Mina
March 632 CE · 10 Dhu al-Hijja 10 AHOn 10 Dhu al-Hijja the Prophet preached at Mina mounted on a grey mule while Ali relayed his words: time has come full circle as on the day of creation; the sacred months are four; blood, property and honour are inviolable; and let the witness inform the absent.
Event
The expedition of Usama ibn Zayd
c. April 632 CE · Safar 11 AHIn Safar 11 AH the Prophet equipped a great army under the young Usama ibn Zayd to strike the Byzantine marches of al-Balqa' and al-Darum in Palestine — answering the empire's killing of Muslim converts; the troops camped at al-Jurf until the Prophet's illness delayed them, and the campaign was carried out under Abu Bakr.
Event
The farewell prayer over the martyrs of Uhud
c. April 632 CE · Safar 11 AHIn early Safar 11 AH the Prophet went out to Uhud and prayed over the martyrs 'as one bidding farewell to the living and the dead', then said from the minbar that he was their forerunner, that he could see his Basin, and that he feared not polytheism for them but rivalry over the world.
Event
The burial of the Prophet
June 632 CE · Rabi' I 11 AHThe Prophet was buried in the room of Aisha, beside the mosque in Medina; the place later became part of the Prophet's Mosque.
Event
The meeting at Saqifa
June 632 CE · Rabi' I 11 AHAfter the Prophet's death, leaders of the Ansar and Muhajirun met in the hall of the Banu Sa'ida and chose Abu Bakr as leader of the community.
Polity
Rashidun Caliphate
June 632 CE · Rabi' I 11 AH†A caliphate established in 632 CE and ended in 661 CE; its capital was Kufa, then Medina.
Event
Abu Bakr leads the prayers during the final illness
c. 26 May 632 CE · 8 Rabi' I 11 AHWhen the illness grew too heavy for the Prophet to come out, he sent word that Abu Bakr should lead the people; Abu Bakr led seventeen prayers, the Prophet once joined him sitting at his left, and Sunni tradition reads the appointment as a sign of Abu Bakr's standing.
Event
The death of the Prophet
8 June 632 CE · 12 Rabi' I 11 AHThe Prophet Muhammad died in Medina after a short illness, and was buried in the house of Aisha.
Period
The Rashidun Caliphate
632 CE · 11 AHThe rule of the first four caliphs after the Prophet, Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman and Ali, when the community expanded from Arabia into the Levant, Iraq, Egypt and Iran.
Event
Umar dismisses al-Nu'man ibn Adi from Maysan
0634/0644Ibn Ishaq relates that Umar ibn al-Khattab appointed al-Nu'man ibn Adi over Maysan in the Basra region, then dismissed him when verses attributed to him reached Umar. Al-Nu'man excused himself that he was a poet saying what poets say, and Umar answered that he would never employ him again as long as he lived.
Polity
Umayyad Caliphate
661 CE · 41 AH†A caliphate established in 661 CE and ended in 750 CE; its capital was Damascus.
Period
The Umayyad Period
661 CE · 41 AHThe caliphate ruled from Damascus by the Umayyad dynasty, from the end of the first civil war to the Abbasid revolution.
Polity
Abbasid Caliphate
750 CE · 132 AH†A caliphate established in 750 CE and ended in 1258 CE; its capital was Baghdad, then Cairo.
Period
The Early Abbasid Caliphate
750 CE · 132 AHThe first century of Abbasid rule from Baghdad, when translation, scholarship, trade and the arts flourished.
Work
The Sira of Ibn Ishaq in Ibn Hisham's recension
The earliest surviving continuous biography of the Prophet; composed by Muhammad ibn Ishaq (d. 151 AH) and abridged/recast by Abd al-Malik ibn Hisham (d. 213 or 218 AH) — the text known as Ibn Hisham's Sira.
Polity
Samanid dynasty
819 CE · 203 AH†A ruling dynasty established in 819 CE and ended in 999 CE.
Polity
Emirate of Sicily
827 CE · 212 AH†An emirate established in 827 CE and ended in 1091 CE.
Period
Abbasid Fragmentation
c. 861 CE · c. 247 AH†The decades when regional dynasties such as the Tulunids, Samanids and Saffarids won real autonomy while Abbasid caliphs in Baghdad lost control of the army and provinces.
Polity
Fatimid Caliphate
909 CE · 296 AH†A caliphate established in 909 CE and ended in 1171 CE; its capital was Cairo.
Period
The Buyid, Fatimid and Seljuk Era
945 CE · 334 AHThe centuries when the Abbasid caliph was a symbolic centre while Buyids, Fatimids, Seljuks and others held power, and when Ibn Sina, al-Biruni and al-Ghazali worked.
Polity
Ghaznavid Empire
962 CE · 351 AH†An empire established in 962 CE and ended in 1187 CE.
Polity
Seljuk Empire
1037 CE · 428 AH†An empire established in 1037 CE and ended in 1194 CE; its capital was Nishapur.
Polity
Khwarazmian Empire
1077 CE · 469 AH†An empire established in 1077 CE and ended in 1231 CE.
