People · Islam Museum

Concept
The emigrants to Abyssinia
Ibn Ishaq's term for the Companions who emigrated to Abyssinia; the sira groups them by how they returned: those carried to Khaybar on the two ships, those who arrived after Badr or later, and those who died in Abyssinia, then the women and those born there.
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Roster of the Abyssinian emigrants according to Ibn Ishaq
A roster of the emigrants to Abyssinia with their clans and fates as Ibn Ishaq enumerates them in Ibn Hisham's recension (part 4, pp. 3–11): those carried on the two ships (sixteen men), the rest of the emigrants (thirty-four men), the women emigrants (sixteen), and those born in Abyssinia (five men and five women).
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The builders of Masjid al-Dirar
The list of twelve men whom Ibn Ishaq names as the builders of Masjid al-Dirar, each with his lineage as transmitted (part 4, p. 174).
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Contingents and banners of the Conquest of Mecca army
Tribal contingents and fighter numbers in the army of the Conquest of Mecca (10,000 men), extracted from Ibn Hisham's Sira (juz' 4 pp. 42, 63).
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Martyrs of Hunayn and Awtas
Roster of Muslim martyrs at the Battle of Hunayn and the expedition of Awtas (Shawwal 8 AH) with their lineages and circumstances of death, extracted from Ibn Hisham's Sira (juz' 4 pp. 97–101).
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Grants to al-Mu'allafa Qulubuhum at al-Ji'rana
Roster of grant amounts and gifts distributed by the Prophet at al-Ji'rana (Shawwal 8 AH) to the chieftains of Quraysh and Najdi tribal leaders to reconcile their hearts, extracted from Ibn Hisham's Sira (juz' 4 pp. 135–138).
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The Prophet's prayer places between Medina and Tabuk
The seventeen places where, according to Ibn Ishaq, the Prophet had known named mosques between Medina and Tabuk (part 4, pp. 174–175).
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Participants and absentees of the Tabuk expedition
A table of those Ibn Ishaq names in the Tabuk expedition, by category: the weepers, those who stayed behind without doubt, the excused, the hypocrites who stayed behind, those appointed over Medina, the spenders, those who caught up, and those who died or made peace (part 4, pp. 159–173).
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Martyrs of the Siege of Ta'if
Roster of Muslim martyrs who fell during the siege of the fortress of Ta'if (Shawwal 8 AH) with their lineages and clans, extracted from Ibn Hisham's Sira (juz' 4 pp. 128–129).
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Stages of the story of the three left behind
The stages of the story of Ka'b, Murara and Hilal as Ka'b's account in Ibn Ishaq relates them, from the prohibition on speaking to them to the announcement of their repentance (part 4, pp. 175–181).
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Abu Bakr leads the prayers during the final illness
c. 26 May 632 CE · 8 Rabi' I 11 AHWhen the illness grew too heavy for the Prophet to come out, he sent word that Abu Bakr should lead the people; Abu Bakr led seventeen prayers, the Prophet once joined him sitting at his left, and Sunni tradition reads the appointment as a sign of Abu Bakr's standing.
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Abu Dharr lags behind and follows on foot
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHMan after man fell behind the Prophet on the march, and he would say: leave him; if there is good in him, God will bring him up to you. Then Abu Dharr was reported to have fallen behind, his camel slowing him, so he took his baggage on his back and set out on foot following the Prophet's tracks. When a watcher saw him the Prophet said: let it be Abu Dharr; and it was he. The Prophet prayed for him and said that he walks alone, dies alone and is raised alone.
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Abu Khaythama catches up with the Prophet
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHDays after the Prophet had marched, Abu Khaythama returned to his family on a hot day and found his two wives in two bowers they had prepared for him with cold water and food. He refused to enter, saying he would not sit in cool shade while the Prophet was out in the midday wind and heat; he took his provisions and his camel and went after the Prophet until he caught up with him at Tabuk.
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The conversion of Abu Quhafa
January 630 CE · Ramadan 8 AHAt Dhu Tuwa or upon the entry into Mecca, Abu Bakr led his aged, blind father Abu Quhafa to the Prophet to profess Islam; the Prophet remarked with tenderness that he should have gone to the old man instead, and instructed that his white hair be dyed.
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Abu Ruhm and the stragglers of Ghifar and Aslam
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHIbn Ishaq relates from al-Zuhri, from Ibn Ukayma al-Laythi, from the nephew of Abu Ruhm al-Ghifari that Abu Ruhm Kulthum ibn al-Husayn — one of those who pledged under the tree — campaigned to Tabuk. Riding near the Prophet at al-Akhdar his mount jostled the Prophet's, and the Prophet asked him about the Ghifar men who had stayed behind, then about a party of their Aslam allies, and said that the dearest of his people to him were those who did not stay behind: the Muhajirun of Quraysh, the Ansar, Ghifar and Aslam.
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The conversion of Abu Sufyan ibn Harb
January 630 CE · Ramadan 8 AHAt Marr al-Zahran on the eve of the Conquest, al-Abbas brought Abu Sufyan into the Muslim camp; after witnessing the ten thousand campfires and parading contingents, Abu Sufyan professed Islam, and the Prophet granted general sanctuary to whoever entered his house.
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Abu Sufyan's mission to Medina
629 CE · 8 AHFrightened by what had been done at al-Watir, Quraysh sent Abu Sufyan ibn Harb to Medina to stiffen the pact and extend its term. The Prophet gave him no answer; Abu Bakr and Umar declined to intercede; Ali advised him to grant protection himself, which he did and returned home empty-handed.
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Abu Talib gathers Banu Hashim and Banu al-Muttalib
c. 617 CEReading the escalating incidents — the deputations, the attempt to trade him for Amara ibn al-Walid, Abu Jahl's stone, Uqba's strangling attempt, Umar's unsheathed sword — Abu Talib sensed danger to his nephew and gathered Banu Hashim and Banu al-Muttalib to stand with him; all answered except Abu Lahab, who sided with the enemy.
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The Second Abyssinian Occupation of Yemen
525 CEIn 525, answering the Najran atrocity, the Roman emperors equipped an Abyssinian fleet which landed seventy thousand under Aryat; Aryat governed until his general Abraha killed him and ruled in his place — the Abraha of the elephant campaign against the Kaaba.
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The Prophet's address to the Ansar at al-Ji'rana
February 630 CE · Dhu al-Qa'da 8 AHWhen the Ansar received nothing of the lavish Hunayn grants and grumbled that 'the Prophet has rejoined his own people', Sa'd ibn Ubada conveyed their hurt and gathered them in an enclosure; the Prophet reminded them they had been astray and God guided them, destitute and God enriched them, enemies and God reconciled their hearts — then asked whether they were not content that people return with sheep and camels while they return to their homes with the Messenger of God; the Ansar wept until their beards were wet and declared themselves content with the Messenger of God as their share.
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The three years of the secret call
c. 610 CEThe first stage of the call to Islam — individual and secret for three years — in which the first band believed: Khadija, Ali, Zayd and Abu Bakr on the first day, then those whom Abu Bakr called, then a company Ibn Hisham numbers at over forty from every clan of Quraysh; during it prayer was first prescribed.
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al-Jadd ibn Qays asks leave to stay behind
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHAl-Jadd ibn Qays of Banu Salima asked the Prophet whether he had any part in fighting the Banu al-Asfar, meaning the Byzantines, and excused himself as a man too fond of women who feared temptation; the Prophet turned away from him and gave him leave. Ibn Ishaq says a verse of Sura al-Tawba was revealed about him, explaining that his falling into temptation by staying behind was greater than what he feared.
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Ali's expedition to destroy al-Fuls, the idol of Tayy'
March 631 CE · Rabi' I 9 AHIn Rabi' al-Awwal 9 AH the Prophet sent Ali ibn Abi Talib with one hundred and fifty men — a hundred camels and fifty horses, a black banner and a white standard — to demolish al-Fuls, the idol-temple of Tayy'; they raided Hatim's quarter at dawn, demolished it, and took captives among them Adi ibn Hatim's sister, whose appeal to the Prophet led to her release and to Adi's coming from Syria and accepting Islam.
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Ali is left in charge of the Prophet's family
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHThe Prophet left Ali in charge of his family and ordered him to stay with them. The hypocrites spread the rumour that he had found Ali a burden, so Ali took up his weapons and caught up with the Prophet at al-Jurf. The Prophet told him he had left him behind for what he had left behind him, and asked: are you not content to be to me as Aaron was to Moses, except that there is no prophet after me? Ali returned to Medina.
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The plot of Amir ibn al-Tufayl and Arbad ibn Qays
c. 631 CE · 9 AHWithin the Banu Amir delegation of 9 AH, Amir ibn al-Tufayl engaged the Prophet in talk while Arbad ibn Qays circled behind him and half-drew his sword; the tradition reports that God restrained his hand, and on their return Arbad was struck by lightning and Amir died of a throat swelling.
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The Mission of Abu Rafi' (Sallam ibn Abi al-Huqayq)
c. May 627 CE · Dhu al-Hijja 5 AHIn Dhu al-Hijja 5 AH, five Khazrajite Companions led by Abdullah ibn Atik infiltrated Khaybar by night and eliminated Sallam ibn Abi al-Huqayq (Abu Rafi'), a primary financier and organizer of the confederate army at the Trench.
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The Badr war council
Ramadan 2 AHThe consultative council the Prophet held at Dhi Afran after news of the Quraysh levy reached him, in which the Muslim commanders — and Sa'd ibn Mu'adh speaking for the Ansar — pledged to fight beyond the letter of the Aqaba pledge.
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The duel at Badr
13 March 624 CE · 17 Ramadan 2 AHThe opening single combat of Badr: Utba, Shayba and al-Walid of Quraysh against Ubayda, Hamza and Ali; all three Qurayshis fell, and Ubayda died of his wound days later.
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The affair of the Badr prisoners
Ramadan 2 AHThe aftermath decision over the seventy Badr captives: the consultation in which Abu Bakr advised ransom and Umar advised execution, the ransom terms (1000–4000 dirhams, or teaching ten boys to write), the executions of al-Nadr and Uqba, and the exegetical comments in 8:67-68 and 47:4.
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The Qulayb at Badr
Ramadan 2 AHAfter the battle the Quraysh dead were cast into a pit (the qulayb) at Badr, where the Prophet addressed them by name; when Umar asked how he spoke to the dead he answered that they heard him no less than the living.
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The monk Bahira at Busra
c. 583 CEWhen Abu Talib's trade caravan stopped at Busra in Syria, the monk Bahira (whose name the book gives as Jirjis) recognized the twelve-year-old Muhammad by 'the seal of prophethood' between his shoulders, and advised his uncle to take him home for fear of the Jews.
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The Battle of Badr
13 March 624 CE · 17 Ramadan 2 AHThe first major battle between the Muslims of Medina and the Quraysh of Mecca, fought at the wells of Badr on 17 Ramadan 2 AH.
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The Battle of Dhu Qar
c. 604 CEKhosrow’s marzabans and the governor Iyas ibn Qabisa marched to wrest al-Nuʾman’s deposited family and wealth from Hani ibn Masʾud; Banu Shayban met them at Dhu Qar and routed the Persians utterly — the first day the Arabs defeated the Persians, shortly after the Prophet’s birth.
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The Battle of Hunayn
c. 630 CE · Shawwal 8 AHA battle in a valley near Mecca against the tribes of Hawazin and Thaqif, shortly after the conquest of Mecca.
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The Conquest of Khaybar
c. May 628 CE · Muharram 7 AHIn Muharram 7 AH (May-June 628 CE), the Prophet marched with 1,400 companions of Hudaybiyya against the formidable Jewish oasis of Khaybar; following fierce assaults and the capture of eight major fortresses (including Na'im, al-Sa'b ibn Mu'adh, al-Zubayr, Ubayy, and al-Qamus), the Jewish leaders surrendered and agreed to cultivate the land for half of its produce.
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The Battle of Mu'tah
September 629 CE · Jumada I 8 AHA Muslim force of three thousand sent north toward the Byzantine frontier met a larger Byzantine-led army at Mu'tah in Jumada I, 8 AH; after its three appointed commanders fell one by one, Khalid ibn al-Walid took command and withdrew the survivors. Ibn Ishaq (via Urwa ibn al-Zubayr) records a tactical withdrawal; Ibn Hisham cites al-Zuhri that God granted them victory.
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The Battle of the Trench (al-Ahzab)
c. February 627 CE · Shawwal 5 AHIn Shawwal 5 AH (February-March 627 CE), a confederate army of 10,000 Meccans and Bedouin allies besieged Medina; upon Salman al-Farisi's advice the Muslims dug a protective trench on their northern boundary; the siege endured for nearly a month amidst cold, hunger, and the treachery of Banu Qurayza, until broken by Nu'aym ibn Mas'ud's stratagem and a violent night windstorm.
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The Battle of Uhud
March 625 CE · Shawwal 3 AHA battle near Mount Uhud in which the Quraysh gained the upper hand and Hamza, the Prophet's uncle, was killed.
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The Pledge of the Tree (Bay'at al-Ridwan)
c. March 628 CE · Dhu al-Qa'da 6 AHIn Dhu al-Qa'da 6 AH at al-Hudaybiyya, following rumors that Uthman ibn Affan had been murdered in Mecca, the Prophet summoned the 1,400 Companions to pledge under an acacia tree not to flee and to fight unto death; God revealed His pleasure with the pledge in Surat al-Fath.
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The Bedouin excuse-makers
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHBedouin came making excuses to the Prophet, and God did not excuse them, according to Ibn Ishaq; they were reported to him as a group of Banu Ghifar.
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Four believers lag behind without doubt
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHIbn Ishaq records that a number of Muslims whose resolve lagged stayed behind the Prophet without doubt or suspicion, naming among them Ka'b ibn Malik, Murara ibn al-Rabi', Hilal ibn Umayya and Abu Khaythama, and describing them as truthful men whose Islam was not to be questioned.
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The Withdrawal of Abdullah ibn Ubayy with a Third of the Army
March 625 CE · Shawwal 3 AHThe withdrawal of Abdullah ibn Ubayy with about a third of the army (some 300 men) on the march to Uhud; al-Raheeq al-Makhtum's author reads it as an attempt to sow confusion in the Muslim ranks.
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The boycott of the Banu Hashim
c. 616 CEA comprehensive political and economic boycott imposed by Quraysh against Banu Hashim and Banu al-Muttalib, confining them to Shib Abi Talib for three years until its repeal.
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The fifty-night boycott of the three
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHAfter his return the Prophet forbade the Muslims to speak to Ka'b, Murara and Hilal; people shunned them and their world changed for fifty nights. Two of them kept to their houses, while Ka'b went out to prayer and the markets and no one spoke to him.
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The brotherhood of the Muhajirun and Ansar
c. 622 CE · 1 AHThe Prophet paired emigrants from Mecca with helpers from Medina as brothers, sharing support in the first months after the Hijra.
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The Raising of the Kaaba’s Foundations
c. 1900 BCEOn the third recorded journey, Ibrahim finds Ismail sharpening arrows beneath a tree by Zamzam; together the aged father and the grown son raise the foundations of the House, and Ibrahim calls mankind to the pilgrimage as commanded.
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The burial of Dhu al-Bijadayn at Tabuk
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHIbn Ishaq relates from Muhammad ibn Ibrahim ibn al-Harith al-Taymi that Abdullah ibn Mas'ud told how he rose in the depth of night on the Tabuk campaign and saw a fire-brand at the edge of the camp: the Prophet, Abu Bakr and Umar were burying Abdullah Dhu al-Bijadayn al-Muzani, who had died; the Prophet was in the grave receiving the body, saying: bring your brother close to me. He then prayed for him, and Ibn Mas'ud said: would that I had been the man of that grave.
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The burial of the Prophet
June 632 CE · Rabi' I 11 AHThe Prophet was buried in the room of Aisha, beside the mosque in Medina; the place later became part of the Prophet's Mosque.
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Burning of Suwaylim's house
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHIbn Hisham reports from 'a trusted source' that the Prophet was told that some of the 'hypocrites' were gathering in the house of Suwaylim the Jew at Jasum, discouraging people from him on the Tabuk campaign, so he sent Talha ibn Ubaydullah with a party and ordered him to burn the house down on them; he did so, and al-Dahhak ibn Khalifa rushed out of the back of the house and broke his leg while his companions escaped.
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The army camps at al-Hijr and the Prophet bans its water
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHOn the road to Tabuk the Prophet stopped at al-Hijr, and the people drew water from its well. After they had rested he forbade them to drink its water, perform ablutions from it or eat dough kneaded with it, and ordered that no one go out at night without a companion; two men of Banu Sa'ida disobeyed — one was strangled and the wind carried the other to the mountains of Tayy.
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The change of the qibla
c. February 624 CE · Sha'ban 2 AHThe direction of prayer was changed from Jerusalem to the Kaaba in Mecca, about a year and a half after the Hijra.
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The Conquest of Mecca (Fath Makka)
c. 11 January 630 CE · 20 Ramadan 8 AHIn Ramadan 8 AH (January 630 CE), following Banu Bakr and Quraysh's breach of the Hudaybiyya peace at al-Watir, the Prophet mobilized 10,000 Muslims and entered Mecca in triumphant humility; dividing the army into four columns, the city was taken almost without resistance; the 360 idols around the Kaaba were shattered, and the Prophet announced a general amnesty to the populace: 'Go, for you are free'.
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The Constitution of Medina
c. 622 CE · 1 AHA document, preserved in early sources, regulating relations among the Muslims and the other communities of Medina.
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Conversion of Umayr ibn Wahb
c. April 624 CE · Shawwal 2 AHUmayr ibn Wahb and Safwan ibn Umayya plotted at the Kaaba to assassinate the Prophet in Medina; when Umayr arrived, the Prophet disclosed their secret pact, leading Umayr to embrace Islam.
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The Consultative Council for the Battle of Uhud
March 625 CE · Shawwal 3 AHA military council where the Prophet and his companions discussed the defense plan, debating between fortifying Medina or exiting to face the enemy.
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The call to the nearest kin
c. 613 CEAfter «وأنذر عشيرتك الأقربين» came down, the Prophet twice gathered Banu Hashim — about forty-five men with some of Banu al-Muttalib — declared himself God's messenger to them in particular and to people in general; Abu Lahab sabotaged the first gathering, and at the second Abu Talib pledged his protection while refusing to leave his fathers' religion.
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The death of Abdullah ibn Ubayy and the Prophet's prayer over him
c. 631 CE · 9 AHSoon after the return from Tabuk in 9 AH, Abdullah ibn Ubayy — chief of the hypocrites — died; the Prophet sought forgiveness for him and prayed over him despite Umar's attempt to dissuade him, and the revelation afterwards sided with Umar's objection, forbidding prayer over such people or standing at their graves.
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The death of Abu Dharr at al-Rabadha
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHIbn Ishaq relates, through Burayda ibn Sufyan al-Aslami from Muhammad ibn Ka'b al-Qurazi from Abdullah ibn Mas'ud, that when Uthman exiled Abu Dharr to al-Rabadha and his death came there, he had with him only his wife and his servant. He charged them to wash and shroud him and lay him on the road; Ibn Mas'ud passed in a party of Iraqis and helped bury him, and recalled what the Prophet had said to Abu Dharr on the march to Tabuk.
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The death of Amina at al-Abwa
c. 577 CEOn the way back from a month in Yathrib visiting the grave of her husband, Amina bint Wahb fell ill and died at al-Abwa between Mecca and Medina, leaving her six-year-old son an orphan a second time.
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Death of Ibrahim
c. 27 January 632 CE · c. 28 Shawwal 10 AHIbrahim, the Prophet's son by Maria the Copt, died an infant in Medina on 28 or 29 Shawwal 10 AH (January 632 CE); the Prophet wept and said: the eye weeps and the heart grieves, and we say only what pleases our Lord.
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The death of the Prophet
8 June 632 CE · 12 Rabi' I 11 AHThe Prophet Muhammad died in Medina after a short illness, and was buried in the house of Aisha.
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The death of Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad
c. 631 CE · 9 AHIn 9 AH Umm Kulthum, the Prophet's daughter and wife of Uthman ibn Affan, died; the Prophet grieved her deeply and told Uthman, 'Had I had a third daughter I would have given her to you in marriage' — whence Uthman was called Dhu al-Nurayn, the possessor of the two lights.
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The delegation of Abd al-Qays
c. 631 CE · 9 AHThe second delegation of Abd al-Qays came to Medina in the Year of Delegations, forty men among them al-Jarud ibn al-Ala, who had been a Christian; an earlier delegation of about fourteen had come in 5 AH led by al-Ashajj al-Asri.
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The delegation of Banu Hanifa
c. 631 CE · 9 AHSeventeen men of Banu Hanifa of al-Yamama, among them Musaylima, lodged with an Ansari household in Medina in 9 AH and declared Islam; the sources differ on Musaylima's own conduct, and on his return home he claimed a share in prophethood.
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The delegation and mission to Hamdan
c. 631 CE · 9 AHA delegation of Hamdan came in 9 AH after Tabuk; the Prophet appointed Malik ibn al-Namt over their Muslims and sent Khalid ibn al-Walid to invite the rest — after six unanswered months Ali ibn Abi Talib was sent instead, the whole tribe embraced Islam, and the Prophet prostrated at the news saying: peace upon Hamdan.
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The delegation of Najran
c. 631 CE · 9 AHSixty riders of Christian Najran came to Medina in 9 AH led by the Aqib, the Sayyid and Bishop Abu Haritha; when they declined Islam the Prophet offered the mutual invocation of God's curse (mubahala) with Fatima, al-Hasan and al-Husayn, they asked instead for terms, and a treaty granted them God's protection in exchange for two thousand garments a year.
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The delegation of Thaqif
c. December 630 CE · Ramadan 9 AHIn Ramadan 9 AH six men of Thaqif led by Abd Yalil ibn Amr came to Medina; after requesting exemptions the Prophet refused, they surrendered and accepted Islam, stipulating that the Prophet himself order the demolition of al-Lat, and he appointed the youngest of them, Uthman ibn Abi al-As, over them.
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The demolition of al-Lat
c. December 630 CE · Ramadan 9 AHFulfilling the Thaqif treaty's clause, the Prophet sent Khalid ibn al-Walid who demolished al-Lat at al-Ta'if; al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba struck its gate with the pickaxe after feigning a collapse that terrified the onlookers, and its ornaments and covering were divided the same day.
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The Demolition of al-Uzza and Major Idols
c. January 630 CE · Ramadan 8 AHIn Ramadan 8 AH immediately following the conquest of Mecca, the Prophet dispatched detachments to obliterate the major pagan sanctuaries of Arabia: Khalid ibn al-Walid destroyed al-Uzza at Nakhla, Amr ibn al-As demolished Suwa' of Hudhayl, and Sa'd ibn Zayd al-Ashhali destroyed Manat at al-Mushallal.
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The demolition of Masjid al-Dirar
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHWhen the Prophet stopped at Dhi Awan on his return from Tabuk, news of the mosque reached him; he summoned Malik ibn al-Dukhshum and Ma'n ibn Adi (or his brother Asim) and ordered them to demolish and burn it. They did so, its people dispersed, and Qur'an was revealed about them, according to Ibn Ishaq.
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The dispatch of the sadaqa collectors
January 631 CE · Muharram 9 AHWith the new moon of Muharram 9 AH the Prophet sent the musaddiqun — alms-tax collectors — to the tribes: Uyayna ibn Hisn to Banu Tamim, Yazid ibn al-Husayn to Aslam and Ghifar, Abbad ibn Bishr to Sulaym and Muzayna, Rafi' ibn Makith to Juhayna, Amr ibn al-As to Banu Fazara, al-Dahhak ibn Sufyan to Banu Kilab, Bashir ibn Sufyan to Banu Ka'b, Ibn al-Lutbiyya to Banu Dhubyan, al-Muhajir ibn Abi Umayya to San'a', Ziyad ibn Labid to Hadramawt, Adi ibn Hatim to Tayy' and Banu Asad, Malik ibn Nuwayra to Banu Hanzala, al-Zibriqan ibn Badr and Qays ibn Asim to parts of Banu Sa'd, al-Ala ibn al-Hadrami to Bahrayn, and Ali ibn Abi Talib to Najran for sadaqa and jizya alike.
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The distribution of Hunayn spoils at al-Ji'rana
February 630 CE · Dhu al-Qa'da 8 AHAt al-Ji'rana the Prophet divided the vast spoils of Hunayn (twenty-four thousand camels, forty thousand sheep, and four thousand silver awqiya); he warned against the misappropriation of spoils, and bestowed major grants upon Meccan notables and Najdi tribal chieftains to reconcile their hearts to Islam.
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The Negus carries the emigrants to the Prophet in two ships
c. 628 CE · c. 7 AHIbn Ishaq says: those of the Prophet's Companions who remained in Abyssinia stayed until the Prophet sent Amr ibn Umayya al-Damri to the Negus, who carried them in two ships and brought them to him at Khaybar after al-Hudaybiyya. The total who arrived in the two ships was sixteen men, and with them were carried wives of Muslims who had died there.
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Expedition of al-Abwa (Waddan)
c. August 623 CE · Safar 2 AHThe first expedition led personally by the Prophet in Safar 2 AH with 70 Muhajirun; established an alliance treaty with Amr ibn Makhshi of Banu Damra.
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Expedition of al-Kharrar
c. May 623 CE · Dhu al-Qa'da 1 AHAn expedition led by Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas with 20 Muhajirun in Dhu al-Qada 1 AH marching on foot by night towards al-Kharrar; found the caravan had passed the day before.
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Expedition of al-Kudr
c. April 624 CE · Shawwal 2 AHAn expedition of 200 Muslims led by the Prophet in Shawwal 2 AH to al-Kudr to disperse Banu Sulaym and Ghatafan gathering against Medina; the tribes scattered and Muslims captured 500 camels.
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Expedition of al-Qarada
c. November 624 CE · Jumada II 3 AHA successful raid in Jumada al-Akhirah 3 AH led by Zayd ibn Haritha with 100 riders to al-Qarada in Najd, intercepting a rich Quraysh caravan led by Safwan ibn Umayya valued at 100,000 dirhams.
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Expedition of al-Sawiq
c. May 624 CE · Dhu al-Hijja 2 AHAn expedition in Dhu al-Hijjah 2 AH pursuing Abu Sufyan who raided the outskirts of Medina with 200 riders; the Meccans dumped bags of roasted barley flour (sawiq) to lighten their load during flight.
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The Expedition of Badr al-Maw'ida
c. January 626 CE · Sha'ban 4 AHIn Sha'ban 4 AH (January 626 CE), the Prophet marched with 1,500 fighters to Badr to meet Abu Sufyan according to their Uhud rendezvous; Abu Sufyan departed with 2,000 Meccans but retreated from Majanna citing a drought year, leaving the Muslims in full mastery of the annual Badr fair for eight days.
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The Expedition of Banu al-Mustaliq (al-Muraysi')
c. December 627 CE · Sha'ban 6 AHIn Sha'ban 6 AH (December 627 CE), the Prophet led an expedition against Banu al-Mustaliq at the watering-place of al-Muraysi' after intelligence revealed their mobilization; following a brief exchange, their forces scattered, their camp was taken, and the Prophet married Juwayriyya bint al-Harith, prompting the Muslims to free a hundred families of her clan.
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The Siege and Expulsion of Banu al-Nadir
c. August 625 CE · Rabi' I 4 AHIn Rabi' I 4 AH (August 625 CE), following Banu al-Nadir's attempt to assassinate the Prophet by dropping a millstone and their conspiracy with the hypocrites, the Muslims besieged their fortresses for six nights until they surrendered and were exiled to Khaybar and Syria, leaving behind weapons and heavy armour.