Period
The Crusades, Ayyubids and Mamluks
1095 CE · 488 AH†The age of the Crusader states, Saladin's Ayyubids and the Mamluk sultanate in Egypt and Syria, ending with the Ottoman conquest.
Polity
Almohad Caliphate
1121 CE · 515 AH†A caliphate established in 1121 CE and ended in 1269 CE.
Polity
Zengid dynasty
1127 CE · 521 AH†A ruling dynasty established in 1127 CE and ended in 1250 CE; its capital was Damascus.
Polity
Ayyubid dynasty
1171 CE · 566 AH†A ruling dynasty established in 1171 CE and ended in 1341 CE; its capital was Cairo.
Polity
Delhi Sultanate
1206 CE · 602 AH†A sultanate established in 1206 CE and ended in 1526 CE; its capital was Delhi.
Polity
Marinid dynasty
1215 CE · 612 AH†A ruling dynasty established in 1215 CE and ended in 1465 CE.
Period
The Mongol and Post-Mongol Era
1219 CE · 616 AH†The Mongol conquests, the sack of Baghdad in 1258, the Ilkhanate and Timurids, and the Persianate courts that followed.
Polity
Hafsid dynasty
1229 CE · 626 AH†A ruling dynasty established in 1229 CE and ended in 1574 CE.
Polity
Rasulid dynasty
1229 CE · 626 AH†A ruling dynasty established in 1229 CE and ended in 1454 CE.
Polity
Emirate of Granada
1238 CE · 635 AH†An emirate established in 1238 CE and ended in 1492 CE; its capital was Granada.
Polity
Ilkhanate
1256 CE · 654 AH†A state established in 1256 CE and ended in 1335 CE.
Polity
Ottoman Empire
29 July 1299 CE · 28 Shawwal 698 AH†An empire established in 1299 CE and ended in 1922 CE; its capital was Constantinople.
Polity
Bahmani Sultanate
1347 CE · 748 AH†A sultanate established in 1347 CE and ended in 1527 CE.
Polity
Timurid Empire
1370 CE · 771 AH†An empire established in 1370 CE and ended in 1507 CE.
Polity
Safavid Iran
1501 CE · 906 AH†An empire established in 1501 CE and ended in 1736 CE.
Period
The Gunpowder Empires
c. 1500 CE · c. 905 AH†The age of the Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal empires, three large and long-lived states with powerful courts, armies and arts.
Polity
Saadi dynasty
1549 CE · 956 AH†A ruling dynasty established in 1549 CE and ended in 1659 CE.
Polity
Qajar Iran
1789 CE · 1203 AH†A state established in 1789 CE and ended in 1925 CE.
Period
The Colonial Era
1798 CE · 1213 AH†The period when European powers conquered, ruled or dominated most Muslim-majority lands, and when reform and independence movements arose.
Polity
Sokoto Caliphate
1804 CE · 1219 AH†A caliphate established in 1804 CE and ended in 1903 CE.
Period
The Modern Era
1924 CE · 1342 AH†The years after the abolition of the Ottoman caliphate in 1924, with new nation-states, mass education, oil economies and competing political ideas.
Period
The Contemporary Era
1979 CE · 1399 AH†From 1979 to today: the Islamic revival, globalised media, large diaspora communities, new technologies and new debates.
Building
Masjid al-Dirar
A mosque near Medina built by twelve men named by Ibn Ishaq; they asked the Prophet, then preparing for Tabuk, to pray in it, and he put them off until his return. On his way back he stopped at Dhi Awan and ordered it demolished and burned, and Qur'an was revealed about them. It is also called Masjid al-Shiqaq.
Dataset
Roster of the Abyssinian emigrants according to Ibn Ishaq
A roster of the emigrants to Abyssinia with their clans and fates as Ibn Ishaq enumerates them in Ibn Hisham's recension (part 4, pp. 3–11): those carried on the two ships (sixteen men), the rest of the emigrants (thirty-four men), the women emigrants (sixteen), and those born in Abyssinia (five men and five women).
Dataset
The builders of Masjid al-Dirar
The list of twelve men whom Ibn Ishaq names as the builders of Masjid al-Dirar, each with his lineage as transmitted (part 4, p. 174).
Dataset
Contingents and banners of the Conquest of Mecca army
Tribal contingents and fighter numbers in the army of the Conquest of Mecca (10,000 men), extracted from Ibn Hisham's Sira (juz' 4 pp. 42, 63).
Dataset
Martyrs of Hunayn and Awtas
Roster of Muslim martyrs at the Battle of Hunayn and the expedition of Awtas (Shawwal 8 AH) with their lineages and circumstances of death, extracted from Ibn Hisham's Sira (juz' 4 pp. 97–101).
Dataset
Grants to al-Mu'allafa Qulubuhum at al-Ji'rana
Roster of grant amounts and gifts distributed by the Prophet at al-Ji'rana (Shawwal 8 AH) to the chieftains of Quraysh and Najdi tribal leaders to reconcile their hearts, extracted from Ibn Hisham's Sira (juz' 4 pp. 135–138).
Dataset
Figures of the Prophetic-era battles
Army strengths, dead and prisoners per Prophetic-era battle, extracted from al-Raheeq al-Makhtum with its classical citations.
Dataset
The Prophet's prayer places between Medina and Tabuk
The seventeen places where, according to Ibn Ishaq, the Prophet had known named mosques between Medina and Tabuk (part 4, pp. 174–175).
Dataset
Participants and absentees of the Tabuk expedition
A table of those Ibn Ishaq names in the Tabuk expedition, by category: the weepers, those who stayed behind without doubt, the excused, the hypocrites who stayed behind, those appointed over Medina, the spenders, those who caught up, and those who died or made peace (part 4, pp. 159–173).
Dataset
Martyrs of the Siege of Ta'if
Roster of Muslim martyrs who fell during the siege of the fortress of Ta'if (Shawwal 8 AH) with their lineages and clans, extracted from Ibn Hisham's Sira (juz' 4 pp. 128–129).
Dataset
Stages of the story of the three left behind
The stages of the story of Ka'b, Murara and Hilal as Ka'b's account in Ibn Ishaq relates them, from the prohibition on speaking to them to the announcement of their repentance (part 4, pp. 175–181).
Exhibit
The Two Emigrations to Abyssinia
A short lesson on the first departure from Mecca: why they went to Abyssinia, who sheltered them, what happened there and how they returned, with the differing accounts of their return.
Exhibit
From Opposition to Islam: Those Who Changed Sides
A trail through twelve places in the stories of those who opposed the call in Mecca and then entered Islam, from Umar to the Muslims of the conquest, and then the category of 'those whose hearts were to be reconciled'.
Exhibit
Islam in Thirty Minutes
An introductory trail for those who have not known Islam before: the meanings of Islam, iman and ihsan, the five pillars and how they are performed, then who the Prophet is, how the message began and where the Hijri calendar starts.
Exhibit
The Meccan Period: From the Cave to the Hijra
A chronological trail through the years of the call in Mecca, from the descent of the revelation in the cave of Hira to the Hijra, in twelve events ordered as they unfolded.
Journey
The Medina army's march to Badr
The Muslim army's route from Medina to Badr in Ramadan 2 AH: out of Medina's pass to Bir al-Rawha, off the Mecca road at al-Naziya to Rahqan and the Safra pass, then Dhi Afran, al-Asafir and al-Dabba, to the wells of Badr.
Journey
The march of the Conquest of Mecca
The march of the ten-thousand-strong army of the Conquest from Medina to Mecca in Ramadan 8 AH (January 630 CE): departing Medina on 10 Ramadan, breaking fast at al-Kudayd, encamping with 10,000 fires at Marr al-Zahran, halting at Dhu Tuwa to divide columns, and entering Mecca.
Journey
The emigrants' return from Abyssinia to Khaybar
The emigrants' voyage from Abyssinia to the Prophet at Khaybar in the two ships the Negus provided, with Amr ibn Umayya al-Damri, after al-Hudaybiyya. Ibn Ishaq names neither the port nor the route, and says they arrived while the Prophet was at Khaybar.
Journey
The march to Tabuk and back
The Prophet's march from Medina to Tabuk in Rajab of year nine and his return, by the halting-places Ibn Ishaq names: Thaniyyat al-Wada' where he camped, al-Jurf where Ali caught up, al-Hijr, and Tabuk where he stayed some ten nights, and Wadi al-Mushaqqaq on the way back. Ibn Ishaq does not order every stop; the return section (Dhi Awan) was completed in a later batch.
Place
al-Shaykhan
A location between Medina and Mount Uhud where the Prophet reviewed his army before the battle.
Place
Archers' Hill
A hill southeast of the Muslim camp at Uhud, where the Prophet stationed fifty archers to prevent the Meccan cavalry from flanking them.
Polity
The Aksumite Kingdom (Abyssinia)
The Ethiopian power across the Red Sea which twice occupied Yemen — first 340–378 exploiting Himyarite rivalries, then in 525 under Aryat with Roman ships, in revenge for Dhu Nuwas’s trenches of fire — and whose commander Abraha led the elephant campaign on Mecca.
Polity
The Byzantine Empire
The Roman power that ruled Egypt and Syria, controlled the sea trade routes that strangled Yemen’s caravan economy, set up client kings among the Arabs of al-Sham, and armed Abyssinia’s fleet for the second occupation of Yemen.
Polity
The Nabataean Kingdom
The strong north-Hijazi kingdom of the sons of Nabit ibn Ismail in the traditional account, capital at Petra, which dominated the peninsula’s fringes until Rome broke it.
Polity
The Sasanian Empire
The Persian power rebuilt by Ardashir from 226 CE: it ruled Iraq and the Gulf, kept the Lakhmid kings of al-Hira as frontier wardens, and absorbed Yemen as a province after expelling the Abyssinians until Badhan’s conversion.