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Expedition of Buhran
c. October 624 CE · Rabi' II 3 AHAn expedition led by the Prophet with 300 men in Rabi' al-Thani 3 AH to Buhran in the direction of al-Furu'; stayed through Jumada al-Ula without encounter.
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Expedition of Buwat
c. September 623 CE · Rabi' I 2 AHAn expedition led by the Prophet in Rabi' al-Awwal 2 AH with 200 companions to intercept a Quraysh caravan led by Umayya ibn Khalaf; reached Mount Buwat without encounter.
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The Expedition of Dhat al-Riqa'
c. July 628 CE · Rabi' I 7 AHIn the 7th year AH after Khaybar (debated timing), the Prophet led an expedition into Najd against gathering clans of Ghatafan; named from the rags the Muslims wrapped around their injured feet; here Salat al-Khawf (prayer of fear) was performed and the incident of Abbad ibn Bishr praying while struck by arrows occurred.
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The Expedition of Dhat al-Salasil
c. October 629 CE · Jumada II 8 AHIn Jumada II 8 AH (October 629 CE), following the Battle of Mu'tah, the Prophet dispatched Amr ibn al-As with 300 men (later reinforced by 200 led by Abu Ubayda) to Dhat al-Salasil on the borders of Syria to win over and neutralize the Quda'a and Bali tribes; Amr demonstrated tactical prudence, routed the gatherings, and established Muslim authority in the northern deserts.
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Expedition of Dhu al-Ushayra
c. November 623 CE · Jumada I 2 AHAn expedition led by the Prophet in Jumada al-Ula/al-Akhirah 2 AH with 150-200 Muhajirun to intercept a Quraysh caravan to Sham (the caravan pursued later at Badr); concluded a treaty with Banu Mudlij.
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Expedition of Dhu Amarr
c. July 624 CE · Muharram 3 AHAn expedition led by the Prophet with 450 men in Muharram 3 AH to disperse Banu Thalaba and Muharib at Dhu Amarr; the Bedouins fled to mountain tops without fighting.
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The Expedition of Dhu Qarad (Ghazwat al-Ghaba)
c. May 628 CE · Muharram 7 AHShortly before Khaybar in 7 AH, Uyayna ibn Hisn raided the Prophet's milch camels at al-Ghaba; Salama ibn al-Akwa' pursued them alone on foot with stones and arrows, holding off the raiders until the cavalry arrived, recovering the camels.
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The Expedition of Dumat al-Jandal
c. August 626 CE · Rabi' I 5 AHIn Rabi' I 5 AH (August 626 CE), the Prophet led a 1,000-strong expedition to Dumat al-Jandal on the borders of Syria to secure the trade routes against marauding tribes; the gathering dispersed, and the Muslims established security and concluded non-aggression terms with tribal chiefs.
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Expedition of Nakhla
c. January 624 CE · Rajab 2 AHA secretive expedition dispatched by the Prophet under Abdullah ibn Jahsh in Rajab 2 AH with 12 Muhajirun; intercepted a Quraysh caravan at Nakhla, resulting in the death of Amr ibn al-Hadrami and captives; resolved by Qur'an 2:217.
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Expedition of Rabigh
c. April 623 CE · Shawwal 1 AHAn expedition led by Ubayda ibn al-Harith in Shawwal 1 AH with 60 Muhajirun; witnessed the first arrow shot in Islam by Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas and the defection of al-Miqdad and Utba ibn Ghazwan to the Muslims.
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Expedition of Safwan (First Badr)
c. September 623 CE · Rabi' I 2 AHAn expedition led by the Prophet in Rabi' al-Awwal 2 AH in pursuit of Kurz ibn Jabir al-Fihri after he raided the pastures of Medina; chased him to the valley of Safwan near Badr.
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Expedition of Sayf al-Bahr
c. March 623 CE · Ramadan 1 AHThe first expedition dispatched by the Prophet, led by Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib with 30 Muhajirun in Ramadan 1 AH to intercept a Quraysh caravan; mediated by Majdi ibn Amr without clash.
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The expedition of Usama ibn Zayd
c. April 632 CE · Safar 11 AHIn Safar 11 AH the Prophet equipped a great army under the young Usama ibn Zayd to strike the Byzantine marches of al-Balqa' and al-Darum in Palestine — answering the empire's killing of Muslim converts; the troops camped at al-Jurf until the Prophet's illness delayed them, and the campaign was carried out under Abu Bakr.
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The expedition to Awtas
c. January 630 CE · Shawwal 8 AHA detachment sent by the Prophet under Abu Amir al-Ash'ari in pursuit of the routed Hawazin remnants encamped at Awtas; Abu Amir was struck by an arrow and martyred after routing nine enemy champions, whereupon Abu Musa al-Ash'ari took the banner and secured victory.
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The expedition to Tabuk
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHThe Prophet led a large expedition north toward the Byzantine frontier as far as Tabuk; no battle took place.
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The Expulsion of Jurhum from Mecca
c. 150 CEAfter some twenty centuries of Jurhumite rule over Mecca, their tyranny over pilgrims and appropriation of the Kaaba’s wealth turns the Adnani clans against them; Khuzaʾa, with Banu Bakr ibn Abd Manaf, expels them in the mid-second century CE — and the departing Jurhumites bury Zamzam and carry off the two golden gazelles and the Black Stone.
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The Farewell Pilgrimage
March 632 CE · Dhu al-Hijja 10 AHThe only pilgrimage the Prophet led, during which he gave the sermon known as the Farewell Sermon.
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The Farewell Sermon at Arafat
March 632 CE · 9 Dhu al-Hijja 10 AHOn the Day of Arafa, 9 Dhu al-Hijja 10 AH, the Prophet stood at the foot of the valley before more than a hundred thousand pilgrims and delivered the comprehensive sermon: sanctity of blood and property, abolition of pagan blood-feuds and usury beginning with his own house, counsel on women, the pledge of the Book of God, and the testimony 'have I conveyed?'
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The farewell prayer over the martyrs of Uhud
c. April 632 CE · Safar 11 AHIn early Safar 11 AH the Prophet went out to Uhud and prayed over the martyrs 'as one bidding farewell to the living and the dead', then said from the minbar that he was their forerunner, that he could see his Basin, and that he feared not polytheism for them but rivalry over the world.
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The prescription of the Ramadan fast
c. 624 CE · 2 AHThe fast of the month of Ramadan was prescribed for the Muslims of Medina in the second year after the Hijra.
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The cleansing of the Kaaba and destruction of idols
January 630 CE · Ramadan 8 AHUpon entering the sacred precinct, the Prophet circumambulated the Kaaba on his mount, toppled three hundred and sixty lead-fastened idols with his staff while reciting Qur'an 17:81, opened the sanctuary with Uthman ibn Talha's key, effaced the wall frescoes inside while reciting Qur'an 3:67, and had Bilal deliver the adhan from atop the roof.
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The proscribed persons on the day of the Conquest
January 630 CE · Ramadan 8 AHPrior to entering Mecca, the Prophet ordered the army to fight only those who offered armed resistance, except for a small named group of individuals accused of apostasy combined with murder, severe physical harm, or treasonous incitement, ordered slain even if found under the Kaaba's curtains. Several were executed, while others were granted protection and returned to Islam.
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The Prophet's sermon at the Kaaba and general amnesty
January 630 CE · Ramadan 8 AHStanding at the threshold of the Kaaba, the Prophet addressed the assembled people of Mecca, abolishing pre-Islamic blood feuds, reciting Qur'an 49:13 on human equality, returning the hereditary custodianship of the key to Uthman ibn Talha, and declaring a comprehensive general amnesty with the renowned words: 'Go, for you are the free ones' (al-Tulaqa').
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The pause of revelation (Fatra)
c. 610 CEThe pause in revelation after the first descent at Hira — days rather than years in the reading of Ibn Sa'd via Ibn Abbas that the book prefers — ending when Jibril appeared seated on a throne between heaven and earth and surat al-Muddaththir came down with the command to rise and warn.
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First encounter with the six Ansar at al-Aqaba
c. July 620 CEThe historic meeting at al-Aqaba during the pilgrimage season of the 11th year of prophethood (July 620 CE) between the Prophet and six notables from the Khazraj clan of Yathrib, who embraced Islam and carried its call to Medina.
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The first Friday prayer
24 September 622 CE · 12 Rabi' I 1 AHOn the Friday of his entry into Medina, prayer time overtook the Prophet among Banu Salim ibn Awf, and he led a congregation of a hundred men in the mosque in the valley bottom — counted in the sira as the first Jumu'a.
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The first migration to Abyssinia
c. 615 CEIn Rajab of the fifth year of prophethood, twelve men and four women — led by Uthman ibn Affan with the Prophet's daughter Ruqayya — slipped away by night to the port of Shu'ayba and sailed in two merchant ships to the kingdom of the Negus, 'a just king under whom no one is wronged'; most returned in Shawwal on the false report that Quraysh had converted.
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The first revelation
10 August 610 CE · 21 Ramadan 12 BHThe descent of Jibril upon the Prophet in the cave of Hira with the opening verses of surat al-Alaq — on the night of Monday 21 Ramadan in the book's preferred reckoning, corresponding to 10 August 610 CE, when the Prophet was forty lunar years, six months and twelve days old.
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The Flood of al-Arim (the Bursting of Maʾrib Dam)
c. 450 CEThe great breach of the Maʾrib dam around 450–451 CE which the Quran recalls as Sayl al-Arim; in the sira’s account it ruins Yemen’s settled life and sends the Qahtani tribes scattering across the peninsula.
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The Prophet's funeral prayer in absentia for the Negus
c. 631 CE · 9 AHIn 9 AH news reached Medina of the death of Ashama, the Negus of Abyssinia, who had sheltered the Muslim emigrants; the Prophet announced his death the day he died and led the funeral prayer for him in absentia.
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Ghadir Khumm
March 632 CE · Dhu al-Hijja 10 AHA halt at the pool of Khumm on the return from the Farewell Pilgrimage, at which the Prophet spoke about Ali.
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The three nights in the cave of Thawr
c. 13 September 622 CE · c. 1 Rabi' I 1 AH†The Prophet and Abu Bakr hid in the cave of Thawr for the nights of Friday, Saturday and Sunday while Quraysh combed the country offering a hundred camels for each man; their pursuers reached the cave's mouth and turned back.
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The letter of the king of Ghassan to Ka'b ibn Malik
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHWhile Ka'b was walking in the market during the boycott, a Nabataean from the Nabataeans of al-Sham who had brought food asked after him and handed him a letter from the king of Ghassan, wrapped in a scrap of silk, inviting him to join him; Ka'b thrust it into a lit oven.
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The pilgrimage led by Abu Bakr
March 631 CE · Dhu al-Hijja 9 AHThe Prophet sent Abu Bakr to lead the pilgrimage of the ninth year after the Hijra, the first led by the Muslims after the conquest of Mecca.
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Expedition to Hamra al-Asad
24 March 625 CE · 8 Shawwal 3 AHOn the morning of Sunday 8 Shawwal 3 AH the Prophet called the people to pursue Quraysh and said: only those who fought with us may come. The Muslims answered despite their wounds. They reached Hamra al-Asad, eight miles from Medina, and camped. The Prophet sent Ma'bad ibn Abi Ma'bad al-Khuza'i to Abu Sufyan, and at al-Rawha he waged a propaganda war of nerves on him: 'Muhammad has come out with a gathering I have never seen the like of, burning for you.' The Meccan army's resolve collapsed and they kept withdrawing to Mecca. Abu Sufyan sent riders of Abd al-Qays to threaten the Muslims, which only increased their faith. The Prophet stayed Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday, then returned and executed Abu Azza al-Jumahi, who had broken his pledge {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.284}.
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The Fijar war
c. 586 CEThe sacrilegious war between Quraysh and Kinana on one side and Qays 'Aylan on the other, so named because it violated the sanctity of the sanctuary and the sacred months; the fifteen-year-old Muhammad attended, readying arrows for his uncles.
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The Hawazin delegation and the amnesty of captives
February 630 CE · Dhu al-Qa'da 8 AHA delegation of Hawazin came to the Prophet at al-Ji'rana after professing Islam, invoking his foster-kinship among their clans; the Prophet relinquished his own share and that of Banu Abd al-Muttalib, and inspired the Muhajirun and Ansar to return six thousand captives to their families in a grand act of reconciliation.
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The Hijra
c. 12 September 622 CE · c. 29 Safar 1 AH†The migration of the Prophet Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina in 622 CE, the event from which the Islamic calendar is counted.
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The departure night of the Hijra
c. 12 September 622 CE · c. 29 Safar 1 AH†The night of 27 Safar when eleven Quraysh chiefs surrounded the Prophet's house to kill him at dawn; Ali slept in his bed wrapped in his green Hadrami cloak while the Prophet walked through the cordon unscathed and reached Abu Bakr's house.
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Hilf al-Fudul (the pact of the virtuous)
c. 586 CEA pact sworn in Dhu al-Qa'da at the house of Abdullah ibn Jud'an by the clans of Hashim, al-Muttalib, Asad ibn Abd al-Uzza, Zuhra ibn Kilab and Taym ibn Murra, to stand with anyone wronged in Mecca until his right is restored; the young Muhammad witnessed it and praised it after prophethood.
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The hypocrites' ambush at the pass on the return from Tabuk
c. January 631 CE · Ramadan 9 AHOn the return from Tabuk, twelve hypocrites — faces veiled — attempted to frighten the Prophet's camel at a steep pass; Ammar was holding its halter and Hudhayfa driving it, and Hudhayfa struck the ambushers' mounts with his staff until God terrified them into flight; the Prophet told Hudhayfa their names and their plot, whence Hudhayfa was called 'keeper of the Prophet's secret'.
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Some say: do not march in the heat
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHSome of the 'hypocrites', in Ibn Ishaq's account, said to one another: do not march out in the heat — in disdain for the campaign, doubt of the truth and to demoralise the Prophet's side; he says two verses of Sura al-Tawba were revealed about them.
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A group of hypocrites mock the army, then excuse themselves
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHA party of the 'hypocrites', among them Wadi'a ibn Thabit and Makhshan ibn Humayr al-Ashja'i, were riding toward the Prophet as he set out for Tabuk and said that fighting the Banu al-Asfar was not like fighting the Arabs and that they would be tied up in ropes tomorrow. The Prophet sent Ammar ibn Yasir to question them; they excused themselves that they had only been jesting and playing, and God revealed a verse of Sura al-Tawba about them.
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Ibn Ubayy's separate camp and his staying behind
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHAbdullah ibn Ubayy pitched his own camp below the Prophet's camp toward Dhubab — as they claim, no smaller than the Prophet's own. When the Prophet marched on, Ibn Ubayy stayed behind with those of the 'hypocrites and doubters' who stayed.
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The Incident of al-Raji'
c. July 625 CE · Safar 4 AHIn Safar 4 AH (July 625 CE), a party of ten Companions led by Asim ibn Thabit was sent as teachers following a deceptive request by the Adal and al-Qarah tribes; they were betrayed to Banu Lihyan at al-Raji', where seven were killed in combat and three taken captive.
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The Tragedy of Bi'r Ma'una
c. July 625 CE · Safar 4 AHIn Safar 4 AH, seventy senior Muslim reciters (qurra') led by al-Mundhir ibn Amr were sent to Najd at the request of Abu Bara' Amir ibn Malik; they were ambushed and massacred at Bi'r Ma'una by Amir ibn al-Tufayl and allied Sulaym clans.
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The Dhat Anwat incident
January 630 CE · Shawwal 8 AHOn the march to Hunayn the army passed the sacred tree Dhat Anwat, where pagans hung their weapons and held rites; some of the newly converted soldiers asked the Prophet to 'appoint for us a Dhat Anwat as they have one', and he rebuked the request, likening it to the Israelites' demand that Moses make them a god.
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The Incident of the Poisoned Sheep at Khaybar
c. June 628 CE · Safar 7 AHFollowing the conquest of Khaybar, Zaynab bint al-Harith (wife of Sallam ibn Mishkam) sent the Prophet a roasted sheep heavily laced with poison; upon chewing a morsel, the Prophet spat it out stating that the bone informed him it was poisoned, while Bishr ibn al-Bara' swallowed a bite and died.
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The Incident of the Slander (Hadith al-Ifk)
c. December 627 CE · Sha'ban 6 AHOn the return from the Expedition of al-Muraysi', Aisha was accidentally left behind when searching for a lost necklace and was escorted back to Medina by Safwan ibn al-Mu'attal; Abdullah ibn Ubayy orchestrated a malicious slander campaign that troubled the community for a month until verses of Surat al-Nur established her innocence.
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Hamza accepts Islam
c. 616 CEIn late year six, Abu Jahl passed the Prophet at al-Safa and abused him while he stayed silent; a freedwoman of Abdullah ibn Jud'an told Hamza, returning from the hunt, who struck Abu Jahl with his bow and declared 'I abuse him while I follow his religion — take that if you can' — anger first, then faith settled in his heart.
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Umar accepts Islam
c. December 616 CEIn Dhu al-Hijja of year six — three days after Hamza — Umar, who had set out with his sword to kill the Prophet, was redirected by Nu'aym ibn Abdullah to his own sister's house; he heard the opening of sura Ta-Ha from Sa'id and Fatima, then went to the house of al-Arqam and declared the shahada, and the Muslims marched out in two rows and prayed openly at the Kaaba.
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The Isra and Mi'raj
c. 621 CEThe miraculous nocturnal journey of Prophet Muhammad from al-Masjid al-Haram to al-Masjid al-Aqsa in Jerusalem, and his ascent through the seven heavens, where the five daily prayers were ordained.
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Ja'far ibn Abi Talib comes before the Prophet at Khaybar
c. 628 CE · c. 7 AHIbn Hisham, not Ibn Ishaq, transmits a report from Sufyan ibn Uyayna from al-Ajlah from al-Sha'bi: Ja'far ibn Abi Talib arrived to the Prophet on the day Khaybar fell; the Prophet kissed him between the eyes and embraced him, saying he did not know which gave him more joy — the conquest of Khaybar or the arrival of Ja'far.
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The Prophet's journey to al-Ta'if
c. May 619 CEThe Prophet Muhammad's journey on foot with Zayd ibn Haritha to al-Ta'if in Shawwal of the tenth year of prophethood, seeking support from Thaqif, their rejection, the incident of Addas in the orchard, and the encounter with the Jinn at Nakhla on return.
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Ka'b and Abu Qatada at the garden wall
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHDuring the boycott Ka'b climbed the wall of his cousin Abu Qatada's garden and greeted him; he did not answer. Ka'b adjured him three times: did he know that Ka'b loved God and His Messenger? On the third Abu Qatada said: God and His Messenger know best — and Ka'b's eyes welled up.
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Ka'b ibn Malik puts off his preparations for Tabuk
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHKa'b related that he had never stayed behind from any campaign except Badr, and that he was never stronger or better provided than when he stayed behind from Tabuk: he kept putting off his preparations day after day until the army left without him. When the Prophet asked about him at Tabuk, Mu'adh ibn Jabal spoke in his defence.
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Ka'b ibn Zuhayr's pardon and recitation of Banat Su'ad
c. 630 CE · 8 AHWarned by his brother Bujayr after the Prophet's return from al-Ta'if, the poet Ka'b ibn Zuhayr came to Medina, announced himself in the mosque, was spared despite an Ansari's request to strike his neck, and recited his apology-ode Banat Su'ad before the Prophet.
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Ka'b offers his wealth and vows to speak only the truth
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHKa'b told the Prophet that part of his repentance was to give up his wealth in charity; the Prophet said: keep some of your wealth, it is better for you, so Ka'b kept his share of Khaybar and vowed to speak nothing but the truth as long as he lived, counting his truthfulness to the Prophet the greatest blessing after Islam.
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Ka'b tells the Prophet the truth
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHWhen news of the Prophet's return from Tabuk reached Ka'b he resolved on honesty. When he greeted the Prophet in the mosque and was asked why he had stayed behind, he admitted he had no excuse; the Prophet said: you have told the truth — rise until God decides your case. Men of Banu Salima followed him out, blaming him.
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Khalid's mission to Ukaydir of Dumat al-Jandal
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHThe Prophet summoned Khalid ibn al-Walid and sent him to Ukaydir ibn Abd al-Malik al-Kindi, the Christian king of Duma, telling him he would find him hunting wild cows. Khalid set out, and on a moonlit night Ukaydir came out when the cows rubbed their horns against his palace gate; the Prophet's cavalry met him, captured him and killed his brother Hassan. Khalid took his brocade gown laced with gold and sent it to the Prophet.
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The skirmish of al-Khandama
January 630 CE · Ramadan 8 AHA sharp clash on the heights of al-Khandama where armed resisters from Quraysh and Banu Bakr under Safwan ibn Umayya, Ikrima ibn Abi Jahl, and Suhayl ibn Amr attempted to bar Khalid ibn al-Walid's entry; the resistance was quickly routed, leaving twelve to thirteen Meccan fighters dead, while Kurz ibn Jabir, Khunays ibn Khalid, and Salama ibn al-Mayla' fell on the Muslim side.
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The killing of Ibn al-Anwa' and the sermon on Mecca's sanctity
January 630 CE · Ramadan 8 AHAfter the general safety was proclaimed, Khirash ibn Umayya ambushed and killed Ibn al-Anwa' al-Hudhali to settle an old blood dispute; the Prophet strongly condemned the murder, paid the full wergild from his own funds, and the next day delivered a decisive sermon proclaiming the perpetual inviolability of Mecca's blood, trees, and game.
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Khuza'a's appeal to Medina
629 CE · 8 AHAfter al-Watir, Amr ibn Salim al-Khuza'i stood before the Prophet in the Medina mosque and recited his plea invoking the pact of the fathers — 'and that was what stirred the conquest of Mecca' — then Budayl ibn Warqa' arrived with Khuza'i men reporting Quraysh's backing of Bakr.
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The Bakr–Khuza'a clash at al-Watir
629 CE · 8 AHA night raid by Banu al-Dil of Banu Bakr — secretly armed and joined by men of Quraysh — on Khuza'a at their watering place al-Watir in lower Mecca. The breach of the Hudaybiyya truce it caused is the spark the tradition gives for the conquest of Mecca.
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The killing of Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf
c. September 624 CE · 14 Rabi' I 3 AHThe assassination of the Jewish poet Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf in Rabi' al-Awwal 3 AH by a band led by Muhammad ibn Maslama, after he incited Quraysh to war and satirized Muslim women.
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The last sermon from the minbar
c. 25 May 632 CE · 7 Rabi' I 11 AHFive days before his death the Prophet, head bandaged, sat on the minbar and warned against taking graves as places of worship, offered himself to retaliation for any wrong, counselled generosity toward the Ansar 'accept from their well-doer and overlook their wrongdoer', spoke of a servant who chose what is with God, and ordered every door into the mosque shut except Abu Bakr's.
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Last Quraysh delegation to Abu Talib
c. 619 CEA delegation of Quraysh notables visiting Abu Talib on his sickbed to seek a compromise with Muhammad; the Prophet answered by demanding a single word: 'La ilaha illa Allah'.
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The letter of the kings of Himyar
c. 631 CE · 9 AHAfter the return from Tabuk the kings of Himyar — al-Harith and Nu'aym sons of Abd Kulal, al-Nu'man ibn Qayl Dhu Ru'ayn and the chiefs of Hamdan and Ma'afir — sent Malik ibn Murra al-Rahawi announcing their Islam; the Prophet answered with a charter of rights and duties and dispatched a mission headed by Mu'adh ibn Jabal.
Event
The Letters to Rulers and Kings
c. May 628 CE · Dhu al-Hijja 6 AHIn late 6 AH (early 628 CE) following the Hudaybiyya truce, the Prophet initiated an international diplomatic initiative, sending envoys with silver-sealed letters to the major emperors, kings, and regional chiefs of the surrounding world: the Negus of Abyssinia, the Muqawqis of Egypt, Chosroes of Persia, Heraclius of Byzantium, al-Mundhir ibn Sawa of Bahrain, Hawdha ibn Ali of al-Yamama, al-Harith al-Ghassani of Damascus, and the rulers of Oman.
Event
The li'an between Uwaymir al-Ajlani and his wife
c. 631 CE · 9 AHAfter the return from Tabuk in 9 AH, Uwaymir al-Ajlani accused his wife before the Prophet; the Prophet administered between them the mutual oath of condemnation (li'an) prescribed in Surat al-Nur, then separated them — an early application of the li'an ruling.
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The marriage of Fatima and Ali
c. 624 CE · 2 AHThe Prophet's daughter Fatima married his cousin Ali ibn Abi Talib in Medina, from which the Prophet's line of descendants continued.
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The Prophet's marriage to Khadija
c. 595 CEThe marriage of Muhammad and Khadija bint Khuwaylid, arranged after her trade trip under his management to Syria; the book gives her dowry as twenty young camels and her age as forty, and notes she remained his only wife until she died.
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The Prophet's marriage to Sawda bint Zam'a
c. 619 CEThe marriage of Prophet Muhammad to Sawda bint Zam'a in Shawwal of the tenth year of prophethood, his first marriage after the death of Khadija.
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Marriage to Zaynab bint Jahsh
c. Dhu al-Qa'da 5 AHThe Prophet married Zaynab bint Jahsh after Zayd ibn Haritha divorced her, in Dhu al-Qa'da 5 AH, abolishing by act the jahili adoption rule that had treated an adopted son's wife as a real son's wife; verses of sura al-Ahzab were revealed about it and the hypocrites spread propaganda around it.
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The martyrdom of Farwa ibn Amr al-Judhami
c. 630 CE · 8 AHFarwa ibn Amr al-Judhami, a Byzantine commander over the neighbouring Arabs at Ma'an, embraced Islam after Mu'ta and sent the Prophet a gift; the Byzantines imprisoned him, offered him apostasy or death, and crucified and beheaded him at the spring of Afra' in Palestine.
Event
The builders of the mosque ask the Prophet to pray in it
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHShortly before marching to Tabuk, the people of the mosque they had built came to the Prophet saying they had built it for the sick and needy and for rainy and wintry nights, and asked him to pray in it for them; he put them off until his return.
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The Massacre of Najran (Ashab al-Ukhdud)
October 523 CEIn October 523 the Himyarite king Dhu Nuwas, a convert to Judaism, marched on the Christians of Najran demanding they renounce their faith; on their refusal he dug the great trench and burned them — men, women, children and elders, twenty to forty thousand by report — the Ashab al-Ukhdud of Surat al-Buruj, whose blood summoned the Abyssinian occupation.
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Mobilization of the Muslim Army for Uhud
March 625 CE · Shawwal 3 AHThe departure of the Muslim army of 1,000 fighters, divided into three battalions (Muhajirun, Aws, and Khazraj).
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Medina Intelligence on the Uhud Army
March 625 CE · Shawwal 3 AHAl-Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib sending a detailed message to the Prophet regarding Quraysh's army movements.
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Dispatch of the Mu'tah army
c. September 629 CE · Jumada I 8 AHIn Jumada I of year 8 AH, the Prophet dispatched an army of three thousand to Syria, appointing three commanders in succession — Zayd ibn Haritha, then Jafar ibn Abi Talib, then Abd Allah ibn Rawaha — and the people bade farewell to the commanders at their departure.
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The army's halt at Ma'an and Ibn Rawaha's speech
c. September 629 CE · Jumada I 8 AHThe Mu'tah army camped at Ma'an in Syria; news reached them that Heraclius had encamped at Ma'ab in al-Balqa' with a hundred thousand Romans, joined by equal numbers from Lakhm, Judham, al-Qayn, Bahra' and Bali under Malik ibn Zaflah. When the men debated sending for reinforcements, Abd Allah ibn Rawaha urged them forward with a speech about the two good outcomes.
Event
Khalid ibn al-Walid's command and the army's withdrawal
c. September 629 CE · Jumada I 8 AHAfter the three commanders' deaths, Thabit ibn Aqram picked up the standard and declined command; the men chose Khalid ibn al-Walid. Khalid maneuvered defensively and withdrew the army intact. Ibn Hisham cites al-Zuhri with a divergent tradition that God granted victory under Khalid.
Event
Martyrdom of Abd Allah ibn Rawaha after his hesitation
c. September 629 CE · Jumada I 8 AHWhen Ja'far was killed, Ibn Rawaha took the standard and hesitated; he exhorted his soul in verse then dismounted. His cousin brought him a bone of meat; he bit from it, heard the battle roar and threw it down, advancing to fight until killed. The Prophet reported seeing Ibn Rawaha's throne in Paradise tilted slightly relative to the thrones of Zayd and Ja'far because he had hesitated.
Event
Martyrdom of Ja'far ibn Abi Talib and his hamstringing of his horse
c. September 629 CE · Jumada I 8 AHAfter Zayd's death Ja'far took the standard, dismounted and hamstrung his chestnut horse — the first such act in Islam — then fought until killed. Ibn Hisham adds (from a trusted source) that he gripped the banner with his right hand (cut off), then his left (cut off), then clasped it between his arms, dying at thirty-three. Ibn Hisham also records (ويقال) that a Roman cut him in two.
Event
Martyrdom of Zayd ibn Haritha as first commander
c. September 629 CE · Jumada I 8 AHAt Mu'tah, Zayd ibn Haritha carried the Prophet's standard and fought until he was killed. The Prophet announced his martyrdom in Medina before news arrived, and reported seeing him raised on a golden throne in a vision.
Event
The Prophet's grief over Ja'far and his instruction to feed his family
c. 629 CE · c. Jumada I 8 AHWhen Ja'far was killed the Prophet visited Asma' bint Umays, asked for Ja'far's children, smelled them and wept. He told her they had been struck down that day, and instructed the community not to neglect Ja'far's household and to send them food. Aisha reported that grief was visible on the Prophet's face when the news of Ja'far arrived.
Event
Return of the Mu'tah army to Medina and the Prophet's reception
c. 629 CE · c. 8 AHWhen the army neared Medina, the Prophet and Muslims went out to meet it; boys ran ahead. The Prophet asked for Ja'far's son and carried Abd Allah ibn Ja'far on his mount. Some people threw dust and called the army 'deserters'; the Prophet replied: 'They are not deserters; they are the ones who will charge again, God willing.' Salama ibn Hisham hid at home in shame.
Event
The night supplication at al-Baqi'
c. May 632 CE · Safar 11 AHOne night in the last days the Prophet went out at midnight to al-Baqi' cemetery, greeted its people, prayed forgiveness for them, foretold coming trials 'like the segments of dark night', and promised them 'we are following you'.
Event
The order that the three keep apart from their wives
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHWhen forty nights had passed, the Prophet's messenger came to Ka'b ordering him to stay apart from his wife and not approach her, and the same was sent to his two companions. Ka'b sent his wife to her family, while Hilal ibn Umayya's wife was allowed to serve him without him approaching her.
Event
The pen-and-paper incident
c. 26 May 632 CE · 8 Rabi' I 11 AHOn the Thursday four days before his death the Prophet said 'bring me [something] to write for you a document after which you will never go astray'; Umar said pain had overcome him and the Qur'an sufficed, the people of the house disputed, and the Prophet sent them away — an episode the traditions read differently.
Event
The persecution of the vulnerable Muslims
c. 613 CEAfter mockery and bargaining failed, a twenty-five-man committee of Quraysh's chiefs headed by Abu Lahab resolved to fight Islam and torture its adherents; the clanless and enslaved Muslims bore the worst — Bilal under the midday rocks, the family of Yasir, Sumayya the first martyr speared by Abu Jahl, Abu Fakiha, Khabbab, and slave women whom Abu Bakr bought and freed.
Event
Liberation and Persian Rule of Yemen
575 CEIn 575 the Yemenis under Sayf ibn Dhi Yazan, aided by Persia, expelled the Abyssinians and won independence; but Sayf’s assassination by his own Abyssinian guard ended the royal house, and Khosrow made Yemen a Persian province whose governors ruled until the last, Badhan, embraced Islam in 638.
Event
The Pledges of Aqaba
c. July 621 CEThe First and Second Pledges of Aqaba at Mina in the 12th and 13th years of prophethood (621 and 622 CE), in which delegates from Yathrib pledged allegiance to the Prophet, preparing Medina as the haven of the Hijra.
Event
The plot at Dar al-Nadwa
c. 12 September 622 CE · c. 29 Safar 1 AH†The fateful meeting of Quraysh's parliament in Dar al-Nadwa on Thursday 26 Safar 14 AH (12 September 622 CE) where chiefs debated expelling, imprisoning, or assassinating Muhammad, resolving on Abu Jahl's proposal to strike him simultaneously with a young warrior from each clan.
Event
Quraysh Preparations for the Battle of Uhud
March 625 CE · Shawwal 3 AHA large-scale military and financial mobilization by Quraysh to avenge their defeat at Badr.
Event
The proclamation of Bara'a at Mina
March 631 CE · Dhu al-Hijja 9 AHOn the Day of Sacrifice in 9 AH Ali ibn Abi Talib, sent after Abu Bakr by the Prophet, proclaimed the opening of Surat Bara'a (al-Tawba) at the Jamrah: treaties with the polytheists were dissolved with a four-month respite, and after that year no polytheist would perform the pilgrimage nor would anyone circle the House naked.
Event
The building of the Prophet's Mosque
c. 27 September 622 CE · Rabi' I 1 AHSoon after arriving in Medina, the Prophet and his companions built a mosque and living quarters on a plot of land, a model for later mosques.
Event
The Prophet's prayer places between Medina and Tabuk
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHIbn Ishaq names seventeen places where the Prophet had known, named mosques between Medina and Tabuk — the first a mosque at Tabuk and the last a mosque at Dhi Khushub.
Event
The Prophet's return and the excuses of those who stayed behind
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHThe Prophet reached Medina in the morning, began at the mosque where he prayed two rak'as and sat for the people. Those who had stayed behind came swearing oaths and making excuses — eighty-odd men by Ka'b ibn Malik's count; he accepted their outward professions and oaths, asked forgiveness for them, and left their inner thoughts to God.
Event
The Prophet's speech to the Ansar at al-Ji'rana
February 630 CE · Dhu al-Qa'da 8 AHAfter the Ansar felt grieved that newly reconciled Qurashi and Bedouin chieftains received large gifts while they received nothing, the Prophet gathered them in an enclosure at al-Ji'rana and delivered an impassioned, tearful address: 'Are you not pleased that people return with sheep and camels while you return with the Messenger of God to your dwellings?', moving the entire gathering to tears.
Event
The sojourn at Quba
23 September 622 CE · 8 Rabi' I 1 AHThe Prophet's stay at Quba from Monday 8 Rabi' I 1 AH: hosted by Kulthum ibn al-Hidm, he founded the mosque of Quba — the first mosque 'upon taqwa' — before riding to Medina on Friday; the length of the stay is debated (four days per Ibn Ishaq, up to 24 nights in Bukhari).
Event
Funding of the Uhud Army
March 625 CE · Shawwal 3 AHThe sale of a thousand camels by Quraysh to raise fifty thousand dinars to fund their war against Muslims.
Event
Qusayy ibn Kilab Takes Mecca
440 CEAround 440 CE Qusayy wrests the custody of the Kaaba and the rule of Mecca from Khuzaʾa — by alliance and, in one account, purchase from Abu Ghubshan — the two sides fight, then accept the arbitration of Yaʾmar ibn Awf who rules for Qusayy; Qusayy then gathers Quraysh into Mecca’s quarters, founds Dar al-Nadwa, and assumes the five offices of Meccan leadership.
Event
Rain falls after the Prophet's prayer at al-Hijr
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHThe people woke with no water and complained to the Prophet; he prayed, and God sent a cloud that rained until they were quenched and carried away what they needed. In Mahmud ibn Labid's account, a man known for hypocrisy said on seeing it: a passing cloud.
Event
The rebuilding of the Kaaba
c. 605 CEQuraysh's rebuilding of the Kaaba when Muhammad was thirty-five — a flood-weakened structure rebuilt with 'lawful money only' — and the arbitration over the Black Stone that he settled with the cloak solution.
Event
The acceptance of the repentance of the three
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHAt dawn on the fiftieth night Ka'b heard a caller on Mount Sal' bringing him good news and fell prostrate. After the dawn prayer the Prophet announced God's acceptance of their repentance and people congratulated them; Talha ibn Ubaydullah rose to Ka'b and congratulated him, and the Prophet told him this was the best day that had come upon him since his mother bore him.
Event
Return of the Abyssinian emigrants with Ja'far ibn Abi Talib
c. 628 CE · c. 7 AHAfter Hudaybiyya, the Prophet sent Amr ibn Umayya al-Damri to the Negus, who transported the remaining Muslim emigrants in two ships to the Prophet at Khaybar after the conquest. The Prophet received Ja'far with a kiss between the eyes, saying 'I do not know which gives me greater joy — the opening of Khaybar or the arrival of Ja'far.' Sixteen men came on the two ships; thirty-four others came later or died in Abyssinia; sixteen women emigrated in all, counting those who came back and those who died there, apart from daughters born there.
Event
The Command to Sacrifice Ismail
c. 1900 BCEOn one of Ibrahim’s visits to Mecca he is shown in a dream that he must sacrifice his son; father and son submit, and the son is ransomed with a great sacrifice — the trial the Quran recalls in Surat al-Saffat, and which the Raheeq narrative places before Isaac’s birth.
Event
The proclamation on al-Safa
c. 613 CEAssured of Abu Talib's protection, the Prophet climbed al-Safa and cried 'Ya sabahah', gathering the clans of Quraysh; he warned them of a severe punishment ahead, named them clan by clan down to Fatima bint Muhammad, and Abu Lahab's 'Tabban laka' drew the revelation of surat al-Masad.
Event
The prostration at surat al-Najm
c. 615 CEIn Ramadan of the fifth year, before a great assembly of Quraysh's chiefs in the sanctuary, the Prophet recited surat al-Najm; when he reached its closing prostration and prostrated, none present held back and all fell prostrate — Muslims and polytheists alike, as Bukhari reports.
Event
The meeting at Saqifa
June 632 CE · Rabi' I 11 AHAfter the Prophet's death, leaders of the Ansar and Muhajirun met in the hall of the Banu Sa'ida and chose Abu Bakr as leader of the community.
Event
al-Dahhak ibn Sufyan's expedition to Banu Kilab
March 631 CE · Rabi' I 9 AHIn Rabi' al-Awwal 9 AH the Prophet sent al-Dahhak ibn Sufyan al-Kilabi to his own people Banu Kilab to invite them to Islam; they refused and fought, and the Muslims routed them and killed one man.
Event
Alqama ibn Mujazziz's expedition to the Jeddah coast
April 631 CE · Rabi' II 9 AHIn Rabi' al-Akhir 9 AH the Prophet sent Alqama ibn Mujazziz al-Mudliji with three hundred men against a band of Abyssinians gathered near the Jeddah coast for piracy against the people of Mecca; he crossed the sea to an island, and they fled when they heard of the Muslims' approach.
Event
Qutba ibn Amir's raid on Khath'am
February 631 CE · Safar 9 AHIn Safar 9 AH the Prophet sent Qutba ibn Amir ibn Hadida with twenty men on ten camels they shared in turns against a clan of Khath'am near Tabala in the Turba region; the raid met hard fighting with many wounded on both sides, and the Muslims drove cattle, captives and sheep back to Medina.
Event
Uyayna ibn Hisn's raid on Banu Tamim
January 631 CE · Muharram 9 AHIn Muharram 9 AH the Prophet sent Uyayna ibn Hisn al-Fazari with fifty horsemen — none Muhajirun or Ansar — against Banu Tamim, who had been inciting tribes and withholding jizya; he surprised them in the desert and took eleven men, twenty-one women and thirty children to Medina, where ten of their chiefs came for the famous oratory and poetry contest; al-Aqra' ibn Habis declared the Muslims' orator and poet superior, they accepted Islam, and their families were returned.
Event
The second migration to Abyssinia
c. 616 CEWhen torture intensified after the first migrants' brief return, eighty-three men — Ammar's inclusion doubtful — and eighteen or nineteen women migrated again to Abyssinia; Quraysh sent Amr ibn al-As and Abdullah ibn Abi Rabi'a to win them back, but the Negus heard Ja'far ibn Abi Talib's account and sura Maryam, refused to surrender them, and returned the envoys' gifts.
Event
The sermon of the Day of Sacrifice at Mina
March 632 CE · 10 Dhu al-Hijja 10 AHOn 10 Dhu al-Hijja the Prophet preached at Mina mounted on a grey mule while Ali relayed his words: time has come full circle as on the day of creation; the sacred months are four; blood, property and honour are inviolable; and let the witness inform the absent.
Event
The Settlement of Hajar and Ismail at Mecca
c. 2000 BCEIbrahim leaves his wife Hajar and the infant Ismail in a barren valley by the future site of the House, entrusting them to God; when the water runs out the spring of Zamzam breaks forth, and the Yemeni tribe of Jurhum settles by them with Hajar’s permission.
Event
The opening of the breast
c. 574 CEThe tradition, narrated by Muslim via Anas, that Jibril opened the boy Muhammad's breast while he played with the lads in Banu Sa'd, removed 'Satan's share' and washed his heart with Zamzam water — after which Halima returned him to his mother.
Event
Siege of Banu Qaynuqa
c. 9 April 624 CE · 15 Shawwal 2 AHA fifteen-day siege of the Jewish tribe Banu Qaynuqa in Shawwal 2 AH after their breach of the covenant; ended in their unconditional surrender and expulsion from Medina.
Event
The Siege and Judgment of Banu Qurayza
c. March 627 CE · Dhu al-Qa'da 5 AHIn Dhu al-Qa'da 5 AH (March 627 CE), immediately after the confederates withdrew, the Prophet marched on Banu Qurayza for breaking their treaty during the siege of Medina; after twenty-five nights of siege they surrendered unconditionally and accepted the arbitration of Sa'd ibn Mu'adh, who decreed the execution of the combatants and captivity of women and children.
Event
The siege of Ta'if
January 630 CE · Shawwal 8 AHAfter Hunayn, the Muslims besieged the fortified town of Ta'if, home of the Thaqif; the siege was lifted without taking it, and the Thaqif accepted Islam the next year.
Event
The stoning of the Ghamidi woman
c. 631 CE · 9 AHIn 9 AH a woman of Ghamid came to the Prophet and confessed to fornication; he repeatedly turned her away hoping she would recant, then deferred her until she bore and weaned her child, whereupon she was stoned — an application of the prescribed penalty which the Prophet described as a repentance that would suffice seventy of Medina's people were it apportioned.
Event
The Prophet leaves Medina and appoints a deputy
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHThe Prophet pitched his camp at Thaniyyat al-Wada'. Ibn Hisham says he put Muhammad ibn Maslama al-Ansari in charge of Medina, and he reports from al-Darawardi from his father that he appointed Siba' ibn Urfuta.
Event
The Prophet orders the people to prepare to fight the Byzantines
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHIbn Ishaq says the Prophet stayed in Medina from Dhu al-Hijja to Rajab, then ordered the people to prepare for the campaign against the Byzantines — in a time of hardship, fierce heat and drought, when the fruit had ripened. He rarely went on a campaign without concealing its destination, but for Tabuk he declared it plainly because the distance was far, the time harsh and the enemy many.
Event
The stay at Tabuk and the return to Medina
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHThe Prophet stayed at Tabuk a few nights, no more than a dozen, then turned back toward Medina.
Event
The Choice Offered to the Prophet's Wives
c. 9 AHWhen the Prophet's wives asked for a better standard of living amid the austerity of his household, the verse of choice was revealed (al-Ahzab 28-29): if you desire the life of this world and its adornment, come, I will provide for you and release you graciously; but if you desire Allah and His Messenger and the abode of the Hereafter, Allah has prepared a great reward for the doers of good among you. All of them chose Allah and His Messenger.
Event
The Prophet's she-camel strays and Zayd ibn al-Lusayt's remark
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHThe Prophet's she-camel strayed on the road and his Companions went out searching for her. With him was Umara ibn Hazm, and in his litter rode Zayd ibn al-Lusayt al-Qaynuqa'i, a hypocrite in Ibn Ishaq's account, who said mockingly: does Muhammad bring news of the heavens yet not know where his camel is? The Prophet announced what he had said and where the camel was; it was found where he described, and Umara drove Zayd from his litter.
Event
The three who were left behind after Tabuk
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHAfter the Prophet returned to Medina he forbade speech with three Muslims who had stayed behind from Tabuk 'without doubt and without hypocrisy' in Ibn Ishaq's words — Ka'b ibn Malik, Murara ibn al-Rabi' and Hilal ibn Umayya. People withdrew from them for fifty nights until their repentance was announced after the dawn prayer.
Event
The Weepers: seven who asked to be carried
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHSeven men of the Ansar and of Banu Amr ibn Awf, called the Weepers, needy men, came to the Prophet begging for mounts; he said: I find nothing to carry you on — and they turned away, their eyes overflowing with tears that they had nothing to spend. Ibn Yamin ibn Umayr al-Nadri gave one of them a camel and dates.
Event
The treaty with Yuhanna ibn Ru'ba, lord of Ayla
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHWhen the Prophet reached Tabuk, Yuhanna ibn Ru'ba, the master of Ayla, came to him, made peace and paid the jizya; the people of Jarba and Adhruh also came and paid it, and he wrote them a document they still hold. For Yuhanna and the people of Ayla he wrote a letter of safe-conduct whose text Ibn Ishaq preserves.
Event
The Treaty of Hudaybiyya
c. March 628 CE · Dhu al-Qa'da 6 AHIn Dhu al-Qa'da 6 AH (March 628 CE), the Prophet marched towards Mecca with 1,400 companions for Umrah; halted at al-Hudaybiyya by Quraysh, negotiations through Suhayl ibn Amr produced a historic ten-year peace treaty described in the Qur'an as a 'Manifest Victory'.
Event
The treaty with Ukaydir
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHKhalid brought Ukaydir to the Prophet, who spared his blood, made peace with him on payment of the jizya, and released him; he returned to his village.
Event
Ubaydullah ibn Jahsh becomes a Christian in Abyssinia
Ibn Ishaq says: Ubaydullah ibn Jahsh went out with the Muslims emigrating to Abyssinia, and when he arrived he became a Christian, left Islam and died there a Christian; the Prophet afterwards married his wife Umm Habiba bint Abi Sufyan. The book does not date the event.
Event
Battle over the Quraysh standard at Uhud
23 March 625 CE · 7 Shawwal 3 AHThe weight of the battle circled the polytheists' standard, which was carried by the Banu Abd al-Dar. The first to bear it, Talha ibn Abi Talha, was killed by al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam. The Banu Abd al-Dar carried it in turn until they were wiped out: Uthman, Abu Sa'd, Artat, Shurayh, Abu Zayd ibn Abd Manaf, Ibn Sharhabil and others. Last to carry it was an Abyssinian slave named Sawab, who fought until his hands were cut off and fell upon it with his chest until he was killed. The standard fell to the ground with none left to bear it {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.259}.
Event
Burial of the Uhud martyrs
23 March 625 CE · 7 Shawwal 3 AHThe Messenger of God looked over the martyrs and said: 'I am witness over these.' He ordered that anyone who had carried a slain man back to Medina return him, and that they be buried where they fell, in their clothes, the iron and leather removed, unwashed; two or three were laid in one grave, the one who had taken most of the Qur'an placed first. Abdullah ibn Amr ibn Haram and Amr ibn al-Jamuh were buried together for the love between them. They looked for Hanzala and found him dripping water; the Prophet said the angels were washing him, and he was called the angels' washed. Among the martyrs they found Mus'ab ibn Umayr, for whom no shroud was found but a striped cloak {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.281}.
Event
Defection of the hypocrites at Uhud
23 March 625 CE · 7 Shawwal 3 AHOn the road to Uhud, when the army was near al-Shawt, Abdullah ibn Ubayy broke away and withdrew with some three hundred fighters on the pretext that the Messenger had rejected his advice to stay in Medina. This withdrawal revealed for the first time the hypocrisy that had been hidden. The Banu Haritha of the Aws and Banu Salama of the Khazraj wavered toward going back, then held firm by God's help; Abdullah ibn Haram, Jabir's father, tried to turn the hypocrites back and they refused {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.253}.
Event
Defense of the Prophet at Uhud
23 March 625 CE · 7 Shawwal 3 AHAfter the wheeling manoeuvre only nine men remained with the Prophet at the rear. Utba ibn Abi Waqqas threw stones at him; his lower right incisor was broken and his lip wounded. Abdullah ibn Qami'a struck his cheek with a sword so that two rings of the helmet sank into it. In the hardest moment Talha ibn Ubaydullah and Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas stood with him and shielded him. Sa'd shot until his quiver was emptied; Talha fought like eleven men until his fingers were cut and he bore thirty-five or thirty-nine wounds. Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah pulled the two helmet rings from his cheek with his front teeth. Abu Dujana shielded him with his back from the arrows. Umm Umara Nusayba bint Ka'b defended him until she took twelve wounds {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.267}.
Event
Muslim deployment at Uhud and the archers' post
23 March 625 CE · 7 Shawwal 3 AHThe Prophet halted with seven hundred fighters in the gorge of Mount Uhud, facing Medina with his back to the mountain — the best position on the field. He picked fifty skilled archers under Abdullah ibn Jubayr ibn al-Nu'man al-Ansari al-Awsi and posted them on a small hill southeast of the camp known as the Archers' Hill, ordering them not to leave their position in victory or defeat, and told their commander: 'keep the cavalry off us with your arrows so they cannot come at us from behind.' He put al-Mundhir ibn Amr on the right wing and al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam on the left, supported by al-Miqdad {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.255}.
Event
Khalid's flanking manoeuvre at Uhud
23 March 625 CE · 7 Shawwal 3 AHWhen the Muslims' backs were left bare of archers, Khalid ibn al-Walid wheeled with lightning speed to the rear of the Muslim army and wiped out Abdullah ibn Jubayr and his nine companions on the hill, then fell on the Muslims from behind. Hearing the cry of Khalid's cavalry, the polytheists turned back on the Muslims. A woman named Umra bint Alqama al-Harithiyya raised the fallen polytheist standard and they rallied around it. The Muslims were trapped between Khalid's horse behind them and Quraysh's army returning from the front {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.264}.
Event
Martyrdom of Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib at Uhud
23 March 625 CE · 7 Shawwal 3 AHHamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib was fighting in the open like a grey camel, sweeping the ranks aside. Wahshi ibn Harb, an Abyssinian slave of Jubayr ibn Mut'im, lay in wait behind a tree or rock; Jubayr had promised Wahshi his freedom if he killed Hamza in revenge for his uncle Tu'ayma ibn Adi, slain at Badr. 'I shook my spear until I was satisfied, then hurled it at him; it struck his flank and came out between his legs' {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.261}. Wahshi finished him and returned to Mecca and was freed. Then Hind bint Utba came and cut open his liver and chewed it but could not swallow it {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.276}.
Event
Uhud war council and Muslim mobilization
22 March 625 CE · 6 Shawwal 3 AHWhen news of the Quraysh army heading for Medina reached the Prophet he held a senior war council. His view was to stay in Medina and fight the polytheists through the alleys, and Abdullah ibn Ubayy agreed; but the young Companions who had missed Badr pressed to march out until he yielded. The Prophet put on his armour and girt his sword, then divided his army into three battalions: the Muhajirun under the banner of Mus'ab ibn Umayr, the Aws under Usayd ibn Hudayr, and the Khazraj under al-Hubab ibn al-Mundhir {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.252}.
Event
Tactical Deployment of the Muslim Army at Uhud
March 625 CE · Shawwal 3 AHThe distribution of forces on the right and left wings, and the appointment of fifty archers on the Archers' Hill to protect the army's rear.
Event
Muslim withdrawal to the mountain pass at Uhud
23 March 625 CE · 7 Shawwal 3 AHWhen about thirty Companions had gathered around the Prophet he began an orderly withdrawal into the mountain gorge, cutting a path through the attacking polytheists. During the retreat he killed Ubayy ibn Khalaf with his own hand. The polytheists made a last attempt to climb the mountain under Abu Sufyan and Khalid, and Umar and a party of the Muhajirun fought until they drove them down. The Messenger of God settled in the gorge, where Fatima washed his wound and cauterised it with a burnt mat to stop the bleeding. Muhammad ibn Maslama brought fresh water from which the Prophet drank and prayed for him; he prayed the noon prayer sitting, from the effect of his wounds {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.278}.
Event
Umar dismisses al-Nu'man ibn Adi from Maysan
0634/0644Ibn Ishaq relates that Umar ibn al-Khattab appointed al-Nu'man ibn Adi over Maysan in the Basra region, then dismissed him when verses attributed to him reached Umar. Al-Nu'man excused himself that he was a poet saying what poets say, and Umar answered that he would never employ him again as long as he lived.
Event
The Prophet's Umrah from al-Ji'rana
February 630 CE · Dhu al-Qa'da 8 AHAfter completing the distribution of spoils, the Prophet entered the state of ihram from al-Ji'rana by night, entered Mecca to perform the rites of Umrah, confirmed Attab ibn Asid as governor of Mecca, and departed back to Medina in Dhu al-Qa'dah 8 AH.
Event
The Fulfilled Umrah (Umrat al-Qada)
c. March 629 CE · Dhu al-Qa'da 7 AHIn Dhu al-Qa'da 7 AH (March 629 CE), fulfilling the treaty of Hudaybiyya, the Prophet and 2,000 Muslims entered Mecca unarmed to perform Umrah while Quraysh watched from the hills; the Prophet married Maymuna bint al-Harith and the demonstration of Muslim devotion profoundly shifted Meccan sentiment, leading to the conversions of Khalid ibn al-Walid, Amr ibn al-As, and Uthman ibn Talha.
Event
Utba ibn Rabi'a's offer to the Prophet
c. 616 CEAfter the conversions of Hamza and Umar, Utba ibn Rabi'a volunteered to offer Muhammad wealth, leadership and kingship if he would abandon his call; the Prophet listened to the end, then recited the opening of sura Fussilat down to its prostration, and Utba went back urging Quraysh to leave the man be.
Event
Uthman funds the army of hardship
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHThe Prophet urged the wealthy to spend and provide mounts in God's path, and men among them did. Uthman ibn Affan spent a vast sum such as no one else spent, in Ibn Ishaq's account; Ibn Hisham adds, from 'one who is trusted', that it was a thousand dinars and that the Prophet said: God, be pleased with Uthman, for I am pleased with him.
Event
al-Walid's council on how to brand the Prophet
c. 613 CEWith the pilgrimage season approaching, Quraysh's leaders sat with al-Walid ibn al-Mughira to agree one word to say to the Arabs about Muhammad; he rejected 'soothsayer', 'madman', 'poet' and even 'sorcerer' as literal descriptions, then advised them to call his word sorcery that separates a man from his family — and they sat on the pilgrims' roads warning people of him.