The Settlement of Hajar and Ismail at Mecca

The Raising of the Kaaba’s Foundations

The Command to Sacrifice Ismail

The Kingdom of Saba (Sheba)

The Himyarite Kingdom

The Expulsion of Jurhum from Mecca

The Ghassanid Kingdom

The Lakhmid Kingdom of al-Hira

Qusayy ibn Kilab Takes Mecca

The Flood of al-Arim (the Bursting of Maʾrib Dam)

Pre-Islamic Arabia

The Massacre of Najran (Ashab al-Ukhdud)

The Second Abyssinian Occupation of Yemen

Muhammad

The Year of the Elephant and the Prophet's birth

The opening of the breast

Liberation and Persian Rule of Yemen

The death of Amina at al-Abwa

The monk Bahira at Busra

The Fijar war

Hilf al-Fudul (the pact of the virtuous)

The Prophet's marriage to Khadija

The Battle of Dhu Qar

The rebuilding of the Kaaba

The three years of the secret call

The pause of revelation (Fatra)

The Prophetic Era

The first revelation

The call to the nearest kin

The persecution of the vulnerable Muslims

The proclamation on al-Safa

al-Walid's council on how to brand the Prophet

The first migration to Abyssinia

The prostration at surat al-Najm

The boycott of the Banu Hashim

Hamza accepts Islam

The second migration to Abyssinia

Utba ibn Rabi'a's offer to the Prophet

Umar accepts Islam

Abu Talib gathers Banu Hashim and Banu al-Muttalib

Last Quraysh delegation to Abu Talib

The Prophet's marriage to Sawda bint Zam'a

The Year of Sorrow

The Prophet's journey to al-Ta'if

First encounter with the six Ansar at al-Aqaba

The Isra and Mi'raj

The Pledges of Aqaba

The brotherhood of the Muhajirun and Ansar

The Constitution of Medina

The Hijra

The departure night of the Hijra

The plot at Dar al-Nadwa

The three nights in the cave of Thawr

The building of the Prophet's Mosque

The sojourn at Quba

The first Friday prayer

Expedition of Sayf al-Bahr

Expedition of Rabigh

Expedition of al-Kharrar

The prescription of the Ramadan fast

The marriage of Fatima and Ali

Expedition of al-Abwa (Waddan)

Expedition of Buwat

Expedition of Safwan (First Badr)

Expedition of Dhu al-Ushayra

Expedition of Nakhla

The change of the qibla

The Badr war council

The affair of the Badr prisoners

The Qulayb at Badr

The duel at Badr

The Battle of Badr

Conversion of Umayr ibn Wahb

Expedition of al-Kudr

Siege of Banu Qaynuqa

Expedition of al-Sawiq

Expedition of Dhu Amarr

The killing of Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf

Expedition of Buhran

Expedition of al-Qarada