Event
The water of Wadi al-Mushaqqaq
October 630 CE · Rajab 9 AHOn the road was a trickle of water in a valley called Wadi al-Mushaqqaq, enough only for a rider or two. The Prophet forbade anyone to reach it before him; some of the 'hypocrites' went ahead and drew what was in it, and he cursed them and prayed against them. He then placed his hand beneath the trickle, the water gushed forth, and the people drank.
Event
The Year of Delegations
c. 631 CE · 9 AHIn the ninth year after the Hijra, delegations from tribes across Arabia came to Medina to accept Islam or make agreements.
Event
The Year of Sorrow
c. 619 CEThe tenth year of prophethood in which the Prophet's protective uncle Abu Talib and his supportive wife Khadija bint Khuwaylid passed away within a short span.
Event
The Year of the Elephant and the Prophet's birth
c. April 571 CEThe traditional year of the Prophet Muhammad's birth in Mecca — Monday 9 Rabi' I of the Year of the Elephant, given in the book as 20 or 22 April 571 CE.
Exhibit
The Two Emigrations to Abyssinia
A short lesson on the first departure from Mecca: why they went to Abyssinia, who sheltered them, what happened there and how they returned, with the differing accounts of their return.
Exhibit
From Opposition to Islam: Those Who Changed Sides
A trail through twelve places in the stories of those who opposed the call in Mecca and then entered Islam, from Umar to the Muslims of the conquest, and then the category of 'those whose hearts were to be reconciled'.
Exhibit
The Meccan Period: From the Cave to the Hijra
A chronological trail through the years of the call in Mecca, from the descent of the revelation in the cave of Hira to the Hijra, in twelve events ordered as they unfolded.
Exhibit
The Women Around the Prophet: Twelve Lives
A trail through the lives of twelve women from the Prophet's circle — from the steadfast in Mecca to the emigrants, the fighters and the Mothers of the Believers — known by what has been transmitted of them.
Group
Adnan (the Arabized Arabs)
The lineage called the Arabized Arabs: tracing to Ismail ibn Ibrahim, also called Adnani; from it come Rabiʾa and Mudar, and through them Quraysh and the tribes of the Hijaz and Najd.
Group
Ahl al-Bayt
'The People of the House' — the Prophet's household: the family around whom the deepest loyalties and the deepest split in Islamic history would form.
Group
The Extinct Arabs
The first of the historians’ three divisions of the Arabs: the ancient peoples of whom little survives, such as Ad, Thamud, Tasm, Jadis and the Amaliq.
Group
al-Azd
A Kahlani Qahtani tribe that migrated from Yemen under Imran ibn Amr Muzayqiya; its branches dispersed to Yathrib (the Aws and Khazraj through Thaʾlaba), Mecca (Khuzaʾa), Oman, and al-Sham (Jafna, ancestor of the Ghassanids).
Group
The Ansar
'The Helpers' — the Muslims of Medina, of Aws and Khazraj, who invited the Prophet to their city, sheltered the refugees, and supplied the community's fighting strength.
Group
Aslam
A tribe; Ibn Ishaq has Abu Ruhm say that a party of them were allies within Banu Ghifar, and that the Prophet counted Aslam with Quraysh, the Ansar and Ghifar when he spoke of those who stayed behind.
Group
Banu Abd al-Dar
A clan of Quraysh; Ibn Ishaq lists it in the Abyssinia emigrant rolls under its ancestor 'Abd al-Dar ibn Qusayy', counting among it emigrants, women and children born there.
Group
Banu Abd Shams
A clan of Quraysh; Ibn Ishaq lists it in the Abyssinia rolls as 'Abd Shams ibn Abd Manaf', counting emigrants, women and children born there.
Group
Banu Adi ibn Ka'b
A clan of Quraysh; Ibn Ishaq lists it in the Abyssinia rolls as 'Adi ibn Ka'b ibn Lu'ayy', counting emigrants, women and children born there.
Group
Banu al-Ajlan
A Medinan clan; Ibn Ishaq places Ma'n ibn Adi in it, and Asim ibn Adi if he is the one meant.
Group
Banu al-Dil
A clan of Banu Bakr ibn Abd Manat ibn Kinana — its leading house, Banu al-Aswad ibn Razn, had been killed by Khuza'a before Islam; in the truce of Hudaybiyya its men under Nawfal ibn Mu'awiya carried out the night attack on al-Watir.
Group
Banu al-Harith ibn Fihr
A clan of Quraysh; Ibn Ishaq lists it in the Abyssinia rolls as 'al-Harith ibn Fihr ibn Malik', counting emigrants, women and children born there.
Group
Banu Amir ibn Lu'ayy
A clan of Quraysh; Ibn Ishaq lists it in the Abyssinia rolls as 'Amir ibn Lu'ayy ibn Ghalib', counting emigrants, women and children born there.
Group
Banu Amr ibn Awf
A Medinan clan that Ibn Ishaq mentions among the builders of Masjid al-Dirar (Khudham ibn Khalid and Abbad ibn Hunayf) and among the three left behind (Murara ibn al-Rabi').
Group
Banu Asad ibn Abd al-Uzza
A clan of Quraysh; Ibn Ishaq lists it in the Abyssinia rolls as 'Asad ibn Abd al-Uzza ibn Qusayy', counting emigrants, women and children born there.
Group
Banu Asad ibn Khuzayma
A non-Qurashi Arab tribe; Ibn Ishaq places Ubaydullah ibn Jahsh and Qays ibn Abdullah in it. It is distinct from the Qurashi Banu Asad ibn Abd al-Uzza.
Group
Banu Bakr ibn Abd Manat
A tribe of Kinana that entered Quraysh's pact at Hudaybiyya; the night attack by its Banu al-Dil clan on Khuza'a at al-Watir — secretly armed by Quraysh — broke the truce and set off the conquest of Mecca.
Group
Banu Dubay'a ibn Zayd
A clan to which Ibn Ishaq ascribes five of the builders of Masjid al-Dirar: Mu'tib ibn Qushayr, Abu Habiba ibn al-Az'ar, Nabtal ibn al-Harith, Bahzaj and Bijad ibn Uthman.
Group
Banu Ghifar
An Arab tribe; Ibn Ishaq reports that the bedouin excuse-makers were said to be a group of them, that Abu Ruhm Kulthum ibn al-Husayn was of them, and that they had allies from Aslam.
Group
Banu Hamdan
The great Kahlani tribe of Yemen whose rivalry with Himyar the Abyssinians exploited for their first occupation of Yemen in 340 CE.
Group
Banu Hashim
The Prophet's own clan within Quraysh — divided over his mission yet bound to him by blood, sheltering him through the boycott whether they believed or not.
Group
Banu Jumah
A clan of Quraysh; Ibn Ishaq lists it in the Abyssinia rolls as 'Jumah ibn Amr ibn Hasis ibn Ka'b', counting emigrants, women and children born there.
Group
Banu Jusham
A warrior clan of the Hawazin confederation; among them was the aged veteran commander and poet Durayd ibn al-Simma, who advised against driving the women and wealth into battle at Hunayn.
Group
Lakhm (the Manadhira)
The Kahlani tribe whose Nasr ibn Rabiʾa founded the line of al-Hira’s kings — the Manadhira — ruling as Persia’s Arab wardens from Amr ibn Adi to the last al-Mundhir in 632.
Group
Banu Makhzum
A clan of Quraysh; Ibn Ishaq lists it as 'Makhzum ibn Yaqaza ibn Murra ibn Ka'b'.
Group
Banu Nadir
Medina's second Jewish tribe to break with the Prophet — date-palm landholders expelled to Khaybar in 625 after the breakdown of the pact, where their exiles kept the quarrel alive.
Group
Banu Nasr
A leading clan of the Hawazin confederation; from it hailed Malik ibn Awf al-Nasri, commander of the polytheist confederation at the Battle of Hunayn.
Group
Banu Qaynuqa'
The first of Medina's three Jewish tribes to break with the Prophet — goldsmiths of the city's market, besieged after Badr and expelled to Syria in 624.
Group
Banu Qurayza
Medina's last Jewish tribe — besieged after the Battle of the Trench for treating with the confederates, judged by the arbitration they themselves accepted, and their men put to death in the gravest single act of violence of the Prophet's era.
Group
Banu Sahm
A clan of Quraysh; Ibn Ishaq lists it in the Abyssinia rolls as 'Sahm ibn Amr ibn Hasis ibn Ka'b', counting emigrants, women and children born there.
Group
Banu Salim ibn Awf
A Medinan clan; it includes Malik ibn al-Dukhshum, who was charged with demolishing Masjid al-Dirar, and Abu Khaythama, according to Ibn Ishaq.
Group
Banu Salima
A clan of the Khazraj; it includes Ka'b ibn Malik, the man who disparaged Ka'b at Tabuk, and the men who reproached him after he told the Prophet the truth.
Group
Banu Shayban (of Bakr ibn Waʾil)
The Bakrite clan of Hani ibn Masʾud which defeated the Sasanian host at Dhu Qar — the first day the Arabs routed the Persians.
Group
Banu Taym ibn Murra
A clan of Quraysh; Ibn Ishaq lists it in the Abyssinia rolls as 'Taym ibn Murra ibn Ka'b', counting emigrants, women and children born there.
Group
Banu Tamim
An Arab tribe; Ibn Ishaq records that Bishr ibn al-Harith al-Sahmi had a maternal half-brother in it, Sa'id ibn Amr.
Group
Banu Ubayd ibn Zayd
A branch of Banu Amr ibn Awf; from it was Khudham ibn Khalid, from whose house Masjid al-Shiqaq was removed, according to Ibn Ishaq.
Group
Banu Umayya ibn Abd Shams
A clan of Quraysh; Ibn Ishaq lists it as 'Umayya ibn Abd Shams ibn Abd Manaf' and makes it a separate section of the Abyssinia emigration.
Group
Banu Umayya ibn Zayd
A clan to which Ibn Ishaq ascribes Tha'laba ibn Hatib and Wadi'a ibn Thabit; it is the party of Abu Lubaba ibn Abd al-Mundhir.
Group
Banu Waqif
A clan to which Ibn Ishaq ascribes Hilal ibn Umayya al-Waqifi, one of the three left behind.
Group
Banu Zubayd
An Arab tribe; Ibn Ishaq records that Muhayyisa ibn al-Juzu' of it was an ally of Banu Sahm.
Group
Banu Zuhra
A clan of Quraysh; Ibn Ishaq lists it in the Abyssinia rolls as 'Zuhra ibn Kilab ibn Murra'.
Group
The builders of Masjid al-Dirar
Twelve men whom Ibn Ishaq names as the builders of the mosque the Prophet ordered demolished on his return from Tabuk.
Group
The early Muslim community
The first generation of believers gathered around the Prophet in Mecca and Medina — the persecuted handful of the first decade that became the founding community of Islam.
Group
Ghassan
Ka'b ibn Malik relates that the 'king of Ghassan' wrote him a letter wrapped in a scrap of silk during the boycott of the three, inviting him to join him.
Group
Hawazin
The great nomadic confederation of the Hijaz — rival of Quraysh and the Prophet's own foster-kin — that fielded the last massed Arab army against the Muslims at Hunayn and then came over within the year.
Group
Himyar
The most famous Qahtani stock with Kahlan; it took over the kingdom of Saba around 115 BCE, made Zafar its capital, and produced Yemen’s later kings such as Dhu Nuwas and the house of Dhu Yazan.
Group
Hudhayl
An Arab tribe; Ibn Ishaq records that Utba ibn Mas'ud of it was an ally of Banu Zuhra.
Group
The Jewish communities of Khaybar
The Jewish oasis communities of Khaybar, north of Medina — farmers and smiths behind strong fortresses, including exiles of Banu Nadir — subdued in 628 and left on the land under tribute until Umar's expulsion.
Group
Jurhum
A Yemeni Qahtani tribe that settled at Mecca in Ismail’s time and intermarried with him; it held authority over Mecca for nearly twenty centuries until Khuzaʾa expelled it in the mid-second century CE, whereupon it buried Zamzam and departed for Yemen.
Group
Kahlan
One of the great Qahtani stocks; its branches left Yemen around the time of the Arim flood, among them al-Azd, Lakhm, Judham, Tayy, Kinda, Hamdan, and the ancestors of the Aws, Khazraj, Khuzaʾa and the Ghassanid house of Jafna.
Group
Khath'am
An Arab tribe; Ibn Ishaq ascribes Asma bint Umays to it as 'al-Khath'amiyya'.
Group
Khuza'a
The tribe of the Meccan lowland, long allied to the Prophet's house by marriage and oath; it entered his pact at Hudaybiyya, was attacked at al-Watir by Banu Bakr with Quraysh's secret aid, and its appeal to Medina set off the conquest of Mecca.
Group
Kinana
An Arab tribe; Ibn Ishaq ascribes Fatima bint Safwan ibn Umayya ibn Muharrith to it as 'al-Kinaniyya'.
Group
Mothers of the Believers
The Qur'anic title of the Prophet's wives ('his wives are their mothers', al-Ahzab 6): he contracted thirteen women, consummated marriage with eleven and died leaving nine; they played a great role in transmitting his domestic life and the rulings of the sharia to the women of the umma.
Group
The Muhajirun
'The Emigrants' — the Muslims who left Mecca for Abyssinia and then Medina, giving up home and property for the faith; the community's founding layer in the Prophet's city.
Group
Qahtan (the Original Arabs)
The lineage called the Original Arabs: descendants of Yaʾrub ibn Yashjub ibn Qahtan, based in Yemen, whose best-known branches are Himyar and Kahlan.
Group
Qudaʾa
A great tribe of Himyarite affiliation (debated); it left Yemen for the Samawa steppe on Iraq’s edge, moved on to al-Sham under Ardashir’s pressure, and produced the Salihids — the Dajaʾima — Rome’s first Arab client kings.
Group
Quraysh
The tribe that held Mecca and the custodianship of the Kaaba — the Prophet's own people, its elite his fiercest opponents for a decade, then, after 630, the core of the new community's leadership.
Group
Thaqif
The tribe of Ta'if, keepers of the sanctuary of al-Lat — who drove the Prophet out with stones when he came to them alone, then, after Hunayn, negotiated their city into Islam on their own terms.
Journey
The Medina army's march to Badr
The Muslim army's route from Medina to Badr in Ramadan 2 AH: out of Medina's pass to Bir al-Rawha, off the Mecca road at al-Naziya to Rahqan and the Safra pass, then Dhi Afran, al-Asafir and al-Dabba, to the wells of Badr.
Journey
The march of the Conquest of Mecca
The march of the ten-thousand-strong army of the Conquest from Medina to Mecca in Ramadan 8 AH (January 630 CE): departing Medina on 10 Ramadan, breaking fast at al-Kudayd, encamping with 10,000 fires at Marr al-Zahran, halting at Dhu Tuwa to divide columns, and entering Mecca.
Journey
The emigrants' return from Abyssinia to Khaybar
The emigrants' voyage from Abyssinia to the Prophet at Khaybar in the two ships the Negus provided, with Amr ibn Umayya al-Damri, after al-Hudaybiyya. Ibn Ishaq names neither the port nor the route, and says they arrived while the Prophet was at Khaybar.
Journey
The march to Tabuk and back
The Prophet's march from Medina to Tabuk in Rajab of year nine and his return, by the halting-places Ibn Ishaq names: Thaniyyat al-Wada' where he camped, al-Jurf where Ali caught up, al-Hijr, and Tabuk where he stayed some ten nights, and Wadi al-Mushaqqaq on the way back. Ibn Ishaq does not order every stop; the return section (Dhi Awan) was completed in a later batch.
Person
Aban ibn Sa'id ibn al-As
Of Banu Abd Shams, brother of Khalid and Amr the sons of Sa'id; Ibn Ishaq attributes to him verses addressed to his brothers when they became Muslim, and Khalid answered him.
Person
Abbad ibn Bishr
A Companion of Banu Abd al-Ashhal; Musa ibn Uqba lists him among those at Badr and says he took part in the killing of Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf; Aisha said three of the Ansar had no one to rival them in merit: Usayd ibn Hudayr, Sa'd ibn Mu'adh and Abbad ibn Bishr.
Person
Abbad ibn Hunayf
One of the twelve men who built Masjid al-Dirar, according to Ibn Ishaq; his ascription: brother of Sahl ibn Hunayf, of Banu Amr ibn Awf.
Person
Abbad ibn Qays
Companion from the Ansar, of Banu al-Harith ibn al-Khazraj; martyred at Mu'tah alongside Abd Allah ibn Rawaha.
Person
al-Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib
c. 568 CEAn uncle of the Prophet, captured with the Meccan side at Badr and later a Muslim, whose descendants founded the Abbasid caliphate.
Person
Abbas ibn Mirdas al-Sulami
A knight, poet and chieftain of Banu Sulaym; he embraced Islam prior to the conquest of Mecca after a miraculous encounter with his idol Dimar, led the Sulaym contingent at the Conquest and Hunayn, and was renowned for his stirring war poetry.
Person
Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim
c. 497 CEThe Prophet Muhammad's grandfather and guardian, a leading elder of Quraysh remembered in tradition for restoring the well of Zamzam and leading Mecca at the time of Abraha's campaign.
Person
Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf
One of the first band of eight; he accepted Islam at Abu Bakr's invitation during the secret call in Mecca.
Person
Abd Allah ibn Jubayr ibn al-Numan al-Ansari
An Ansari Companion of the Aws who fought at Badr. The Prophet appointed him commander of the fifty-archer detachment at Uhud and charged them not to leave their position on the hill in victory or defeat. When most of his men left seeking spoils, he held firm with nine others on the hill. He was killed by Khalid ibn al-Walid and his cavalry when they executed the flanking manoeuvre. He was a Badri, which is a high honour {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.255}.
Person
Abd Allah ibn Rawaha
Companion from the Ansar and poet of early Islam; appointed third commander of the Mu'tah expedition. After both of his comrades Zayd and Ja'far were killed he hesitated briefly then charged and was martyred. The Prophet announced his death while still in Medina, reporting in a vision that his throne was slightly tilted beside his companions' because of his hesitation before pressing on.
Person
Abd Manaf ibn Qusayy
Son of Qusayy who had already risen to leadership in his father’s lifetime; after his death his sons contested the offices with the sons of Abd al-Dar, and the siqaya and rifada fell to his line — inherited by Hashim, then al-Muttalib, then Abd al-Muttalib.
Person
Abd Yalil ibn Amr
Chief of Thaqif who led the six-man delegation to the Prophet in Ramadan 9 AH after initially refusing the mission for fear of meeting Urwa ibn Mas'ud's fate; he negotiated the terms and the demolition of al-Lat.
Person
Abdullah ibn Abbas
c. 619 CEThe Prophet's young cousin who grew up in Medina and became the tradition's founding authority on the interpretation of the Qur'an — remembered as the father of tafsir.
Person
Abdullah ibn Abi Bakr
Abu Bakr's son, 'a bright, quick-witted youth' in Aisha's description, who spent the three cave nights with the fugitives, left before dawn to mingle with Quraysh by day, and brought them the news each evening.
Person
Abdullah ibn Abi Hadrad al-Aslami
A Companion of Banu Aslam dispatched by the Prophet as an undercover scout to Hawazin's camp at Awtas before Hunayn; he stayed among them, overheard Malik ibn Awf's orders, and brought vital intelligence back to Medina's army.
Person
Abdullah ibn Abi Rabi'a
One of Quraysh's two picked envoys — with Amr ibn al-As — sent to the Negus with gifts and coached arguments to extradite the Muslim migrants, before either man had accepted Islam.
Person
Abdullah ibn Abi Umayya
A Qurashi nobleman of Banu Makhzum, brother of Umm Salama and maternal cousin of the Prophet; after opposing the early call, he accepted Islam on the road to the conquest of Mecca and was martyred by an arrow during the siege of Ta'if.
Person
Abdullah ibn al-Harith the Poet
Of Banu Sahm, whom Ibn Ishaq calls 'the poet'; he emigrated to Abyssinia and died there.
Person
Abdullah ibn al-Mughaffal al-Muzani
The fifth of the Weepers, of Muzayna; Ibn Ishaq lists him among those who begged the Prophet for mounts on the Tabuk campaign when he found nothing to carry them on.
Person
Abdullah ibn al-Muttalib ibn Azhar
Born in the land of Abyssinia to his father al-Muttalib ibn Azhar and his mother Ramla bint Abi Awf.
Person
Abdullah ibn al-Zib'ara
One of the finest poets of Quraysh, harsh against the Muslims, who embraced Islam at the conquest; he fled to Najran after the fall of Mecca, verses of Hassan ibn Thabit reached him, he returned and became Muslim and composed verses of apology; al-Marzubani says the Prophet ordered him a robe when he praised him.
Person
Abdullah ibn al-Zubayr ibn Abd al-Muttalib
A cousin of the Prophet, listed by Ibn Sa'd in the fifth class of Companions; one of those who held firm at Hunayn, and killed at Ajnadayn in 13 AH after killing two Byzantine challengers; not to be confused with Abdullah ibn al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam.
Person
Abdullah ibn Amr ibn al-As
A Companion of Banu Sahm, a prolific transmitter of hadith who used to write; Abu Hurayra said none had more hadith than he except Abdullah ibn Amr, because he wrote; he embraced Islam before his father, and the two collections tell his story of fasting by day and praying by night.
Person
Abdullah ibn Amr ibn Haram
A prominent chief of Banu Salima of the Khazraj, father of Jabir ibn Abdullah; he embraced Islam and took the Second Pledge of Aqaba where he was appointed a naqib; he fought at Badr and was the first Muslim martyred at the battle of Uhud, where the Prophet spoke of God speaking to him without a veil.
Person
Abdullah ibn Atik
A heroic Companion from Banu Salima of the Khazraj fluent in Jewish dialect; chosen by the Prophet to lead the five-man covert mission to Khaybar to assassinate Sallam ibn Abi al-Huqayq (Abu Rafi'); though his leg was fractured on withdrawal, the Prophet wiped it and it healed instantly.
Person
Abdullah ibn Hudhafa al-Sahmi
Of Banu Sahm; he emigrated to Abyssinia. Ibn Ishaq describes him as the Messenger of God's envoy to the Chosroes.
Person
Abdullah ibn Ja'far
Son of Ja'far ibn Abi Talib and Asma bint Umays, born in the land of Abyssinia.
Person
Abdullah ibn Jahsh
One of the earliest Muslims and an ally of Banu Abd Shams; he emigrated to Abyssinia and fought at Badr; the Prophet sent him to Nakhla, and reports say he was the first commander in Islam and the first to be given a banner; he was killed at Uhud and buried in one grave with Hamza, and al-Zubayr ibn Bakkar says he was nicknamed 'the one mutilated for God'.
Person
Abdullah ibn Jud'an
The aged, honoured chief of Taym ibn Murra in whose house the Fudul pact was sworn — a byword in Mecca for hospitality.
Person
Abdullah ibn Ka'b ibn Malik
Son of Ka'b ibn Malik and his guide when his sight was stricken; his son Abd al-Rahman related from him his father's account of staying behind from Tabuk.
Person
Abdullah ibn Khatal
A former Muslim sent by the Prophet to collect sadaqa; he killed his Muslim servant over a meal, apostatized with the collected camels, and kept two singing girls who performed lampoons against the Prophet; he was ordered killed on the Conquest and slain clinging to the Kaaba curtains.
Person
Abdullah ibn Mas'ud
c. 594 CEA shepherd of Mecca among the first converts, remembered as the first man to recite the Qur'an aloud there; in Kufa he became a founding teacher of its school of learning.
Person
Abdullah ibn Muhammad
The Prophet's son by Khadija, called al-Tayyib and al-Tahir; he died young in Mecca.
Person
Abdullah ibn Sa'd ibn Abi Sarh
A scribe of revelation who apostatized back to Quraysh; proscribed on the day of the Conquest, he was sheltered by his foster brother Uthman ibn Affan who pleaded for him until the Prophet granted him pardon; he returned to Islam and later governed Egypt under Umar and Uthman.
Person
Abdullah ibn Salam
c. 550 CEA learned rabbi of Banu Qaynuqa' who examined the Prophet, declared him genuine, and became the most famous Jewish convert of Medina — held in Sunni tradition as one promised paradise.
Person
Abdullah ibn Sufyan al-Makhzumi
Of Banu Makhzum, brother of Habbar ibn Sufyan; he emigrated to Abyssinia. Ibn Ishaq says he was killed in the year of the Yarmuk, while expressing doubt about it.
Person
Abdullah ibn Ubayy
c. 580 CEThe chief of Khazraj who had been preparing to be crowned king of Medina when the Hijra ended his ambition — remembered in the Sunni sources as the leader of the 'hypocrites' who opposed the Prophet from inside the city.
Person
Abdullah ibn Umar ibn al-Khattab
The son of the caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab and Zaynab bint Maz'un; he embraced Islam young with his father and emigrated, was presented to the Prophet at Badr and Uhud and turned back as too young, and was accepted at al-Khandaq; he is one of the great narrators of hadith and was known for following the Prophet's footsteps; he died in 73 AH on the majority view, some say 74 AH.
Person
Abdullah ibn Unays
A Juhani and ally of Banu Salima among the Ansar; he was at al-Aqaba and later campaigns and was one of those who broke the idols of Banu Salima; the Prophet sent him alone to Khalid ibn Nubayh al-Anzi, whom he killed; Jabir travelled a month to him for a hadith; he entered Egypt and went out to Ifriqiya, and died in Syria in 54 AH as is known.
Person
Abdullah ibn Urayqit
The Laythi tracker hired as guide for the Hijra — 'a skilled guide' still on Quraysh's religion, whom they nonetheless entrusted; he led the party by the little-used coastal road to Medina.
Person
Abraha
c. 520 CEThe Aksumite governor who made himself ruler of Yemen, built the great church of San'a, and marched on Mecca with an elephant — the invader of the 'Year of the Elephant' remembered in Qur'an 105.
Person
Abu al-Darda' (Uwaymir)
Uwaymir al-Ansari al-Khazraji, known by his kunya; it is said he embraced Islam the day of Badr, he fought well at Uhud, where the Prophet said 'what a fine horseman Uwaymir is' and called him the wise man of his community; he had been a merchant before the mission; he died in 32 AH on the account of al-Waqidi and others, and hadith scholars hold it was in Uthman's caliphate.
Person
Abu al-Rum ibn Umayr
Of Banu Abd al-Dar; Ibn Ishaq names him among the rest of the emigrants to Abyssinia.
Person
Abu Amir al-Ash'ari
A senior Ash'ari Companion and paternal uncle of Abu Musa al-Ash'ari; appointed by the Prophet to lead the pursuit column against the routed Hawazin at Awtas, he slew nine enemy champions before falling martyred to an arrow, handing the banner to Abu Musa.
Person
Abu Ayyub al-Ansari
The Najjari Ansari who took the Prophet's baggage into his house when the she-camel knelt among Banu al-Najjar — 'a man stays with his baggage' — becoming the Prophet's host in Medina until the mosque and rooms were built.
Person
Abu Bakr al-Siddiq
c. 573 CEClose companion of the Prophet and the first caliph (r. 632–634 CE); his succession is understood differently in Sunni and Shia tradition.
Person
Abu Bakr al-Khallal
He gathered Imam Ahmad's transmitted answers and wrote them down with their chains of transmission in the book al-Jami', which counts as the foundation of the school, and so prepared the way for the writing down of Hanbali jurisprudence.
Person
Abu Bakr Abd al-Aziz (Ghulam al-Khallal)
A Hanbali jurist, author of al-Shafi and al-Tanbih in the school's jurisprudence; he wrote on his copy of the Mukhtasar of al-Kharaqi a note on questions in which al-Kharaqi differed.
Person
Abu Bakra Nufay' ibn al-Harith
A slave of Thaqif who descended from the besieged fortress of Ta'if on a pulley (bakra) in response to the Prophet's proclamation of freedom; the Prophet manumitted him as a 'freeman of God', and he became a prominent Companion and hadith transmitter in Basra.
Person
Abu Basir (Utba ibn Usayd)
A determined Meccan convert who escaped to Medina following the Hudaybiyya Treaty; surrendered to Quraysh envoys in adherence to treaty terms, he overpowered his guard on the journey back and established a coastal guerrilla base at al-Is, intercepting Quraysh caravans until Quraysh begged the Prophet to accept them in Medina.
Person
Abu Burayda al-Aslami
A tribal chief who rode out hunting the Quraysh bounty on the Prophet's head, but on meeting him embraced Islam on the spot with seventy of his people, and raised his turban on his spear as a banner of safe-conduct.
Person
Abu Dharr al-Ghifari
c. 590 CEA tribesman of Ghifar among the very first converts, remembered for fierce asceticism and for denouncing the hoarding of wealth; Uthman exiled him to al-Rabadha, where he died.
Person
Abu Dujana
His name was Simak ibn Kharasha, or ibn Aws ibn Kharasha; agreed to have been at Badr; at Uhud he took the Prophet's sword 'with its right' and struck the polytheists' heads with it; it is said he took part in killing Musaylima, and Ali said he was martyred at al-Yamama.
Person
Abu Ghubshan al-Khuzaʾi
The Khuzaʾi who held the guardianship of the Kaaba on behalf of Hubba bint Hulayl and sold it to Qusayy for a skin of wine — the purchase Khuzaʾa resented, sparking the war that ended their rule of Mecca.
Person
Abu Habiba ibn al-Az'ar
One of the twelve men who built Masjid al-Dirar, according to Ibn Ishaq; his ascription: of Banu Dubay'a ibn Zayd.
Person
Abu Haritha ibn Alqama
Bishop of Najran and its religious leader, one of the three chiefs who headed the sixty-man Christian delegation to Medina in 9 AH that debated Jesus and received the Prophet's offer of mubahala.
Person
Abu Hatib ibn Amr
A Companion of Banu Amir ibn Lu'ayy; he emigrated to Abyssinia and arrived in the two ships.
Person
Abu Hudhayfa ibn Utba
One of the earliest to embrace Islam, he made both emigrations, prayed towards both qiblas and fought at Badr; he became Muslim after forty-three others, adopted his freed slave Salim, and was killed at al-Yamama aged fifty-six; his name is disputed (Muhshim, Hushaym, Hashim or Qays).
Person
Abu Hurayra
c. 603 CEA convert of the Khaybar years who became, by far, the most prolific narrator of hadith in the Sunni collections — a fact celebrated by the tradition and debated by scholars.
Person
Abu Jahl (Amr ibn Hisham)
c. 570 CEThe most implacable leader of Meccan opposition to Muhammad: organizer of the boycott of Banu Hashim, persecutor of the weak converts, and the Quraysh commander killed at Badr.
Person
Abu Jandal ibn Suhayl
Son of Suhayl ibn Amr who embraced Islam early in Mecca and was imprisoned by his father; at the conclusion of the Hudaybiyya Treaty he escaped in chains to the Muslim camp; honoring the newly signed pact, the Prophet returned him while counseling patience, whereupon Abu Jandal escaped to the coastal enclave at al-Is with Abu Basir.
Person
Abu Khaythama
Of Banu Salim ibn Awf; Ibn Ishaq names him among the four who stayed behind without doubt, then he caught up with the Prophet at Tabuk after refusing to enter his two bowers on a hot day.
Person
Abu Lahab
c. 560 CEAn uncle of the Prophet who became one of his most vocal opponents in Mecca, alongside his wife Umm Jamil — the household singled out in Qur'an 111.
Person
Abu Layla Abd al-Rahman ibn Ka'b
The third of the Weepers, brother of Banu Mazin ibn al-Najjar; Ibn Ishaq lists him among those who begged the Prophet for mounts on the Tabuk campaign when he found nothing to carry them on.
Person
Abu Lubaba ibn Abd al-Mundhir
An Ansari of the Aws, of Banu Amr ibn Awf; his name is disputed (Bashir, Rifa'a or Marwan); the Prophet sent him back on the road to Badr, left him in charge of Medina and gave him a share and the reward of the Badr fighters; it is said he was one of the naqibs on the night of al-Aqaba and he carried the banner of Banu Amr ibn Awf at the conquest.
Person
Abu Musa al-Ashari
Companion from the Ashari tribe, a client of the family of Utba ibn Rabi'a; came to the Prophet on the two ships from Abyssinia. Known as a jurist, expert Qur'an reciter and governor of Basra and Kufa under Umar.
Person
Abu Qatada, cousin of Ka'b ibn Malik
The cousin of Ka'b ibn Malik; Ka'b greeted him over his garden wall during the boycott and he did not answer, and on the third adjuration he replied: God and His Messenger know best.
Person
Abu Qays ibn al-Harith
Of Banu Sahm; he emigrated to Abyssinia and was killed on the day of al-Yamama in Abu Bakr's caliphate.
Person
Abu Quhafa Uthman ibn Amir
The father of Abu Bakr al-Siddiq; an old, blind man who watched the Muslim army enter Mecca from Mount Abu Qubays and was brought by his son to the Prophet at Dhu Tuwa to profess Islam.
Person
Abu Ruhm al-Ghifari
A Companion of Ghifar, among those who pledged under the tree, according to Ibn Ishaq; he related of the Tabuk campaign the Prophet's question to him about the men of Ghifar and Aslam who stayed behind.
Person
Abu Said al-Khudri
A Khazraji Companion known by his kunya, judged too young at Uhud, where his father was killed; he campaigned afterwards and became one of the great transmitters of hadith and among the most learned of the younger Companions; al-Waqidi has him dying in 74 AH.
Person
Abu Salama (Abdullah ibn Abd al-Asad)
Abdullah ibn Abd al-Asad al-Makhzumi, Abu Salama; one of the earliest Muslims of the secret call and the Prophet's foster-brother by Thuwayba's milk.
Person
Abu Sufyan ibn al-Harith
The Prophet's paternal cousin and milk-brother, fostered with him in Banu Sa'd under Halima's care; he later became one of the poets of Islam after initially opposing it.
Person
Abu Sufyan ibn Harb
c. 560 CELeader of Mecca through the years of open war against the Muslims — commander at Uhud and the Trench — who submitted at the conquest of Mecca and ended his life a Muslim; father of the first Umayyad caliph.
Person
Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib
c. 535 CEAn uncle of the Prophet who raised him, led Banu Hashim, and protected him from Quraysh until his own death — while whether he himself embraced Islam is contested between the traditions.
Person
Abu Tha'laba al-Khushani
A well-known Companion known by his kunya, of Banu Khushayn of Quda'a; his name is disputed in many forms (Jurhum, Jurthum and others); he came to the Prophet as he was preparing for Khaybar, embraced Islam and took part, asked about eating from the vessels of the People of the Book and about hunting, and settled in Syria.
Person
Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah
c. 583 CEAn early Qurayshi convert the Prophet called the trustworthy man of this community; he commanded the armies in Syria at the height of the conquest and died in the plague of Amwas.
Person
Addas the Christian
A Christian slave from Nineveh serving Utba and Shayba ibn Rabi'a in their orchard at al-Ta'if; upon offering grapes to the Prophet and hearing the name of Jonah (Yunus), he embraced Islam and kissed the Prophet's head, hands, and feet.
Person
Adi ibn Hatim
The son of the famously generous Hatim al-Ta'i; he embraced Islam in 9 AH or 10 AH, having been a Christian, stood firm during the apostasy and brought his tribe's alms to Abu Bakr; he took part in the conquest of Iraq and was with Ali at Siffin, settled in Kufa and died after 60 AH.
Person
Adi ibn Nadla
Of Banu Adi ibn Ka'b; he emigrated to Abyssinia with his son al-Nu'man and died there.
Person
Adnan
The ancestor at whom the Prophet’s lineage is said to stop: twenty-first in the chain of the prophetic genealogy in Raheeq’s reckoning, descendant of Qaydar ibn Ismail; when the Prophet reached Adnan in tracing his lineage he would stop and say the genealogists lie.
Person
Ahmad ibn Hanbal
An imam and hadith scholar who compiled the Musnad; eponym of the Hanbali school, which gives precedence to the revealed text and transmitted reports. He wrote only one treatise on jurisprudence, on prayer, while his students wrote more than thirty volumes of his words and fatwas.
Person
Aisha bint Abi Bakr
c. 613 CEA wife of the Prophet and daughter of Abu Bakr; one of the most prolific transmitters of hadith in Sunni tradition, whose role is viewed differently across the traditions.
Person
A'isha bint al-Harith ibn Khalid
Daughter of al-Harith ibn Khalid and Rayta, born in the land of Abyssinia; she died on the road with her mother, her sister and her brother.
Person
al-Abbas ibn Ubada
A zealous leader of the Khazraj who attended both Pledges of Aqaba; at the Second Pledge he stood to impress upon the Yathribites the gravity of their covenant, declaring their readiness to face war against all mankind; after the meeting he offered to strike the Quraysh encampment at Mina if ordered; he was martyred at the battle of Uhud.
Person
al-Akhnas ibn Shariq
A Thaqafi leader allied to Banu Zuhra who marched with the Meccan army, then judged a battle against Medina unnecessary after the caravan escaped and led the whole Zuhra contingent — some 300 men — home before Badr.
Person
al-Akhzar ibn Lut al-Dili
A poet of Banu al-Dil who boasted in verse of driving Banu Ka'b of Khuza'a away from al-Watir; Budayl ibn Umm Asram answered him in a poem Ibn Hisham records under a non-Ibn-Ishaq strand.
Person
al-Ala ibn al-Hadrami
An early Muslim Companion and skilled diplomat from Hadramawt; appointed by the Prophet as his envoy to al-Mundhir ibn Sawa, ruler of Bahrain, who accepted Islam alongside his people; served as governor of Bahrain under the Prophet, Abu Bakr, and Umar.
Person
al-Ala ibn Jariya al-Thaqafi
A leader of Thaqif allied to Banu Zuhra; he embraced Islam after the fall of Mecca and was granted one hundred camels at al-Ji'rana among al-Mu'allafa Qulubuhum to reconcile his tribe.
Person
al-Aqra' ibn Habis al-Tamimi
A paramount chieftain and arbitrator of Banu Tamim in Najd; given one hundred camels at al-Ji'rana among al-Mu'allafa Qulubuhum to reconcile his tribe, he became a loyal Companion and participated in the early Islamic conquests.
Person
al-Arqam ibn Abi al-Arqam
One of the earliest Muslims of the secret call; his name is tied in the sira to his house, which became the call's centre.
Person
al-As ibn Wa'il
The Sahmi notable whose withholding of a Zabidi merchant's due sparked the events leading to the Fudul pact — the confederates rose and wrested the man's right from him.
Person
Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari
A Sunni theologian to whom the Ash'ari school is attributed, author of Maqalat al-Islamiyyin in which he sets out the position of the hadith scholars and Ahl al-Sunna and says he holds it; the edition of the book calls him the shaykh of Ahl al-Sunna wa'l-Jama'a.
Person
al-Ash'ath ibn Qays
One of the kings of Kinda and holder of the quarter-share of Hadramawt; he came to the Prophet in 10 AH with seventy riders of Kinda, left Islam with those of Kinda who did, was captured and brought to Abu Bakr, embraced Islam again and was freed and married to Abu Bakr's sister; he was at al-Yarmuk, al-Qadisiyya and with Ali at Siffin, and died forty nights after Ali's killing.
Person
al-Aswad al-Ansi
c. 580 CEAbhala ibn Ka'b, called al-Aswad 'the veiled one' — a soothsayer of Yemen who claimed prophecy, seized San'a and much of Yemen for a few weeks, and was cut down by the Persian colony that had first served him.
Person
Al-Aswad ibn Nawfal
A Companion of Banu Asad ibn Abd al-Uzza; he emigrated to Abyssinia and arrived in the two ships.
Person
al-Bara' ibn Azib
A Companion of the Aws, as was his father; he was judged too young at Badr along with Ibn Umar and sent back, then took part at Uhud; he joined fourteen or fifteen expeditions with the Prophet, took al-Rayy, was with Ali at the Camel and Siffin, settled in Kufa and died in the governorship of Mus'ab ibn al-Zubayr.
Person
al-Bara' ibn Malik
The brother of Anas ibn Malik and son of Umm Sulaym, he was the Prophet's camel-driver chanting on his journeys, took part in the campaigns except Badr, distinguished himself at al-Yamama, and was killed at the fortress of Tustar in Umar's caliphate, around 20 AH.
Person
al-Bara ibn Ma'rur
Senior chief of Banu Salima of the Khazraj and the foremost spokesman for the Yathrib delegation at the Second Pledge of Aqaba; he took the Prophet's hand and proclaimed their commitment to defend him with their lives and arms; he died shortly before the Prophet reached Medina in the Hijra.
Person
Al-Dahhak ibn Khalifa
Ibn Hisham names him among those in Suwaylim's house when Talha burned it; he broke out of the back of the house and his leg was broken, and he spoke verses about it.
Person
al-Dahhak ibn Sufyan al-Kilabi
A companion of Banu Kilab appointed sadaqa collector over his people in 9 AH; when a clan of them refused the call to Islam and fought, he led the expedition that routed them in Rabi' al-Awwal of that year.
Person
al-Fadl ibn al-Abbas
Son of al-Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib; rode behind the Prophet from Arafat to Muzdalifa in the Farewell Pilgrimage, walked beside him in the last illness, and helped turn and wash his body before burial.
Person
The Ghamidi woman
A woman of the Ghamid tribe who came to the Prophet in 9 AH and confessed to fornication; he turned her away repeatedly, deferred the penalty until she bore and weaned her child, and she was stoned — he said of her repentance that, apportioned, it would suffice seventy people of Medina.
Person
Al-Harith ibn Abd Qays
A Companion of Banu al-Harith ibn Fihr; he emigrated to Abyssinia and arrived in the two ships.
Person
Al-Harith ibn al-Harith al-Sahmi
Of Banu Sahm; he emigrated to Abyssinia. Ibn Ishaq mentions him without recording his fate.
Person
al-Harith ibn al-Nu'man ibn Usaf
Companion from the Ansar, of Banu Mazin al-Najjar (Khazraj); martyred at Mu'tah. Ibn Ishaq records his full genealogy.
Person
Al-Harith ibn Hatib
Son of Hatib ibn al-Harith and Fatima bint al-Mujallal; he arrived with his mother and brother in one of the ships.
Person
al-Harith ibn Hisham
A prominent nobleman of Banu Makhzum and brother of Abu Jahl; after fierce opposition to Islam at Badr and Uhud, he embraced Islam on the day of the conquest of Mecca, was granted one hundred camels at al-Ji'rana among al-Mu'allafa Qulubuhum, and fell as a martyr in the conquest of Syria.
Person
Al-Harith ibn Khalid ibn Sakhr
A Companion of Banu Taym ibn Murra; he emigrated to Abyssinia with his wife Rayta and arrived in the two ships.
Person
al-Huwayrith ibn Nuqaydh
A Qurashi in Mecca who persistently harassed the Prophet; when al-Abbas was escorting the Prophet's daughters Fatima and Umm Kulthum to Medina, al-Huwayrith prodded their camel so they fell; he was ordered killed on the Conquest and slain by Ali ibn Abi Talib.
Person
Al-Jadd ibn Qays
Of Banu Salima; the Prophet asked him about fighting the Banu al-Asfar and he asked leave to stay behind for fear of temptation. Ibn Ishaq says a verse of Sura al-Tawba was revealed about him.
Person
al-Jawniyya
A woman of Kinda contracted to the Prophet but the marriage was not consummated; the sira literature disagrees on her name and the details, and al-Raheeq records only her well-known byname.
Person
al-Khansa' bint Khidham
An Ansari woman of Banu Amr ibn Awf whose hadith is established in the Muwatta': her father married her off against her wishes, she went to the Prophet and he annulled the marriage; she later married Abu Lubaba ibn Abd al-Mundhir and bore him al-Sa'ib.
Person
al-Kharaqi
Author of the famous Mukhtasar al-Kharaqi on the jurisprudence of Imam Ahmad; he died in Damascus in 334 AH.
Person
al-Miqdad ibn Amr
A Bahrani confederate adopted into Quraysh and one of the first Muslims; at Badr he was one of the army's two horsemen, commanded the left wing, and made the council's famous pledge to fight to Bark al-Ghimad.
Person
al-Miqdam ibn Ma'dikarib
A Companion who lived in Syria, called Abu Karima (or Abu Yahya); he settled at Homs and narrated from the Prophet, Khalid ibn al-Walid, Mu'adh and Abu Ayyub; when told that people claimed he never saw the Prophet he swore he had, and that the Prophet had taken him by the lobe of his ear; Ibn Sa'd lists him among the Syrians and says he died in 87 AH aged ninety-one.
Person
al-Miswar ibn Makhrama
A young Companion of Banu Zuhra, born two years after the Hijra, who came to Medina as a boy after the conquest; a nephew of Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf, he preserved the hadith about Ali's proposal to the daughter of Abu Jahl, and he was with Ibn al-Zubayr, dying from a catapult stone in the first siege in 64 AH.
Person
al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba
Thaqafi Companion renowned for wit and statecraft; he broke the gate of al-Lat with the pickaxe during its demolition in 9 AH, first feigning a collapse that struck terror into the watching Thaqafis.
Person
al-Mundhir ibn Maʾ al-Samaʾ
The Lakhmid king deposed by Qubadh for refusing the Mazdakite creed, replaced by al-Harith ibn Amr al-Kindi, then restored by Khosrow Anushirwan who destroyed Mazdak and his followers.
Person
Al-Muttalib ibn Azhar
Of Banu Zuhra; he emigrated to Abyssinia with his wife Ramla bint Abi Awf and died there, and his son Abdullah was born to him there.
Person
al-Nadir ibn al-Harith al-Thaqafi
A prominent Thaqafi physician-nobleman and son of the famed physician al-Harith ibn Kalada; allied to Banu Abd al-Dar, he embraced Islam and was granted one hundred camels by the Prophet at al-Ji'rana among al-Mu'allafa Qulubuhum.
Person
al-Nadr ibn al-Harith
c. 575 CEA Qurashi who had traveled to al-Hira and returned with Persian tales of kings and heroes, offering them against the Prophet's recitation — captured at Badr and executed on the march home.
Person
Imam al-Nawawi
The jurist and ascetic Imam Abu Zakariyya Yahya al-Nawawi; compiler of the 'Arba'un', forty-two concise hadiths built on Ibn al-Salah's twenty-six, which became one of the most memorised and commented collections in Islam.
Person
Al-Nu'man ibn Adi
Son of Adi ibn Nadla; he accompanied his father to Abyssinia and arrived from there. Umar later appointed him over Maysan and dismissed him after verses were attributed to him.
Person
al-Nuʾman ibn al-Mundhir
The Lakhmid king of al-Hira whom Khosrow summoned after the courtier Zayd ibn Adi’s intrigue; he entrusted his family and wealth to Hani ibn Masʾud of Banu Shayban, then went to Khosrow who imprisoned him until death — the refusal to surrender that deposit ignited Dhu Qar.
Person
al-Qasim ibn Muhammad
The Prophet's eldest son by Khadija, from whom his kunya Abu al-Qasim derives; he died young in Mecca.
Person
al-Rubayyi' bint Mu'awwidh
A Companion of Banu Adi ibn al-Najjar; she gave the pledge under the tree, narrated that women campaigned with the Prophet giving water, serving and tending the wounded, described his ablution, and told of her wedding day when girls played the tambourine.
Person
Al-Sa'ib ibn al-Harith
Of Banu Sahm; he emigrated to Abyssinia, was wounded with the Prophet at al-Ta'if and was killed on the day of Fahl in Umar's caliphate; it is also said he was killed on the day of Khaybar, which is doubted.
Person
al-Shayma bint al-Harith al-Sa'diyya
A woman of Banu Sa'd ibn Bakr of Hawazin and foster-sister of the Prophet through nursing; taken among the Hunayn captives, she made herself known to him, he recognized her by a mark and honored her, spread his cloak for her to sit upon, then manumitted her and returned her to her people.
Person
al-Shifa' bint Abdullah
One of the first emigrants, she embraced Islam before the Hijra and gave her pledge; counted among the wise and virtuous of women, the Prophet visited her and took his midday rest at her house, she taught Hafsa to write, and Umar valued her opinion and at times put her in charge of something in the market.
Person
Abu Ja'far al-Tahawi
239 AHA Hanafi hadith scholar and jurist of Egypt from the tribe of Azd, said to have taken knowledge from about three hundred teachers; author of Mushkil al-Athar, Ma'ani al-Athar and the Tahawi creed.
Person
al-Walid ibn al-Mughira
c. 550 CEThe grand old man of Banu Makhzum — arbiter of Quraysh's elders, father of Khalid, and the man whose poetic verdicts shaped how Mecca first named the Prophet's recitation.
Person
al-Walid ibn Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt
A maternal half-brother of Uthman ibn Affan, he embraced Islam on the day of the conquest; Ibn Abd al-Barr says the commentators do not disagree that verse 6 of al-Hujurat was revealed about him when the Prophet sent him to collect alms from Banu al-Mustaliq, and Ibn Hajar points to the weakness of the chains of that story; Uthman made him governor of Kufa in 25 AH and removed him after he was flogged for drinking wine, as the two collections report; he withdrew from the civil strife and stayed at al-Raqqa until he died in Mu'awiya's caliphate.
Person
al-Zibriqan ibn Badr
A Tamimi notable and poet who came among his people's ten chiefs to Medina after Uyayna's raid, declaimed boastfully against Hassan ibn Thabit and was answered; he accepted Islam and was later appointed sadaqa collector over part of Banu Sa'd.
Person
Ali ibn Abi Talib
c. 600 CECousin and son-in-law of the Prophet and the fourth caliph (r. 656–661 CE); the first Imam in Shia tradition.
Person
Alqama ibn Mujazziz al-Mudliji
A companion whom the Prophet sent in Rabi' al-Akhir 9 AH with three hundred men against Abyssinian raiders gathered for piracy near the Jeddah coast; he crossed the sea to their island and they fled before him.
Person
Ama bint Khalid ibn Sa'id
Daughter of Khalid ibn Sa'id ibn al-As and Amina bint Khalf, born in the land of Abyssinia.
Person
Amir ibn al-Waqqas
A Companion of Banu Zuhra; he emigrated to Abyssinia and arrived in the two ships.
Person
Amina bint Khalf
Wife of Khalid ibn Sa'id ibn al-As; she emigrated with him to Abyssinia and bore him Sa'id and Ama there.
Person
Amina bint Wahb
The Prophet's mother, of the Zuhra clan; she took her six-year-old son to Yathrib to visit his father's grave, fell ill on the road home, and died at al-Abwa between Mecca and Medina.
Person
Amir ibn al-Tufayl
Chief and horseman of Banu Amir ibn Sa'sa'a, remembered as the betrayer of the Bi'r Ma'una envoys; within the 9 AH delegation he plotted with Arbad ibn Qays to strike the Prophet and died shortly after of a throat swelling.
Person
Amir ibn Fuhayra
Abu Bakr's freedman who grazed a gift flock over the cave of Thawr each evening to feed the fugitives and erase Abdullah's tracks, then travelled with them to Medina and wrote Suraqa's letter of safe-conduct.
Person
Ammar ibn Yasir
Son of Yasir and Sumayya, a client of Banu Makhzum; he was tortured with his parents and heard the Prophet promise them Paradise — his inclusion among the eighty-three of the second Abyssinian migration is doubtful in the sources.
Person
Amr ibn Adi ibn Nasr al-Lakhmi
The first Lakhmid king of al-Hira, appointed after Jadhima al-Abrash’s death in the reign of Shapur son of Ardashir; from him the Lakhmid kings succeeded each other until Khosrow replaced them with Persian governors.
Person
Amr ibn al-As
c. 573 CEA Meccan diplomat who opposed the Muslims until 629–630, then converted and became the commander who conquered Egypt — and later Mu'awiya's chief ally in the first civil war.
Person
Amr ibn al-Jamuh
A chief of the Ansar from Banu Salima, who kept a wooden idol in his house until he embraced Islam, after the young men of his clan threw it repeatedly into the dung pits; Ibn al-Kalbi says he was the last of the Ansar to become Muslim; the Prophet told Banu Salima 'rather, your chief is Amr ibn al-Jamuh', and he gave the wedding feast when the Prophet married; he was killed at Uhud.
Person
Amr ibn Hazm
An Ansari, brother of Umara ibn Hazm; he took part in al-Khandaq and later campaigns, and the Prophet appointed him over Najran; his son Muhammad narrated from him a letter the Prophet wrote for him on the obligations, zakat and blood-money, which Abu Dawud, al-Nasa'i, Ibn Hibban and al-Darimi record; Abu Nu'aym says he died under Umar, while Ibn Hajar judges it likelier that he lived past the fifties AH.
Person
Amr ibn Humam ibn al-Jamuh
The fourth of the Weepers, brother of Banu Salama; Ibn Ishaq lists him among those who begged the Prophet for mounts on the Tabuk campaign when he found nothing to carry them on.
Person
Amr ibn Jahm
Son of Jahm ibn Qays; he accompanied his father to Abyssinia and arrived with him in the two ships.
Person
Amr ibn Ma'dikarib
The famous poet and horseman of Zubayd; in Ibn Ishaq's account he came to the Prophet with the delegation of Zubayd and embraced Islam, he left Islam after the Prophet's death, was captured and returned to it, and fought well at al-Qadisiyya; whether he met the Prophet is disputed.
Person
Amr ibn Sa'id ibn al-As
A Companion of Banu Abd Shams; he emigrated to Abyssinia with his wife Fatima bint Safwan, arrived in the two ships, and was killed at Ajnadayn in Abu Bakr's caliphate.
Person
Amr ibn Salim al-Khuza'i
A man of Banu Ka'b of Khuza'a who stood before the Prophet in the Medina mosque and recited his famous plea for help after the al-Watir attack — 'that which stirred the conquest of Mecca', in Ibn Ishaq's words.
Person
Amr ibn Umayya
An emigrant of Banu Asad ibn Abd al-Uzza who died in the land of Abyssinia; not to be confused with Amr ibn Umayya al-Damri, whom the Prophet sent to the Negus.
Person
Amr ibn Umayya al-Damri
A prominent scout and courier Companion from Banu Damra; captured at Bi'r Ma'una and freed by Amir ibn al-Tufayl, he brought the tragic news to the Prophet in Medina; later dispatched as the Prophet's diplomatic envoy carrying his letter to the Negus of Abyssinia.
Person
Amr ibn Uthman
Of Banu Taym ibn Murra; he emigrated to Abyssinia and was killed at al-Qadisiyya with Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas.
Person
Umra bint al-Sa'di
Wife of Malik ibn Rabi'a, of Banu Amir ibn Lu'ayy; she emigrated with him to Abyssinia.
Person
Anas ibn Abi Marthad al-Ghanawi
A companion of Ghaniy who volunteered to stand night watch over the Muslim camp on the eve of the battle of Hunayn.
Person
Anas ibn al-Nadr al-Ansari
An Ansari Companion of the Khazraj, uncle of Anas ibn Malik the Prophet's servant. He missed the fighting at Badr and longed for martyrdom in the next battle. At Uhud, when the Muslims scattered and some said the Messenger had been killed, he urged the falterers on, saying: 'what will you do with life after him?' He went on fighting until he met Sa'd ibn Mu'adh and said: 'alas for the breeze of Paradise, Sa'd — I catch it below Uhud!' He fought until he was killed; more than eighty wounds were found on him — spear-thrusts, sword-blows and arrow-shots — and his sister knew him only by his fingertips {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.265}.
Person
Anas ibn Malik
The servant of the Prophet and one of the most prolific narrators from him; he was ten when the Prophet reached Medina and his mother Umm Sulaym brought him to serve him; after the conquests he settled in Basra, where he was the last Companion to die, with his death given between 90 and 93 AH.
Person
Arbad ibn Qays
A leader of Banu Amir, maternal half-brother of the poet Labid, who circled behind the Prophet and half-drew his sword during the 9 AH delegation; the tradition says his hand was stayed, and lightning struck him dead on the way home.
Person
Arwa bint Abd al-Muttalib
An aunt of the Prophet; she was married to Umayr ibn Wahb and bore Tulayb, then to Kalda ibn Abd Manaf and bore Arwa; Ibn Ishaq says none of the Prophet's aunts embraced Islam except Safiyya, and Ibn Hajar answers with Arwa's story, her embracing Islam after her son Tulayb did.
Person
Aryat (Abraha’s predecessor in Yemen)
The commander of the seventy-thousand Abyssinian force which, armed with a Roman fleet, occupied Yemen in 525 CE; he governed for the Negus until Abraha, one of his own generals, assassinated him and ruled in his place.
Person
As'ad ibn Zurara
A distinguished chief of the Banu al-Najjar clan of the Khazraj in Yathrib; one of the six pioneers who embraced Islam at al-Aqaba in 620 CE, leader of the Yathrib delegates, and the naqib of Banu al-Najjar at the Second Pledge of Aqaba.
Person
Asim ibn Adi
Brother of Ma'n ibn Adi, of Banu al-Ajlan; Ibn Ishaq mentions him as a possible alternative to Ma'n in the report of the demolition of Masjid al-Dirar.
Person
Asim ibn Thabit
A prominent warrior and archer of the Aws who fought at Badr and Uhud; chosen as commander of the ten scouts sent in the Expedition of al-Raji' in 4 AH, where he refused surrender and fought until martyrdom; God sent a swarm of wasps to shield his body from desecration by Quraysh.
Person
Asma bint Abi Bakr
Abu Bakr's elder daughter, who carried provisions to the two fugitives in the cave of Thawr and split her girdle in two to tie the food bag — hence her byname Dhat al-Nitaqayn, 'she of the two girdles'.
Person
Asma' bint Marthad
An Ansari woman of Banu Haritha; Abu Umar mentions her and says her hadith is not sound because Haram ibn Uthman, who is weak in everyone's view, is alone in narrating it; Ibn Sa'd says she embraced Islam and pledged and that her husband was al-Dahhak ibn Khalifa.
Person
Asma' bint Umays
Companion, wife of Ja'far ibn Abi Talib. When Ja'far was killed at Mu'tah the Prophet visited her home, asked for Ja'far's children, smelled them and wept, then told her of his martyrdom.
Person
Asma' bint Yazid ibn al-Sakan
A Companion of Banu Abd al-Ashhal, cousin of Mu'adh ibn Jabal, known by the kunya Umm Salama and called 'the orator of the women'; she gave her pledge to the Prophet among a group of women, was at al-Yarmuk, and killed nine Byzantines with a tent pole there and lived on for a long time.
Person
Atika bint Abd al-Muttalib
An aunt of the Prophet and wife of Abu Umayya ibn al-Mughira, the father of Umm Salama, to whom she bore Abdullah and Quraiba; known for the dream she had three nights before Badr. Whether she embraced Islam is disputed.
Person
Attab ibn Usayd
c. 610 CEA young Umayyad Qurashi companion whom the Prophet appointed over Mecca when he marched to Hunayn in Shawwal 8 AH and confirmed as its governor on his return through al-Ji'rana; the Prophet teased his youth, and Attab administered the city and led its pilgrimage in the Prophet's lifetime.
Person
Ayman ibn Ubayd
The son of Barakah (Umm Ayman, the Prophet's nursemaid) and half-brother of Usama ibn Zayd; an Ethiopian-Arab Muslim who remained steadfast around the Prophet when the lines broke at Hunayn and fell fighting as a martyr.
Person
Ayyash ibn Abi Rabi'a
Nicknamed 'the man of the two spears', of Banu Makhzum and a cousin of Khalid ibn al-Walid; one of the earliest Muslims who made both emigrations, until Abu Jahl tricked him into returning to Mecca where he was held, and the Prophet prayed for him in the qunut as the two collections report; he died in Syria in 15 AH on one account, and others say he fell at al-Yamama or al-Yarmuk.
Person
Badhan (last Persian governor of Yemen)
The last Persian governor (marzban) of Sanaa; his conversion to Islam in 638 CE ended Persian rule over Yemen.
Person
Bahira the monk
The Christian monk of Busra who, on Abu Talib's caravan stopping there, recognized the boy Muhammad by 'the seal of prophethood' between his shoulder blades, as recorded in his books, and advised returning him to Mecca.
Person
Bahzaj
One of the twelve men who built Masjid al-Dirar, according to Ibn Ishaq; his ascription: of Banu Dubay'a.
Person
Baraka bint Yasar
Freedwoman of Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, wife of Qays ibn Abdullah al-Asadi; she was a foster-nurse to Ubaydullah ibn Jahsh and Umm Habiba and emigrated with them to Abyssinia.
Person
Bijad ibn Uthman
One of the twelve men who built Masjid al-Dirar, according to Ibn Ishaq; his ascription: of Banu Dubay'a.
Person
Bilal ibn Rabah
c. 580 CEAn Abyssinian-born slave in Mecca, among the earliest converts; freed by Abu Bakr and remembered as the first muezzin of Islam — the voice that called the community to prayer.
Person
Bishr ibn al-Bara'
A noble Ansari Companion from Banu Salima of the Khazraj, son of al-Bara' ibn Ma'rur; Badri veteran who was present at the conquest of Khaybar; ate from the poisoned sheep offered by Zaynab bint al-Harith and died of its effects.
Person
Bishr ibn al-Harith al-Sahmi
Of Banu Sahm; he emigrated to Abyssinia. Ibn Ishaq mentions after him a maternal half-brother of his from Banu Tamim.
Person
Budayl ibn Warqa' al-Khuza'i
A Khuza'i leader of the truce years: he sheltered the driven-in Khuza'a in his house, led their complaint delegation to Medina, met Abu Sufyan at Usfan while concealing his own visit, and scouted the Muslim army with him at Marr al-Zahran — where he slipped away to warn the Prophet. As 'Budayl ibn Umm Asram' he answered al-Akhzar's war poem.
Person
Bujayr ibn Bujra
A man of Tayy; Ibn Ishaq records that he spoke verses on the story of the wild cows that led to Ukaydir, in confirmation of the Prophet's words to Khalid.
Person
Buraydah ibn al-Husayb
A Companion of Aslam; Ibn al-Sakan says he embraced Islam when the Prophet passed him on the Hijra at al-Ghamim and stayed in his place until Badr and Uhud had passed; he took part in sixteen campaigns with the Prophet, settled in Basra, campaigned in Khurasan and lived in Merv, dying in 63 AH.
Person
Busra bint Safwan
A Qurashi woman of Banu Asad, niece of Waraqa ibn Nawfal; al-Shafi'i said she had an early precedence and an emigration; she narrated from the Prophet and Marwan ibn al-Hakam, Urwa and Sa'id ibn al-Musayyib narrated from her; among her hadith is the one on ablution after touching the private part.
Person
Dhimad al-Azdi
An Azdi physician and traditional healer from Azd Shanu'a who arrived in Mecca and offered to treat the Prophet Muhammad after hearing claims that he was mad; upon hearing the Prophet's Khutbat al-Hajah, he declared Islam immediately and pledged his tribe's allegiance.
Person
Dhu al-Bijadayn
Abdullah Dhu al-Bijadayn al-Muzani; he died on the Tabuk campaign and the Prophet himself buried him in his grave at night in the presence of Abu Bakr and Umar, in Ibn Mas'ud's account.
Person
Dhu al-Khuwaysira al-Tamimi
A man of Banu Tamim (identified as Hurqus ibn Zuhayr al-Sa'di) who brazenly challenged the Prophet during the distribution of spoils at al-Ji'rana, saying 'Act justly, for you have not acted justly'; the Prophet rebuked him and foretold that from his progeny would emerge a sect that passes out of religion (the Kharijites).
Person
Dhu Nuwas (Yusuf Asʾar Yathʾar)
The last Himyarite king before the second Abyssinian occupation: a convert to Judaism who in October 523 tried to force the Christians of Najran to apostatize and, on their refusal, dug the trench of fire — the event the Quran recalls in Surat al-Buruj.
Person
Dihya al-Kalbi
A handsome and noble Companion from Banu Kalb; Gabriel frequently appeared in his likeness; chosen by the Prophet as his diplomatic envoy to Heraclius, Emperor of Byzantium; later fought in the conquest of Syria.
Person
Dimam ibn Tha'laba
The envoy of Banu Sa'd ibn Bakr to the Prophet, whose story is in the two collections from Anas: a bedouin came and asked 'Which of you is Ibn Abd al-Muttalib?', questioned him and embraced Islam, and the Prophet said as he left 'The man has gained understanding'; the year of his coming is disputed.
Person
Durayd ibn al-Simma
A legendary pre-Islamic knight, tribal champion and poet of Banu Jusham (Hawazin); an old, blind veteran carried in a litter at Hunayn, he vehemently criticized Malik ibn Awf's strategy of bringing women and herds into battle, and was slain at Awtas.
Person
Durra bint Abi Lahab
A cousin of the Prophet who embraced Islam and emigrated; reports with weak chains say women of Banu Zurayq taunted her over her father and the Prophet, angered, said that his intercession reaches his kin.
Person
Fadala ibn Ubayd
A Companion of the Aws who embraced Islam early; he missed Badr but fought at Uhud and after, took part in the conquests of Egypt and Syria, was made judge of Damascus by Mu'awiya after Abu al-Darda, and died in Mu'awiya's caliphate, in 53 AH according to al-Mada'ini.
Person
Fadala ibn Umayr al-Laythi
A man of Banu Layth who intended to assassinate the Prophet while he was performing tawaf around the Kaaba during the Conquest; the Prophet called him by name, placed his hand over his chest until his heart calmed, and Fadala embraced Islam.
Person
Fartana
One of the two singing slave-girls of Abdullah ibn Khatal in Mecca who performed lampoons against the Prophet; proscribed on the day of the Conquest, one was killed while the other fled, sought protection, and embraced Islam.
Person
Farwa ibn Amr al-Judhami
An Arab commander in Byzantine service governing the tribes around Ma'an in southern Syria, who embraced Islam after Mu'ta, sent the Prophet a white mule, and was crucified by the Byzantines when he refused to apostatise.
Person
Fatima bint Muhammad
c. 605 CEThe youngest daughter of the Prophet and Khadija and wife of Ali ibn Abi Talib; mother of Hasan and Husayn and a central figure of Ahl al-Bayt in both Sunni and Shia tradition.
Person
Fatima bint al-Harith ibn Khalid
Daughter of al-Harith ibn Khalid and Rayta, born in the land of Abyssinia; she is the only one of Rayta's children who survived.
Person
Fatima bint al-Khattab
Umar ibn al-Khattab's sister and Sa'id ibn Zayd's wife; among the earliest Muslims of the secret call, which the book counts among the first women to believe.
Person
Fatima bint al-Mujallal
Wife of Hatib ibn al-Harith al-Jumahi; she emigrated to Abyssinia and arrived with her two sons in one of the ships.
Person
Fatima bint Asad
Mother of Ali ibn Abi Talib and his brothers; in the sounder report she emigrated and died in Medina, and the Prophet shrouded her in his shirt.
Person
Fatima bint Qays al-Fihriyya
A sister of al-Dahhak ibn Qays and one of the first emigrants, known for beauty and intelligence; divorced by Abu Bakr ibn Hafs al-Makhzumi, she married Usama ibn Zayd on the Prophet's advice, narrated the story of the Jassasa, and the council of the Shura met in her house after Umar's killing.
Person
Fatima bint Safwan
Wife of Amr ibn Sa'id ibn al-As, of Kinana; she emigrated with him to Abyssinia and died there.
Person
Faymiyun the monk
The ascetic and answered supplicant who entered Najran before the second Abyssinian occupation and called its people to Christianity; the Raheeq narrative names him as the agent of Najran’s conversion.
Person
Firas ibn al-Nadr
Of Banu Abd al-Dar; Ibn Ishaq names him among the rest of the emigrants to Abyssinia.
Person
Fukayha bint Yasar
Wife of Hattab ibn al-Harith al-Jumahi; she emigrated to Abyssinia and arrived in one of the ships after her husband died there.
Person
Habbar ibn Sufyan
Of Banu Makhzum; he emigrated to Abyssinia and was killed at Ajnadayn in Abu Bakr's caliphate.
Person
Habiba bint Ubaydullah
Daughter of Ubaydullah ibn Jahsh and Umm Habiba; her mother was called Umm Habiba after her. Her mother took her out of Mecca and brought her back.
Person
Hafsa bint Umar
c. 605 CEA wife of the Prophet and daughter of Umar ibn al-Khattab, remembered in Sunni tradition as the keeper of the collected Qur'anic codex.
Person
Hajar (Hagar)
Wife of Ibrahim and mother of Ismail; tradition tells she was settled by Ibrahim with her infant son in the empty valley of Mecca, where the spring of Zamzam broke forth for them, and Jurhum settled nearby with her permission.
Person
Hakim ibn Hizam
A nephew of Khadija and a leader of Quraysh; he fought at Badr with the polytheists and escaped, embraced Islam in the year of the conquest, and the Prophet declared the house of Hakim ibn Hizam a place of safety; he was among those whose hearts were reconciled and received a hundred camels from the spoils of Hunayn.
Person
Halima al-Sa'diyya
c. 540 (approx.) CEA Bedouin woman of Banu Sa'd who nursed the infant Muhammad in the desert for several years, as was the Meccan custom, and is remembered in tradition as his foster-mother.
Person
Hamna bint Jahsh
Sister of Zaynab bint Jahsh, wife of Mus'ab ibn Umayr, who was killed at Uhud, and then of Talha ibn Ubaydullah; she was at Uhud giving water to the thirsty and tending the wounded, and she narrated the hadith on abnormal bleeding.
Person
Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib
c. 568 CEAn uncle of the Prophet who became one of the fiercest early defenders of Islam; killed at Uhud and remembered in tradition as the Master of the Martyrs.
Person
Hani ibn Masʾud al-Shaybani
The chief of Banu Shayban who kept al-Nuʾman’s family and deposit out of honor, refused to surrender them to Iyas ibn Qabisa and Khosrow, and led his tribe to victory over the Persians at Dhu Qar — the first day the Arabs routed the Persians.
Person
Hanzala ibn Abi Amir al-Ansari (the one washed by the angels)
An Ansari Companion of the Aws, son of Abu Amir the monk whom the Prophet called the reprobate. He was newly wed on the day of Uhud; when he heard the call to war he tore himself from his bride's arms and went out to battle without washing. He reached Abu Sufyan and nearly finished him off, had Shaddad ibn al-Aswad not struck and killed him. When they searched for him they found him dripping water, and the Prophet told his Companions the angels were washing him; he was called 'the angels' washed' {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.262}.
Person
Haram ibn Milhan
A senior Companion from Banu al-Najjar of the Khazraj, maternal uncle of Anas ibn Malik; entrusted with the Prophet's letter to Amir ibn al-Tufayl at Bi'r Ma'una; when stabbed treacherously through his neck from behind, he wiped the blood on his face and uttered his famous words: 'Allahu Akbar, I have triumphed, by the Lord of the Ka'ba!'
Person
Harami ibn Abdullah
The sixth of the Weepers, brother of Banu Waqif; Ibn Ishaq lists him among those who begged the Prophet for mounts on the Tabuk campaign when he found nothing to carry them on.
Person
Harb ibn Umayya
The senior Umayyad whom Quraysh and Kinana chose to lead them in the Fijar war against Qays 'Aylan, for his standing in age and honour; father of Abu Sufyan.
Person
Hasan ibn Ali
c. March 625 CE · c. Ramadan 3 AHElder grandson of the Prophet through Fatima and Ali; briefly caliph in 661 CE before abdicating in favor of Muawiya, an act understood differently across the traditions.
Person
Hasana, Umm Shurahbil
Wife of Sufyan ibn Ma'mar al-Jumahi and mother of Junada and Jabir, and mother of Shurahbil ibn Hasana; she emigrated to Abyssinia.
Person
Hashim ibn Abd Manaf
Son of Abd Manaf who drew the siqaya and rifada in the division of offices and held them all his life; eponym of Banu Hashim, the house from which the Prophet came.
Person
Hassan, brother of Ukaydir
Ukaydir's brother; he went out with him the night Khalid took him, and the Prophet's cavalry killed him, according to Ibn Ishaq.
Person
Hassan ibn Thabit
The renowned 'Poet of the Prophet'; an Ansari chief of Banu al-Najjar who defended Islam and the Prophet with his eloquent poetry, endorsed by the Prophet with the supplication 'O God, support him with the Holy Spirit'; lived to over a hundred years.
Person
Hatib ibn Abi Balta'a
A Companion settled in Mecca without clan or kin there, a halif with children and wealth among them. When the Prophet resolved on the march to Mecca, Hatib wrote to warn Quraysh; the letter was intercepted, and the tradition holds that the Prophet excused him citing the people of Badr — and that the opening of Sura al-Mumtahana came down concerning him.
Person
Hatib ibn al-Harith
Of Banu Jumah; he emigrated to Abyssinia with his wife Fatima bint al-Mujallal and his two sons Muhammad and al-Harith, and died there a Muslim.
Person
Hattab ibn al-Harith
Of Banu Jumah, brother of Hatib ibn al-Harith; he emigrated to Abyssinia with his wife Fukayha bint Yasar and died there a Muslim.
Person
Heraclius
c. 575 CEByzantine emperor (610–641) who reconquered Jerusalem from Persia and then watched the Muslim conquest of Syria. The tradition preserves a letter from the Prophet and an audience in which Heraclius questioned Abu Sufyan.
Person
Hilal ibn Umayya al-Waqifi
One of the three who were left behind after Tabuk; of Banu Waqif. An old man, in his wife's words, and she was permitted to serve him during the separation from wives.
Person
Himas ibn Qays al-Dili
A warrior of Banu Bakr who prepared weapons before the Conquest boasting he would kill Muhammad's companions; he fought at al-Khandama, broke and fled to his house, reciting famous verses to his wife.
Person
Hind bint Utba
c. 575 CEDaughter of the Meccan elder Utba ibn Rabi'a and wife of Abu Sufyan: the sira's most vivid figure of Meccan defiance at Uhud, who converted with the conquest of Mecca; mother of the caliph Mu'awiya.
Person
Hind ibn Abi Hala
Khadija's son by Abu Hala and the Prophet's stepson; he transmitted the most famous description of the Prophet's bearing and assembly, preserved in the Shamail.
Person
Hisham ibn Abi Hudhayfa
Of Banu Makhzum; Ibn Ishaq names him among the emigrants to Abyssinia. Ibn Abd al-Barr, cited in the editors' margin, reports that al-Waqidi says 'Hashim ibn Abi Hudhayfa'.
Person
Hisham ibn Amr al-Amiri
A prominent Qurayshi notable of Banu Amir ibn Lu'ayy who secretly supplied food to Banu Hashim during the boycott and initiated the effort of the five notables to tear up the unjust charter.
Person
al-Hubab ibn al-Mundhir
A Khazraji Companion whose counsel at Badr — to occupy the nearest well, block the others and build a reservoir — the Prophet accepted, giving the Muslim camp control of the water.
Person
Hubar ibn al-Aswad
A Qurashi of Banu Asad; Ibn Ishaq attributes to him the jostling of the Prophet's daughter Zaynab when her husband Abu al-As sent her to Medina, so that she miscarried, and a report says the Prophet ordered him burned if found and then forbade punishing by fire; he embraced Islam at al-Ji'rana after Hunayn, and when people cursed him the Prophet told him to curse back whoever cursed him.
Person
Hudhayfa ibn al-Yaman
A prominent Companion known as the 'Keeper of the Prophet's Secrets'; at the climax of the Battle of the Trench, the Prophet sent him across the lines on a freezing, gale-swept night into the confederate camp to gather intelligence, bringing back news of Abu Sufyan ordering the final retreat.
Person
Hulayl ibn Hubshiyya
The Khuzaʾi ruler of Mecca who gave his daughter Hubba in marriage to Qusayy ibn Kilab; on his death the contest between Quraysh and Khuzaʾa over the custody of the Kaaba began.
Person
Husayn ibn Ali
c. January 626 CE · c. Rabi' I 4 AHYounger grandson of the Prophet through Fatima and Ali; killed at Karbala in 680 CE after refusing allegiance to Yazid I, an event of lasting significance especially in Shia tradition.
Person
Huwaytib ibn Abd al-Uzza
A Meccan nobleman of Banu Amir ibn Lu'ayy who witnessed the Treaty of al-Hudaybiyya on Quraysh's side; he embraced Islam at the conquest of Mecca, was granted one hundred camels at al-Ji'rana among al-Mu'allafa Qulubuhum, and lived to a very advanced age.
Person
Ibn Abi al-Izz al-Hanafi
731 AHThe Hanafi chief judge Sadr al-Din, commentator on the Tahawi creed, called a chief judge on the title page of the edition.
Person
Ibn al-Banna
A jurist, Qur'an reciter, hadith scholar and preacher of Baghdad; the book records that he wrote nearly five hundred works, among them al-Mujarrad on jurisprudence and a commentary on al-Kharaqi.
Person
Ibn al-Salah
The hadith master Abu Amr ibn al-Salah; author of the dictation 'al-Ahadith al-Kulliyya', twenty-six comprehensive hadiths on which al-Nawawi built his 'Arba'un'.
Person
Abd al-Qadir ibn Badran
A Damascene Hanbali scholar, author of al-Madkhal ila Madhhab al-Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal; he died in Damascus in 1346 AH.
Person
Ibn Hamid
The leading Hanbali scholar and teacher of his time, the master of the judge Abu Ya'la; he wrote al-Jami' fi al-Madhhab and a commentary on al-Kharaqi.
Person
Ibn Qudama al-Maqdisi
A Hanbali jurist of the Maqdisi family, titled Muwaffaq al-Din, author of Lum'at al-I'tiqad on the creed of Ahl al-Sunna on the way of the early generations.
Person
Ibn Rajab al-Hanbali
c. 1335 CE · Rabi' I 736 AHThe Hanbali hadith master and jurist Zayn al-Din Abu al-Faraj Abd al-Rahman ibn Ahmad, known as Ibn Rajab after his grandfather Rajab; born in Baghdad in 736 AH, moved to Damascus in 744, travelled for learning to Egypt, the Hijaz and Jerusalem, and died in Damascus in 795 AH. Author of 'Jami' al-Ulum wal-Hikam'.
Person
Ibn Shaqla
A Hanbali jurist and legal theorist who died in 369 AH; Ibn Badran's book lists him in this way among the notables who are referred to by shortened names.
Person
Ibn Sina (Avicenna)
c. 980 CE · c. 370 AHPersian polymath (c. 980–1037) whose Canon of Medicine and Book of Healing shaped medicine and philosophy across the Islamic world and Europe for centuries.
Person
Ibn Taymiyya
661 AHThe Hanbali jurist and theologian titled Shaykh al-Islam Taqi al-Din, of Harran and Damascus, author of al-Aqida al-Wasitiyya, which he wrote in 698 AH.
Person
Ibrahim (Abraham)
The patriarch of the Adnani Arabs in the sira’s telling: emigrant from Ur of the Chaldeans to Harran and then Palestine, who settled Hajar and the infant Ismail in the barren valley of Mecca, visited them on recorded journeys, submitted to the command of the sacrifice, and raised the foundations of the Kaaba with his son before calling mankind to the hajj.
Person
al-Harbi (Ibrahim)
Author of Gharib al-Hadith and Dala'il al-Nubuwwa, and one of those who transmitted Imam Ahmad's school from him.
Person
Ibrahim ibn Muhammad
The Prophet's son by Maria the Copt; he died an infant in Medina in Shawwal 10 AH (January 632 CE).
Person
Ikrama ibn Abi Jahl
Son of Abu Jahl and fierce opponent of early Islam; fought against Muslims until the Conquest of Mecca where he fled to Yemen; brought back by his wife Umm Hakim, he embraced Islam with profound repentance, served as a brave general in the Ridda Wars, and was martyred heroically at the Battle of Yarmuk.
Person
Ikrima ibn Abi Jahl
c. 585 CESon of Abu Jahl: a leader of the Meccan opposition who was pardoned at the conquest of Mecca, became a Muslim, and died fighting under the banner of Islam on the Syrian front.
Person
Irbad ibn Sariya al-Fazari
The seventh of the Weepers, of Fazara; Ibn Ishaq lists him among those who begged the Prophet for mounts on the Tabuk campaign when he found nothing to carry them on.
Person
Ismail (Ishmael)
Son of Ibrahim and Hajar, settled as an infant with his mother at Mecca where Zamzam sprang; he married into Jurhum, fathered twelve sons whose tribes spread from Mecca, and built the Kaaba with his father; the Adnani Arabs trace their lineages to him.
Person
Iyad ibn Zuhayr
Of Banu al-Harith ibn Fihr; he emigrated to Abyssinia — the third of the three men Ibn Ishaq names from Banu al-Harith among the rest of the emigrants.
Person
Iyas ibn Mu'adh
A young Awsite lad from Yathrib who came to Mecca in an alliance-seeking delegation before the battle of Bu'ath; when the Prophet presented Islam to the delegation, Iyas declared it better than their tribal cause, but was struck down by his leader Abu al-Haysar; he died shortly thereafter in Yathrib praising God.
Person
Iyas ibn Qabisa al-Taʾi
The Tayyi governor Khosrow set over al-Hira after imprisoning al-Nuʾman; ordered to extract the deposit from Hani ibn Masʾud, his expedition with Khosrow’s marzabans was broken by Banu Shayban at Dhu Qar; the Prophet was born in the eighth month of his governorship.
Person
Jabala ibn al-Ayham
The last Ghassanid king: after the Yarmuk defeat his dynasty’s role as Rome’s Arab wardens ended, and he entered Islam in the caliphate of Umar, later leaving it for Byzantine territory.
Person
Jabir ibn Abdullah
A Companion of the Ansar, son of Abdullah ibn Amr ibn Haram and one of the great transmitters of hadith; he was present at al-Aqaba and took part in nineteen expeditions, but not Badr or Uhud because his father kept him back; he held a circle of learning in the Prophet's Mosque.
Person
Jabir ibn Samura
A Companion of Banu Sawa'a, ally of Banu Zuhra, whose mother Khalida was the sister of Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas; he and his father were Companions, the authors of the sound collections narrate from him, and he settled in Kufa and died there in 74 AH.
Person
Jabir ibn Sufyan
Son of Sufyan ibn Ma'mar and Hasana; he emigrated with them to Abyssinia and died in Umar's caliphate.
Person
Jadhima al-Abrash
The Arab warden appointed by Ardashir over al-Hira and the desert Arabs of Iraq and the Jazira — the Persian experiment of ruling the nomads through one of their own, which became the Lakhmid system; he died around 268 CE.
Person
Ja'far ibn Abi Talib
c. 590 CEA brother of Ali who led the Muslim emigration to Abyssinia and answered the Negus for his people; killed at Mu'ta carrying the army's standard after Zayd ibn Haritha.
Person
Jahm ibn Qays
A Companion of Banu Abd al-Dar; he emigrated to Abyssinia with his wife and two children and arrived in the two ships.
Person
Jariya ibn Amir
One of the twelve men who built Masjid al-Dirar, according to Ibn Ishaq; his ascription: Ibn Ishaq does not name his clan in this passage.
Person
Jubayr ibn Mut'im
A leader of Quraysh and a genealogist; he came to the Prophet to ransom the Badr captives and heard him recite al-Tur, which he later said was the first time faith entered his heart; he embraced Islam between al-Hudaybiyya and the conquest, and took his knowledge of genealogy from Abu Bakr.
Person
Junada ibn Sufyan
Son of Sufyan ibn Ma'mar and Hasana; he emigrated with them to Abyssinia and died in Umar's caliphate.
Person
Juwayriya bint al-Harith
A Mother of the Believers, daughter of the chief of Banu al-Mustaliq; she fell among the captives at al-Muraysi' and arranged her own manumission, the Prophet paid it and married her, and people released the Mustaliq captives they held, so that a hundred households were freed through her.
Person
Ka'b ibn Asad
The paramount leader of the Jewish tribe of Banu Qurayza in Medina; bound by treaty to the Prophet, he resisted Huyayy ibn Akhtab's persuasion before finally consenting to tear up the pact during the Battle of the Trench; he was judged and executed following the tribe's surrender.
Person
Ka'b ibn Malik al-Ansari
One of the three chief poets of the Prophet from the Ansar (Banu Salama of Khazraj); he witnessed the Second Pledge of al-Aqaba, fought in the early campaigns, defended the community with his eloquent verses at Hunayn, and was later one of the three whose repentance at Tabuk was accepted.
Person
Ka'b ibn Zuhayr
One of the most gifted Arab poets, son of the poet Zuhayr ibn Abi Sulma, who had satirised the Prophet, then came to Medina repentant, recited Banat Su'ad and was pardoned; the ode became known as the Burda.
Person
Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf
c. 585 CEA poet of Banu Nadir — Jewish on his father's side, Arab on his mother's — whose verses mourned the Meccan dead of Badr and satirized the Muslims and their women; assassinated with the Prophet's sanction in the first political killing of the Medinan period.
Person
Ka'b ibn Ujra
An ally of the Ansar from Bali of Quda'a (al-Waqidi claimed he was an Ansari and Ibn Sa'd rejected it); he was on the umra of al-Hudaybiyya, and the ruling on redemption was revealed over him when the Prophet passed him in ihram with lice falling on his face and told him to shave his head and feed six poor people; he settled in Kufa and died in Medina in 51, 52 or 53 AH by different accounts.
Person
Ka'b ibn Zuhayr
The famous poet, son of the poet Zuhayr ibn Abi Sulma, a known Companion; he satirised the Prophet, who declared his blood forfeit, then he embraced Islam and recited his poem 'Banat Su'ad' and was forgiven; the sources tell the story of his Islam in two versions.
Person
Khabbab ibn al-Aratt
One of the first band of the secret call in Mecca; he was later among the vulnerable Muslims tortured for their faith.
Person
Khadija bint Khuwaylid
c. 555 CEA wealthy Meccan merchant who was the Prophet Muhammad's first wife and, in tradition, the first person to believe in his message.
Person
Khalid ibn al-Walid
c. 585 CEThe great commander on both sides of the early wars: the cavalry leader who turned the day at Uhud for the Meccans, then converted in 629 and led the Muslim armies at Mu'ta, in the Ridda wars and at the Yarmuk.
Person
Khalid ibn Sa'id ibn al-As
A Companion of Banu Abd Shams; he emigrated to Abyssinia with his wife and two children, arrived in the two ships, and was killed at Marj al-Suffar in Abu Bakr's caliphate.
Person
Khudham ibn Khalid
One of the twelve men who built Masjid al-Dirar, according to Ibn Ishaq; his ascription: of Banu Ubayd ibn Zayd, one of the Banu Amr ibn Awf.
Person
Khirash ibn Umayya al-Ka'bi
A warrior of Banu Ka'b of Khuza'a who, following the conquest of Mecca, ambushed and killed Ibn al-Anwa' al-Hudhali for pre-Islamic blood; the Prophet strongly condemned the act, paid the victim's wergild himself, and delivered the sermon of Mecca's perpetual inviolability.
Person
Khosrow II
c. 570 CEThe last great Sasanian shah (590–628), whose armies took Jerusalem and reached Constantinople's walls before Heraclius broke his empire. The tradition records that he tore up the Prophet's letter — and died within months.
Person
Khubayb ibn Adi
A devout Companion from the Aws who fought at Badr and was captured at al-Raji'; sold to the Meccans who condemned him to crucifixion at al-Tan'im; before his execution he prayed two rak'ahs, establishing the tradition for Muslim prisoners before death, and recited poetry affirming his steadfast faith.
Person
Khunays ibn Khalid al-Khuza'i
A Khuza'i Companion (kunya Abu Sakhr, allied to Banu Munqidh) in Khalid ibn al-Walid's cavalry; he took an alternate path on entering Mecca and was killed at al-Khandama along with Kurz ibn Jabir.
Person
Khuwayla bint Hakim al-Sulamiyya
An early Muslim woman from Banu Sulaym, wife of Uthman ibn Maz'un; she accompanied the Muslim camp during the siege of Ta'if and requested the jewellery of the women of Thaqif upon the fortress's anticipated fall.
Person
Khuzayma ibn Jahm
Son of Jahm ibn Qays; he accompanied his father to Abyssinia and arrived with him in the two ships.
Person
Kulthum ibn al-Hidm
The Ansari of Banu Amr ibn Awf who hosted the Prophet at Quba — the better-attested report, though Sa'd ibn Khaythama is also named — and hosted Ali again when he caught up from Mecca.
Person
Kurz ibn Jabir al-Fihri
A Companion from Banu Muharib ibn Fihr; in the conquest of Mecca he rode in Khalid ibn al-Walid's cavalry, strayed off the main road with Khunays ibn Khalid, and was killed defending his fallen comrade at al-Khandama.
Person
Layla bint Abi Hathma
Of Banu Adi ibn Ka'b; Ibn Ishaq names her among the women emigrants to Abyssinia.
Person
Layla bint al-Khatim
From Banu Zafar of the Aws, added by Abu Ali al-Jayyani as a supplement to al-Isti'ab; reports say she offered herself to the Prophet who accepted and then she asked to be released and he released her; Ibn Sa'd counts her among the first women of the Ansar to pledge to the Prophet, and she was called 'the lion's meal'.
Person
Mahmiyya ibn al-Jazu'
A Companion of Zubayd, ally of Banu Sahm; he emigrated to Abyssinia and arrived in the two ships, and the Prophet put him in charge of the Muslims' fifth.
Person
Malik ibn Abbad al-Hadrami
A trader of Banu al-Hadrami under the protection pact of Banu al-Aswad ibn Razn; Khuza'a killed him on their land and took his goods — the first link in the feud that ended at al-Watir.
Person
Malik ibn al-Dukhshum
Brother of Banu Salim ibn Awf; the Prophet summoned him with Ma'n ibn Adi — or his brother Asim — and they went to Masjid al-Dirar and burned and demolished it.
Person
Malik ibn Anas
c. 711 CE · 93 AHImam of Medina and author of the Muwatta; born in Medina, he studied with its scholars and taught there until his death in 179 AH. The Maliki school of law bears his name.
Person
Malik ibn Awf al-Nasri
c. 580 CEThe young commander of Hawazin who fielded the tribal confederation against the Muslims at Hunayn — and within weeks accepted Islam, reconciled with the Prophet at al-Ji'rana, and led his people back to their faith and their property.
Person
Malik ibn Rabi'a
A Companion of Banu Amir ibn Lu'ayy; he emigrated to Abyssinia with his wife Umra and arrived in the two ships.
Person
Malik ibn Zaflah
Commander of the Arab allies of Heraclius at Mu'tah, from Bali of Irash. Killed by Qutba ibn Qatada al-Udhri. Ibn Hisham records an alternate name, Ibn Raflah.
Person
Ma'mar ibn Abdullah ibn Nadla
A Companion of Banu Adi ibn Ka'b; he emigrated to Abyssinia and arrived in the two ships.
Person
Ma'mar ibn al-Harith al-Sahmi
Of Banu Sahm; he emigrated to Abyssinia. Ibn Ishaq mentions him without recording his fate.
Person
Ma'n ibn Adi
Brother of Banu al-Ajlan; the Prophet charged him with Malik ibn al-Dukhshum to demolish and burn Masjid al-Dirar — or charged his brother Asim, in Ibn Ishaq's alternative.
Person
Marhab of Khaybar
The formidable warrior-chieftain of the Jewish community of Khaybar; renowned for his strength and poetry; advanced in double armor challenging the Muslim army before the fortress of Na'im, where he was slain in single combat by Ali ibn Abi Talib.
Person
Maria al-Qibtiyya
A woman sent to the Prophet in 7 AH by al-Muqawqis, the ruler of Alexandria, together with her sister Sirin; she embraced Islam, bore him Ibrahim, and died in Muharram 16 AH in Umar's caliphate.
Person
Mas'ud ibn al-Aswad ibn Haritha
Companion of Quraysh, from Banu Adi ibn Ka'b; martyred at Mu'tah in Jumada I, year 8 AH.
Person
Maymuna bint al-Harith
A Mother of the Believers and sister of Umm al-Fadl Lubaba; she was named Barra and the Prophet called her Maymuna; he married her at the 'umrat al-qada' in 7 AH, and Ibn Sa'd says she was the last wife he took whom he consummated with; whether he was in ihram at the contract is disputed.
Person
Maysara
Khadija's servant who accompanied Muhammad on her trade trip to Syria and reported back the honesty and noble character he saw — the testimony that led her to seek his hand.
Person
Miqyas ibn Subaba
A man of Banu Sahm who came to Medina feigning Islam to claim blood money for his brother killed accidentally; after accepting the wergild, he murdered his brother's killer and fled back to Mecca an apostate; proscribed on the day of the Conquest and slain by Numayla ibn Abdullah.
Person
Mistah ibn Uthatha
An early Muhajir Companion and Badri veteran from Banu al-Muttalib, maternal cousin of Abu Bakr who provided for him; drawn into repeating the slander against Aisha, he received the prescribed punishment; when Abu Bakr swore to cut his financial aid, God revealed Surat al-Nur 24:22 urging forgiveness, after which Abu Bakr restored and increased his stipend.
Person
Mu'adh ibn Amr ibn al-Jamuh
A young Khazraji who, with Mu'awwidh ibn Afra, struck down Abu Jahl at Badr; the Prophet judged that both had killed him and awarded Mu'adh the spoils; his hand was severed by Ikrima ibn Abi Jahl in the same fight.
Person
Mu'adh ibn Jabal
c. 603 CEA young Ansari convert of the pledges of Aqaba, remembered as the most learned of the community in what is lawful and forbidden; the Prophet sent him to Yemen as its teacher and judge.
Person
Mu'tib ibn Qushayr
One of the twelve men who built Masjid al-Dirar, according to Ibn Ishaq; his ascription: of Banu Dubay'a ibn Zayd.
Person
Mu'awwidh ibn Afra
A young Khazraji — known by his mother's name Afra — who with Mu'adh ibn Amr ibn al-Jamuh struck Abu Jahl at Badr and left him dying; Mu'awwidh fought on until he was killed in the same battle.
Person
Mu'ayqib ibn Abi Fatima
An emigrant to Abyssinia who arrived in the two ships; he was Umar ibn al-Khattab's keeper of the Muslims' treasury, and his tie was to the family of Sa'id ibn al-As.
Person
Muhammad
c. 570 CEThe Prophet of Islam (c. 570–632 CE), through whom Muslims believe the Qur'an was revealed, and the founder of the first Muslim community in Medina.
Person
Muhammad ibn Abi Hudhayfa
Born in the land of Abyssinia to his father Abu Hudhayfa; Ibn Ishaq names him among 'their children in Abyssinia' of Banu Abd Shams.
Person
Muhammad ibn Hatib
Son of Hatib ibn al-Harith and Fatima bint al-Mujallal; he arrived with his mother and brother in one of the ships.
Person
Muhammad ibn Maslama
A Companion of the Aws who embraced Islam early at the hands of Mus'ab ibn Umayr and was paired by the Prophet with Abu Ubayda; he was in the campaigns except Tabuk, was among those who went to kill Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf, and is remembered for withdrawing from the civil strife, joining neither the Camel nor Siffin.
Person
Mujammi' ibn Jariya
One of the twelve men who built Masjid al-Dirar, according to Ibn Ishaq; his ascription: son of Jariya ibn Amir.
Person
Mukhashin ibn Humayyir
Of Ashja', an ally of Banu Salama; he was in the party that mocked the Tabuk army then made their excuses. Ibn Ishaq records that he took the name Abd al-Rahman and asked God to let him die a martyr whose place is unknown — he was killed on the day of al-Yamama and no trace of him was found.
Person
Mukhayriq
A Jewish scholar said to be from Banu al-Nadir, or Banu Qaynuqa according to others; in al-Waqidi's account he embraced Islam and was killed at Uhud; he left his wealth, seven orchards in Medina, to the Prophet, who made them a charitable endowment; Umar ibn Shabba reports from Ibn Shihab that the Prophet called him the foremost of the Jews.
Person
Murara ibn al-Rabi al-Amri
One of the three who were left behind after Tabuk; of Banu Amr ibn Awf. He kept to his house during the boycott, and Ka'b relates that he spoke as Ka'b had spoken.
Person
Musa ibn al-Harith ibn Khalid
Son of al-Harith ibn Khalid and Rayta bint al-Harith, born in the land of Abyssinia; he died on the road.
Person
Mus'ab ibn Umayr
c. 585 CEA refined young Qurayshi of wealth who embraced Islam early and was sent to Medina before the Hijra as the community's first emissary and teacher; killed bearing the standard at Uhud.
Person
Musaylima
c. 580 CEChief and religious claimant of Banu Hanifa in Yamama who preached a parallel prophecy to Muhammad's and exchanged letters with him — killed at Yamama in the bloodiest battle of the Ridda wars.
Person
Mut'im ibn Adi
A prominent chief of Banu Nawfal ibn Abd Manaf who took part in tearing up the boycott charter and later granted the Prophet protection (jiwar) upon his return from al-Ta'if.
Person
Mut'im ibn Adi
c. 555 CEA chief of Banu Nawfal who never became a Muslim — yet tore up the boycott document against Banu Hashim and sheltered the Prophet under his protection when Mecca would not take him back from Ta'if.
Person
Nabtal ibn al-Harith
One of the twelve men who built Masjid al-Dirar, according to Ibn Ishaq; his ascription: of Banu Dubay'a.
Person
Nafisa bint Munya
Khadija's confidante to whom she disclosed her wish to marry Muhammad; Nafisa broached the matter with him, he consented, and the match proceeded through their uncles.
Person
Nawfal ibn Mu'awiya al-Dili
Chief of Banu al-Dil of Banu Bakr in the truce years; he led the night attack on Khuza'a at al-Watir seeking blood-revenge and refused to halt at the sanctuary's bounds — the breach that precipitated the conquest of Mecca.
Person
the Negus of Aksum
c. 580 CEThe Christian king of Aksum who gave the first Muslim exiles refuge and heard Ja'far's recitation — remembered in the tradition as a just ruler who, in some reports, himself became a Muslim.
Person
Nu'aym ibn Mas'ud
A shrewd chieftain of Banu Ashja' of Ghatafan who converted to Islam secretly during the siege of the Trench; instructed by the Prophet that 'war is deceit', he successfully sowed mutual distrust between the confederate leaders (Quraysh and Ghatafan) and Banu Qurayza, precipitating the collapse of the siege.
Person
Nusayba bint Ka'b (Umm Umara)
c. 590 CEAn Ansari woman of Medina who pledged at Aqaba and fought at Uhud shielding the Prophet with sword and shield — the tradition's most famous woman warrior of the first generation.
Person
Qarib ibn al-Aswad
A leader of the Ahlaf faction of Thaqif who commanded their contingent at the Battle of Hunayn; upon the confederation's collapse, he skillfully extricated his men toward Ta'if, preventing mass casualties among his clan.
Person
Qays ibn Abdullah al-Asadi
A man of Banu Asad ibn Khuzayma; he emigrated to Abyssinia with his wife Baraka bint Yasar. Ibn Ishaq describes him as a foster-nurse of Ubaydullah ibn Jahsh and Umm Habiba.
Person
Qays ibn Asim
A chief of Banu Tamim famed for forbearance; he accepted Islam and was appointed sadaqa collector over part of Banu Sa'd in 9 AH.
Person
Qays ibn Hudhafa
Of Banu Sahm; he emigrated to Abyssinia. Ibn Ishaq mentions him without describing his fate.
Person
Qusayy ibn Kilab
The Qahtani-raised Qurashi who returned to Mecca, married Hulayl’s daughter Hubba, took the custody of the Kaaba from Khuzaʾa around 440 CE after the arbitration of Yaʾmar ibn Awf, gathered Quraysh into the town’s quarters, founded Dar al-Nadwa, and held the five offices: riyasa, liwa, hijaba, siqaya and rifada.
Person
Qutba ibn Amir ibn Hadida
A Khazraji companion — one of the six Ansar who first met the Prophet at al-Aqaba and among its twelve nuqaba' — who witnessed Badr, and in Safar 9 AH commanded the twenty-man raid against a Khath'am clan near Tabala.
Person
Qutba ibn Qatada al-Udhri
Companion from Banu Udhra who commanded the right wing at Mu'tah. He charged and killed Malik ibn Zaflah, commander of the Byzantine-allied Arab forces, and celebrated the deed in verse.
Person
Rabi'a ibn Rufay' (Ibn al-Dughunna)
A warrior of Banu Sulaym (known as Ibn al-Dughunna) who caught up with the aged Durayd ibn al-Simma at Awtas after the rout of Hunayn and killed him after an exchange of swords.
Person
Rabi'a ibn Umayya ibn Khalaf
Qurashi Companion with a powerful voice who stood at Arafat relaying the Prophet's Farewell Sermon phrase by phrase to the vast crowd.
Person
Rafi' ibn Khadij
A Companion of the Aws; presented to the Prophet at Badr he was judged too young, then allowed at Uhud and fought after; an arrow struck him at Uhud and the wound reopened years later; he died in Medina aged eighty-six, with the year disputed.
Person
Ramla bint Abi Awf
Of Banu Sahm, wife of al-Muttalib ibn Azhar al-Zuhri; she emigrated to Abyssinia and bore her son Abdullah there.
Person
Rayhana bint Zayd
A captive of Banu Qurayza or Banu al-Nadir; the reports differ on whether the Prophet freed and married her and put the veil on her or she remained in his possession; she died before the Prophet, or on his return from the Farewell Pilgrimage, and was buried at al-Baqi'.
Person
Rayta bint al-Harith ibn Jubayla
Wife of al-Harith ibn Khalid; she emigrated to Abyssinia and died. The book's context differs on where she died — in the land of Abyssinia or on the road.
Person
Ruqayya bint Muhammad
A daughter of the Prophet and wife of Uthman ibn Affan; she emigrated with him to Abyssinia and then to Medina, fell ill as the Prophet set out for Badr, and died the day Zayd ibn Haritha arrived with the news of the victory.
Person
Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas
c. 595 CEOne of the earliest converts, an archer at Badr, and the commander who broke the Sasanian army at al-Qadisiyya about 636; founder of the garrison city of Kufa.
Person
Sad ibn al-Rabi al-Ansari
An Ansari Companion of the Khazraj. On the day of Uhud the Prophet sent Zayd ibn Thabit to search for him among the slain; he found him at his last breath with seventy blows on him — spear-thrusts, sword-blows and arrow-shots. He gave him the Prophet's greeting, and he said: 'and on the Messenger of God be peace. Tell him: Messenger of God, I catch the breeze of Paradise. And tell your people the Ansar: you have no excuse with God if the Messenger of God is reached while among you there is an eye that still blinks.' His soul flowed out on the spot {cite:mubarakpuri-raheeq p.280}.
Person
Sa'd ibn Khaythama
An Ansari of the Aws, one of the twelve naqibs on the night of al-Aqaba and the naqib of Banu Amr ibn Awf; the Prophet used to sit with people in his house at Quba, called 'the house of the crow'; he was killed at Badr after his lot was drawn over his father's, and Ibn Hajar rejects Abu Nu'aym's claim that he was the Abu Khaythama who stayed behind from Tabuk.
Person
Sa'd ibn Mu'adh
Chief of the Aws and standard-bearer of the Ansar at Badr, where he pledged the Ansar's full support in the war council and proposed building the command shelter; later gave the ruling on Banu Qurayza and died of a wound received then.
Person
Sa'd ibn Ubada
The chief of the Khazraj, present at al-Aqaba and one of the twelve naqibs; whether he was at Badr is disputed; he and his father, grandfather and son were famed for generosity, he carried the banner of the Ansar, his holding back from the pledge to Abu Bakr is well known, and he died at Hawran in 15 or 16 AH.
Person
Sa'd ibn Zayd al-Ashhali
A noble Companion from Banu Abd al-Ashhal of the Aws; Badri veteran who was entrusted by the Prophet with the mission to demolish the ancient idol Manat at al-Mushallal in Ramadan 8 AH.
Person
Safiyya bint Abd al-Muttalib
An aunt of the Prophet, mother of al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam and full sister of Hamza; she embraced Islam and emigrated with her son, a report tells of her killing a man who spied on the women's fort at the Trench, and she lived into Umar's caliphate.
Person
Safiyya bint Huyayy
c. 610 CEA woman of the Jewish tribe Banu Nadir who was taken captive at Khaybar, then freed and married to the Prophet, becoming one of the Mothers of the Believers.
Person
Safiyya bint Shayba
Whether she was a Companion is disputed, and the view that she never saw the Prophet is called the most remote because her hadith is established in al-Bukhari in suspended form; she narrated from Aisha, Umm Habiba, Umm Salama and Asma, and Ibn Hibban counts her among the trustworthy Successors.
Person
Safwan ibn al-Mu'attal
A righteous Companion and veteran warrior from Banu Sulaym assigned to travel behind the army to collect dropped luggage; when he found Aisha left behind at al-Muraysi', he recognized her, lowered his camel without uttering a word beyond 'Inna lillahi wa-inna ilayhi raji'un', and safely escorted her to Medina; he was martyred during the Armenian conquests.
Person
Safwan ibn Umayya
A leader of Quraysh from Banu Jumah; his father was killed at Badr as a disbeliever; he fled on the day Mecca was taken until his cousin Umayr ibn Wahb brought him a promise of safety from the Prophet; he was at Hunayn before he embraced Islam, lent the Prophet his weapons, and was given so much of the spoils that he embraced Islam.
Person
Sahla bint Suhayl
Of Banu Amir ibn Lu'ayy; Ibn Ishaq names her among the women emigrants to Abyssinia.
Person
Sa'd ibn Abd Qays
Of Banu al-Harith ibn Fihr; he emigrated to Abyssinia — the second of the three men Ibn Ishaq names from Banu al-Harith among the rest of the emigrants.
Person
Sa'id ibn al-As Abu Uhayha
Father of Khalid, Amr and Aban; he died at al-Zurayba in the direction of al-Ta'if over property of his, and Ibn Ishaq transmits verses he addressed to his son Amr.
Person
Sa'id ibn al-Harith al-Sahmi
Of Banu Sahm; he emigrated to Abyssinia and was killed in the year of the Yarmuk in Umar's caliphate.
Person
Sa'id ibn Amr al-Tamimi
Of Banu Tamim, maternal half-brother of Bishr ibn al-Harith al-Sahmi; he emigrated to Abyssinia and was killed at Ajnadayn in Abu Bakr's caliphate.
Person
Sa'id ibn Khalid ibn Sa'id
Son of Khalid ibn Sa'id ibn al-As and Amina bint Khalf, born in the land of Abyssinia.
Person
Sa'id ibn Sa'id ibn al-As
An early Muslim of Banu Umayya, brother of Khalid ibn Sa'id and Amr ibn Sa'id; he migrated to Abyssinia and fell as a martyr to an arrow at the siege of Ta'if.
Person
Sa'id ibn Zayd
One of the earliest converts of the secret call; he and his wife Fatima bint al-Khattab, Umar's sister, accepted Islam early.
Person
Sajah bint al-Harith
c. 590 CEA woman of Tamim by her father and Taghib by her mother who claimed prophecy in rhymed speech, marched an army toward Medina, then turned to Yamama and joined Musaylima — before returning to Islam and living into the caliphate.
Person
Salama ibn al-Akwa'
A famed Companion celebrated as the swiftest runner and premier foot-archer among the Muslims; hero of the Expedition of Dhu Qarad where he pursued the raiders on foot and recovered the captured camels; fought valiantly at Khaybar, Hunayn, and the Ridwan Pledge.
Person
Salama ibn al-Mayla' al-Juhani
A warrior of Juhayna who was killed in Khalid ibn al-Walid's cavalry during the entry into Mecca on the day of the Conquest.
Person
Salim ibn Umayr
The first of the seven Weepers, of Banu Amr ibn Awf in Ibn Ishaq's context; Ibn Ishaq lists him among those who begged the Prophet for mounts on the Tabuk campaign when he found nothing to carry them on.
Person
Salim, freed slave of Abu Hudhayfa
One of the earliest Muslims; a woman of the Ansar freed him and he attached himself to Abu Hudhayfa, who adopted him, then he was returned to his own clients when the verse in al-Ahzab about adoption was revealed; he led the first emigrants in prayer at the mosque of Quba, among them Abu Bakr and Umar, and the story of his being nursed because of Sahla bint Suhayl is well known.
Person
Salit ibn Amr
Of Banu Amir ibn Lu'ayy; he emigrated to Abyssinia. Ibn Ishaq describes him as the Messenger of God's envoy to Hawdha ibn Ali al-Hanafi in al-Yamama.
Person
Sallam ibn Abi al-Huqayq (Abu Rafi')
A wealthy Jewish merchant of Banu al-Nadir settled in Khaybar; one of the primary instigators and financiers who traveled to Mecca and Ghatafan to forge the confederate alliance (al-Ahzab) against Medina; assassinated in his fortified residence by a Muslim covert squad led by Abdullah ibn Atik.
Person
Salman al-Farisi
c. 568 CEA Persian seeker who passed through Zoroastrianism and Christianity before reaching Muhammad; freed from slavery in Medina, he is remembered for proposing the trench at the siege of 627.
Person
Samura ibn Jundab
A Companion of Fazara and ally of the Ansar; the Prophet sent him back as a boy and then allowed him to go out when he wrestled down the boy who had been allowed; he settled in Basra, where Ziyad left him in charge, and died before 60 AH or at its start.
Person
Sara, mawla of Banu Abd al-Muttalib
A freedwoman attached to a family of Banu Abd al-Muttalib. In this edition she is named both as one of two possible carriers of Hatib's letter, and as a woman who had harmed the Prophet in Mecca — ordered killed at the conquest, then amnestied; years later a horse trampled her at al-Abtah in Umar's caliphate.
Person
Sawad ibn Ghaziyya
An Ansari Companion at Badr who, when the Prophet's arrow nicked him while straightening the ranks, bared his own belly for retaliation; the Prophet embraced him instead — the best-known of the 'wonders of faith' vignettes from the battle.
Person
Sawda bint Zam'a
Mother of the Believers; among the early converts who migrated to Abyssinia, and the first woman the Prophet married after the death of Khadija, in Shawwal of the tenth year of prophethood.
Person
Sayf ibn Dhi Yazan (Maʾdikarib)
The Himyarite noble who led Yemen’s liberation from Abyssinian rule with Persian help in 575 CE and was made king; his assassination by his own Abyssinian bodyguard ended the royal house of Dhu Yazan and opened direct Persian rule.
Person
Shaddad ibn Aws
A Companion of Banu al-Najjar and nephew of Hassan ibn Thabit; Ubada ibn al-Samit described him as one given both knowledge and forbearance; he lived in Homs and then Palestine and was buried in Jerusalem, most likely in 58 AH.
Person
Shayba ibn Uthman al-Hajabi
A hereditary custodian of the Kaaba from Banu Abd al-Dar who joined the march to Hunayn intending to assassinate the Prophet to avenge his father and uncle slain at Uhud; upon drawing close, he was overcome with awe, and the Prophet placed his hand on his chest and prayed for him, whereupon he embraced Islam and fought loyally.
Person
Shuja ibn Wahb al-Asadi
An early Muhajir Companion from Banu Asad ibn Khuzayma who migrated to Abyssinia and fought at Badr and Uhud; chosen as the Prophet's envoy to al-Harith ibn Abi Shimr al-Ghassani, ruler of Damascus; later martyred at the battle of al-Yamama.
Person
Shurahbil ibn Hasana
Brother of Junada and Jabir through their mother Hasana; Ibn Ishaq names him with the family of Sufyan ibn Ma'mar al-Jumahi among the emigrants to Abyssinia.
Person
Siba' ibn Urfuta
Ibn Hisham records, from al-Darawardi from his father, that the Prophet put him in charge of Medina when he set out for Tabuk — against Ibn Hisham's own statement that the deputy was Muhammad ibn Maslama.
Person
Subay' Dhu al-Khimar
Leader of Banu Malik of Thaqif alongside his brother Ahmar at the Battle of Hunayn; his clan bore the brunt of the Muslim counterattack and suffered heavy casualties around their banner before falling back to Ta'if.
Person
Sufyan ibn Ma'mar
Of Banu Jumah; he emigrated to Abyssinia with his two sons Junada and Jabir and his wife Hasana, and died in Umar's caliphate.
Person
Suhayb ibn Sinan al-Rumi
An early Muslim of the persecuted in Mecca who later recalled that when Umar embraced Islam 'Islam appeared, and we sat around the House in circles and took our share back from those who had been harsh to us.'
Person
Suhayl ibn Amr
c. 570 CEQuraysh's orator and spokesman — the diplomat who faced Muhammad across the table at Hudaybiyya — who converted at the conquest and died a Muslim in the plague of Amwas.
Person
Sulayman ibn Surad
A Companion of Khuza'a, said to have been named Yasar before the Prophet changed it; he fought at Siffin with Ali, wrote to al-Husayn and then held back, and was killed in 65 AH leading the expedition to avenge him, aged ninety-three.
Person
Sumayya bint Khayyat
c. 560 CEAn elderly woman of the first converts, tortured in Mecca for her faith; the tradition counts her the first martyr of Islam, mother of the Companion Ammar ibn Yasir.
Person
Suraqa ibn al-Harith
An Ansari Companion from Banu al-Najjar of the Khazraj; he witnessed Badr and other early battles and fell martyred fighting at the Battle of Hunayn.
Person
Suraqa ibn Amr ibn Atiyya
Companion from the Ansar, of Banu Mazin al-Najjar; martyred at Mu'tah.
Person
Suraqa ibn Malik
A Mudliji horseman who chased the bounty on the fugitives; when his mare sank beneath him twice he sought safe-conduct instead, and spent the rest of the day turning pursuers away — 'the day's beginning against them, its end guarding them'.
Person
Suwayd ibn Samit
A renowned poet and noble warrior of the Aws tribe in Yathrib, called 'al-Kamil' for his valor and lineage; he met the Prophet in Mecca carrying the wisdom of Luqman, listened to the Qur'an, approved of it, and was killed at the battle of Bu'ath before fully establishing his practice.
Person
Suwaylim the Jew
Owner of the house where, in a report Ibn Hisham transmits, men gathered to discourage people from the Tabuk campaign; his house was at Jasum and was burned by the Prophet's order.
Person
Talha ibn Ubaydullah
One of the first band of eight; he accepted Islam at Abu Bakr's invitation during the secret call in Mecca.
Person
Tamim ibn Asad al-Khuza'i
The Khuza'i man who escaped the al-Watir night attack when his companion Munabbih fell; the long apology poem to Budayl ibn Umm Asram is his — though Ibn Hisham notes it is also ascribed to Hubayb ibn Abdullah al-A'lam al-Hudhali.
Person
Thabit ibn al-Jidh'
An Ansari veteran of the Second Pledge of al-Aqaba from Banu Salama (Khazraj); he fought at Badr, Uhud, and the Trench, and attained martyrdom during the siege of Ta'if.
Person
Thabit ibn Aqram
Companion from the Ansar, of Banu al-Majlan. After the three commanders fell at Mu'tah he picked up the standard and then refused command, proposing Khalid ibn al-Walid. Killed in the Ridda wars.
Person
Thabit ibn Qays ibn Shammas
The orator of the Ansar; when the Prophet arrived in Medina he spoke, saying 'We will protect you as we protect ourselves and our children; what do we get?', and the Prophet answered 'Paradise'; his first campaign was Uhud, the Prophet gave him the good news of Paradise, and he was killed at al-Yamama.
Person
Tha'laba ibn Hatib
One of the twelve men who built Masjid al-Dirar, according to Ibn Ishaq; his ascription: of Banu Umayya ibn Zayd.
Person
Thawban, freedman of the Prophet
A well-known Companion said to be of the Hakam ibn Sa'd of Himyar, or from the Sarat; the Prophet bought and freed him, and he served him until his death, then lived in al-Ramla and Homs, where he died in 54 AH.
Person
Thumama ibn Uthal
A leader of Banu Hanifa in al-Yamama; he was captured and tied to a pillar of the mosque, then released and embraced Islam, came to Mecca for 'umra and said that no grain would reach them from al-Yamama without the Prophet's leave; he held to Islam during the apostasy and fought with al-'Ala' al-Hadrami, and was killed by mistake by men of Banu Qays ibn Tha'laba.
Person
Thuwayba
The freedwoman of Abu Lahab who first suckled the Prophet after his mother, with the milk of her son Masruh; she had nursed Hamza before him and Abu Salama after him.
Person
al-Tufayl ibn Amr al-Dawsi
A noble chief and renowned poet of the Daws tribe who arrived in Mecca around the eleventh year of prophethood; warned against listening to Muhammad, he stuffed his ears with cotton but upon hearing the recitation at the Kaaba embraced Islam, later calling his entire tribe to the faith.
Person
Tulayha ibn Khuwaylid
c. 590 CEWar-chief of Banu Asad who claimed prophecy at the Prophet's death, was broken by Khalid at Buzakha, fled to Syria — then returned, became a Muslim, and fought in the conquests he had once stood against.
Person
Ubada ibn al-Samit
A senior Companion and chieftain of Banu Awf of the Khazraj; he witnessed both Pledges of Aqaba, narrated the text of the First Pledge in Sahih al-Bukhari, served as a naqib, and later participated in all major battles and the conquest of the Levant.
Person
Ubayda ibn al-Harith
A Hashimi Muhajir, the eldest of the three Muslim duelists at Badr; he exchanged two blows with Utba ibn Rabi'a that left both mortally wounded, and died at al-Safra days later on the march home.
Person
Ubaydullah ibn Jahsh
Of Banu Asad ibn Khuzayma, ally of Banu Umayya; he emigrated to Abyssinia with his wife Umm Habiba. Ibn Ishaq records that he became Christian there, left Islam and died a Christian, and the Prophet married Umm Habiba after him.
Person
Ubayy ibn Ka'b
The 'master of the reciters' among the Ansar, present at the second pledge of al-Aqaba, at Badr and in all the campaigns; the Prophet told him that God had commanded him to recite to him, and Umar called him the master of the Muslims; the date of his death is given from 19 AH to 32 AH, and Abu Nu'aym favours the caliphate of Uthman.
Person
Ukaydir ibn Abd al-Malik
King of Dumat al-Jandal, of Kinda and a Christian, according to Ibn Ishaq; Khalid ibn al-Walid captured him, and the Prophet spared his blood and made peace with him on the jizya.
Person
Ulba ibn Zayd
The second of the Weepers, brother of Banu Haritha; Ibn Ishaq lists him among those who begged the Prophet for mounts on the Tabuk campaign when he found nothing to carry them on.
Person
Umama bint Abi al-As
A granddaughter of the Prophet through his daughter Zaynab, whom he used to carry on his shoulder in prayer; she married Ali ibn Abi Talib after Fatima, and then al-Mughira ibn Nawfal.
Person
Umar ibn al-Khattab
c. 584 CESecond caliph (634–644); under his rule the early community conquered Syria, Egypt and much of the Sasanian Empire. Remembered in Sunni tradition as al-Faruq, the model of just rule.
Person
Umara ibn Hazm
An Aqaba Companion who fought at Badr; he was with the Prophet when his she-camel strayed, and he drove Zayd ibn al-Lusayt from his litter when he learned what he had said.
Person
Umayma bint Abd al-Muttalib
An aunt of the Prophet, married before Islam to Hujayr ibn Ri'ab al-Asadi (as printed in this edition), mother of Abdullah, Ubaydullah, Abu Ahmad, Zaynab and Hamna; her Islam is disputed.
Person
Umayr ibn al-Humam
A Khazraji Companion who, hearing the Prophet's call to a paradise wide as the heavens at Badr, threw away the dates he was eating — reckoning life until they were finished too long — and fought until he was killed.
Person
Umayr ibn Ri'ab
Of Banu Sahm; he emigrated to Abyssinia and was killed at Ayn al-Tamr with Khalid ibn al-Walid in Abu Bakr's caliphate.
Person
Umayr ibn Wahb al-Jumahi
He met Abu Khaythama on the road seeking the Prophet, and they travelled together until they neared Tabuk, when Abu Khaythama held him back at his request so that Abu Khaythama could reach the Prophet first.
Person
Umayya ibn Khalaf
c. 570 CEA headman of the clan of Jumah remembered above all as the owner who tortured Bilal — one of the named persecutors of the weak converts, killed at Badr.
Person
Umm al-Ala' al-Ansariyya
An Ansari Companion among those who pledged; she narrated in the two collections the story of Uthman ibn Maz'un's lodging in her house when the Ansar divided the Muhajirun among them and his death there, her seeing a flowing spring for him and the Prophet's words 'That is his deed'; Ibn Hajar judges her the mother of Kharija ibn Zayd ibn Thabit.
Person
Umm al-Fadl Lubaba bint al-Harith
The wife of al-Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib and mother of Abdullah ibn Abbas, sister of the Mother of the Believers Maymuna; Ibn Sa'd says she was the first woman to believe after Khadija, and the Prophet said of her sisters 'The four sisters are believers'; he used to visit her and she was among the women who bore illustrious children.
Person
Umm Atiyya al-Ansariyya
An Ansari Companion named Nusayba, who joined seven campaigns with the Prophet looking after the fighters' baggage, and narrated in the two collections on washing the dead, on women going out to the Eid prayers, and on the women's pledge not to wail; she came to Basra and stayed at the palace of Banu Khalaf.
Person
Umm Ayman (Baraka bint Tha'laba)
c. 560 (approx.) CEAn Abyssinian freedwoman of the Prophet's family who cared for him as a child and again after his mother's death, and is counted among the Companions.
Person
Umm Habiba Ramlah bint Abi Sufyan
A daughter of Abu Sufyan ibn Harb and a wife of the Prophet — one of the Mothers of the Believers. When her father came to Medina to renew the truce she folded away the Prophet's bedding rather than let him sit on it.
Person
Umm Hakim bint al-Harith
The wife of Ikrima ibn Abi Jahl; she was at Uhud as a non-Muslim, embraced Islam on the day of the conquest and obtained safety for her husband; she then married Khalid ibn Sa'id after Ikrima's martyrdom, and fought at Marj al-Saffar, killing seven Byzantines with a tent pole.
Person
Umm Hani' bint Abi Talib
A cousin of the Prophet, named Fakhita (also given as Fatima or Hind); wife of Hubayra ibn Amr al-Makhzumi, who fled to Najran on the day Mecca was taken; she narrated hadith found in the six collections.
Person
Umm Haram bint Milhan
Maternal aunt of Anas ibn Malik, whom the Prophet used to visit at Quba; in her hadith he saw people of his community sailing the sea. She married Ubada ibn al-Samit and died on the Cyprus expedition when she fell from her mount.
Person
Umm Harmala bint Abd al-Aswad
Wife of Jahm ibn Qays; she emigrated with him to Abyssinia and died there.
Person
Umm Jamil
c. 565 CEWife of Abu Lahab and sister of Abu Sufyan; remembered in the sources for harassing the Prophet — the 'carrier of wood' of Qur'an 111 in the commentators' reading.
Person
Umm Kulthum bint Ali
A daughter of Ali ibn Abi Talib and Fatima, the Prophet's daughter, born in the Prophet's lifetime; Ibn Hajar reports accounts of Umar ibn al-Khattab's proposal to her, her dower and her children Zayd and Ruqayya, and then her marriages after him to sons of Ja'far ibn Abi Talib.
Person
Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad
A daughter of the Prophet, married to Uthman ibn Affan after her sister Ruqayya's death in Rabi' al-Awwal 3 AH; she died in his house in Sha'ban 9 AH without bearing him children.
Person
Umm Kulthum bint Suhayl
Of Banu Amir ibn Lu'ayy; Ibn Ishaq names her among the women emigrants to Abyssinia.
Person
Umm Kulthum bint Uqba
An Umayyad Companion who embraced Islam early and gave her pledge; she emigrated to Medina alone during the truce of al-Hudaybiyya, and when her two brothers came to demand her the Prophet did not return her; she married in turn Zayd ibn Haritha, al-Zubayr, Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf and Amr ibn al-As.
Person
Umm Ma'bad
A Khuza'ite woman whose wayside tent the Hijra party passed; in a lean year she let the Prophet milk her worn-out ewe, which yielded foaming milk for all — the context of her famous description of him.
Person
Umm Mubashshir bint al-Bara' ibn Ma'rur
An Ansari woman, daughter of al-Bara' ibn Ma'rur; Jabir ibn Abdullah narrated from her the hadith that none of the people of the tree will enter the Fire, and her words are recorded at the Prophet's last illness, where she said she blamed her son Bishr's death only on the poisoned sheep he had eaten with the Prophet.
Person
Umm Qays bint Mihsan
A sister of Ukkasha ibn Mihsan, she embraced Islam early at Mecca, gave her pledge and emigrated; she narrated hadith in the two collections, including the one about her small son who had not yet eaten food, and in one story the Prophet said 'May her life be long', after which it was said no woman was known to have lived as long as she did.
Person
Umm Ruman
The wife of Abu Bakr and mother of Abd al-Rahman and Aisha; she embraced Islam early, gave her pledge and emigrated, and died in the Prophet's lifetime, in Dhu al-Hijja 6 AH on the sounder view; the Prophet went down into her grave and asked forgiveness for her.
Person
Umm Sa'd bint Sa'd ibn al-Rabi'
Daughter of Sa'd ibn al-Rabi', who was killed at Uhud while she was in the womb; she grew up an orphan in Abu Bakr's care and married Zayd ibn Thabit, bearing him Kharija, Sa'd, Uthman, Sulayman and Umm Zayd; a report on the inheritance of an unborn child is linked to her.
Person
Umm Salama (Hind bint Abi Umayya)
c. 590 (approx.) CEA wife of the Prophet remembered for her counsel at Hudaybiyya and for the hundreds of hadith transmitted on her authority in Sunni tradition.
Person
Umm Sharik
A Companion of Banu Amir ibn Lu'ayy whose name and lineage are disputed; some reports say she embraced Islam at Mecca, called the women of Quraysh in secret and was tortured, and that she offered herself to the Prophet, who did not accept, and she never married; Ibn Hajar points out the weakness of some chains.
Person
Umm Sulaym bint Milhan
The mother of Anas, the Prophet's servant, known by her kunya with her name disputed; she embraced Islam among the earliest of the Ansar, her first husband Malik left for Syria angry and died there, Abu Talha proposed to her before he was Muslim and his Islam became her dower; she campaigned with the Prophet and carried a dagger at Hunayn.
Person
Umm Sunbula al-Aslamiyya
A Companion of Aslam about whom Aisha related that she brought the Prophet milk as a gift; Aisha remarked he had forbidden eating from bedouin, and he said 'They are not bedouin; they are the people of our desert and we are the people of their town, and when we call them they answer.'
Person
Umm Waraqa bint Abdullah
An Ansari Companion who had read the Qur'an; she asked to go out with the Prophet to Badr to nurse the sick and he told her to stay in her house since God would grant her martyrdom, so she was called 'the martyr'; he allowed her a muezzin in her house, and a male and a female slave of hers killed her and Umar had them crucified.
Person
Umm Ziyad al-Ashja'iyya
A Companion of Ashja' who went out with the Prophet on the Khaybar campaign with five other women; the Prophet asked 'With whose leave did you come out?' and they answered that they had come to treat the wounded, hand out arrows and give out barley drink, and dates were apportioned to them.
Person
Umm Zufar
A tall black woman who complained to the Prophet that she suffered seizures and her body was exposed; he gave her the choice between patience, with Paradise, and a prayer for cure, and she chose patience and asked that she not be exposed, so he prayed for that; Ibn Abbas said 'This woman is of the people of Paradise', and Ata' saw her on the steps of the Kaaba.
Person
Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt
c. 570 CEA Qurashi of Banu Abd Shams among the documented harassers of the Prophet in Mecca; captured at Badr, he was one of the two captives executed on the march home — a fact the sources record soberly.
Person
Uqba ibn Amir al-Juhani
A well-known Companion who narrated much from the Prophet; a reciter learned in inheritance law and jurisprudence, an eloquent poet and scribe, one of those who collected the Qur'an; he carried the news of the conquest of Damascus to Umar, Mu'awiya made him governor of Egypt, and he died in Mu'awiya's caliphate.
Person
Urwa ibn Abd al-Uzza
Of Banu Adi ibn Ka'b; he emigrated to Abyssinia and died there.
Person
Urwa ibn Mas'ud al-Thaqafi
Chieftain of Thaqif in al-Ta'if and respected Meccan diplomat; represented Quraysh during negotiations at al-Hudaybiyya and famously reported to Quraysh the unparalleled devotion of the Companions to Muhammad; he embraced Islam in 9 AH and was martyred by his own people while calling them to prayer from his rooftop.
Person
Usama ibn Zayd
'The beloved son of the beloved', son of the Prophet's freedman Zayd and of Umm Ayman who had nursed the Prophet; born in Islam, he was twenty when the Prophet died; the Prophet put him in command of a great army, which Abu Bakr then sent out after the Prophet's death; he withdrew from the strife after Uthman's killing.
Person
Usayd ibn Hudayr
A prominent chief of the Banu Abd al-Ashhal clan of the Aws in Yathrib; when Mus'ab ibn Umayr came preaching, Usayd approached with his spear to rebuff him, but upon listening to the Qur'an embraced Islam with radiant conviction, leading to his cousin Sa'd ibn Mu'adh's conversion and the entire clan's Islam.
Person
Utarid ibn Hajib
The orator whom the chiefs of Banu Tamim put forward in the boasting contest at the Prophet's mosque in 9 AH; Thabit ibn Qays ibn Shammas answered him, and al-Aqra' ibn Habis judged the Muslims' orator superior — whereupon the delegation accepted Islam.
Person
Utba ibn Ghazwan
One of the earliest Muslims, he emigrated to Abyssinia and then to Medina and fought at Badr and after; Umar sent him in the conquests and he laid out the city of Basra; he asked Umar to relieve him of command and Umar refused, and he died on the road in 17 AH, or by another report 20 AH.
Person
Utba ibn Mas'ud
A Companion of Hudhayl, ally of Banu Zuhra; he emigrated to Abyssinia and arrived in the two ships.
Person
Utba ibn Rabi'a
c. 565 CEAn elder of Banu Abd Shams who argued for a negotiated settlement with Muhammad — and is remembered dying at Badr, father of Hind bint Utba.
Person
Uthman ibn Abd Ghanm
Of Banu al-Harith ibn Fihr; he emigrated to Abyssinia — one of three men Ibn Ishaq names from that clan.
Person
Uthman ibn Abi al-As
The youngest of the six-man Thaqif delegation to Medina in Ramadan 9 AH and its keenest student of the Qur'an; the Prophet appointed him over his people, and he later held them firm against apostasy in the Ridda.
Person
Uthman ibn Affan
c. 576 CEThird caliph (644–656); the early community married him to two of the Prophet's daughters in succession. Under him the Qur'an was standardized into a single recension; he was killed by rebels in Medina, opening the first civil war.
Person
Uthman ibn Hunayf
An Ansari, brother of Sahl ibn Hunayf; al-Tirmidhi alone said he fought at Badr, while the majority say his first campaign was Uhud; Umar sent him to survey the land after Kufa was conquered, and Ali appointed him over Basra but Talha and al-Zubayr took it from him, the well-known episode behind the battle of the Camel; he died in Mu'awiya's caliphate.
Person
Uthman ibn Maz'un
One of the earliest Muslims of the secret call; he accepted Islam with his brothers Qudama and Abdullah.
Person
Uthman ibn Rabi'a
A Companion of Banu Jumah; he emigrated to Abyssinia and arrived in the two ships.
Person
Uthman ibn Talha
The keeper of the Kaaba; his father and uncle were killed at Uhud, then he embraced Islam during the truce of al-Hudaybiyya and emigrated with Khalid ibn al-Walid; he was at the conquest, where the Prophet handed him the key of the Kaaba and entered it with him; he died in Medina in 42 AH on the sounder view.
Person
Uwaymir al-Ajlani
A companion of Banu Ujlan of the Ansar who accused his wife before the Prophet after the return from Tabuk; the Prophet administered the mutual oath of condemnation (li'an) between them and separated them.
Person
Uyayna ibn Hisn al-Fazari
A powerful, mercurial chieftain of Banu Fazara in Najd (dubbed 'the foolish chief obeyed by ten thousand swords'); granted one hundred camels at al-Ji'rana among al-Mu'allafa Qulubuhum, he later faltered during the Ridda wars before repenting and returning to Islam.
Person
Wadi'a ibn Thabit
Ibn Ishaq names him in the party of hypocrites who mocked the Tabuk army and then excused themselves that they had been jesting and playing.
Person
Wahb ibn Sa'd ibn Abi Sarh
Companion of Quraysh, from Banu Malik ibn Hisl; martyred at Mu'tah.
Person
Wahshi ibn Harb
c. 600 CEAn Abyssinian slave famous for his javelin: promised his freedom for killing Hamza at Uhud, he later became a Muslim and, in the tradition's account, also killed the false prophet Musaylima at Yamama.
Person
Wa'il ibn Hujr
From the sons of the kings of Hadramawt; he came to the Prophet as a delegate, asked for a grant of land and received it, and the Prophet sent Mu'awiya with him to hand it over; according to Abu Nu'aym the Prophet called him 'chief of the provincial kings'; he settled in Kufa, his sons Alqama and Abd al-Jabbar narrated from him, and he died in Mu'awiya's caliphate.
Person
Waraqa ibn Nawfal
c. 555 CEKhadija's cousin, an elderly Meccan Christian who had studied the scriptures; the man who first told the shaken Prophet that what had come to him in the cave was prophecy.
Person
Wathila ibn al-Asqa'
From Banu Layth ibn Abd Manat, he embraced Islam before Tabuk and took part in it; Ibn Sa'd lists him among the people of the Suffa, after which he settled in Syria; Abu Hatim says he was at the conquests of Damascus and Homs; he died in the caliphate of Abd al-Malik in 83 or 85 AH, and in al-Waqidi's account was the last Companion to die at Damascus.
Person
Yahya ibn Yahya al-Laythi
152 AHFrom al-Andalus; he came to Imam Malik in Medina and studied the Muwatta with him. His recension became the most widely read transmission of the book in the Maghrib and al-Andalus.
Person
Yaʾmar ibn Awf (al-Shaddakh)
The Bakr ibn Abd Manaf arbiter who judged between Qusayy and Khuzaʾa that Qusayy was worthier of the Kaaba and Mecca, laying the blood Qusayy had spilled beneath his feet, i.e. waived, while awarding blood-money for Khuzaʾa’s dead; from that ruling he was called al-Shaddakh.
Person
Yamin ibn Umayr al-Nadri
Ibn Ishaq names him in a report that reached him: he met Abu Layla and Abdullah ibn al-Mughaffal weeping and gave them a camel and provisioned them with dates.
Person
Yasir ibn Amir
Father of Ammar and husband of Sumayya; the whole family was tortured by the polytheists, and Yasir died under torture while the Prophet told them 'Patience, family of Yasir — your appointed place is Paradise.'
Person
Yazid ibn Zam'a
A Qurashi Companion from Banu al-Muttalib (nephew of Sawda bint Zam'a); at the Battle of Hunayn, his spirited horse named al-Janah bolted and threw him, leading to his martyrdom.
Person
Yuhanna ibn Ru'ba
The master of Ayla; he came to the Prophet at Tabuk, made peace with him and paid the jizya, and the Prophet wrote him a letter of safe-conduct.
Person
Zayd al-Khayl
Chief of Tayy' whose delegation came to Medina in the Year of Delegations; the Prophet renamed him Zayd al-Khayr ('the good') and said no Arab praised to him had ever fallen short of the praise except this man.
Person
Zayd ibn al-Khattab
Umar's older brother, who embraced Islam before him; he fought at Badr and the later campaigns and carried the Muslim banner at al-Yamama in 12 AH, where he was killed; Umar said when he fell: 'He beat me to the two good things: he embraced Islam before me and was martyred before me.'
Person
Zayd ibn al-Lusayt al-Qaynuqa'i
He was in the litter of Umara ibn Hazm, and Ibn Ishaq calls him a hypocrite; a saying about the Prophet's strayed she-camel was attributed to him, to which the Prophet answered by announcing where the camel was. People differ on his repentance.
Person
Zayd ibn Amr
c. 560 CEA Meccan seeker who rejected the idols of his people and sought 'the religion of Abraham' years before the Prophet's mission — the tradition's example of the hanif, the indigenous monotheist.
Person
Zayd ibn Arqam
A Khazraji Companion, judged too young at Uhud, who campaigned with the Prophet in seventeen expeditions; he reported the words of Abdullah ibn Ubayy and the sura al-Munafiqun was revealed confirming him; he was at Siffin with Ali and died in Kufa.
Person
Zayd ibn Haritha
c. 580 (approx.) CEA freedman of the Prophet, once adopted by him, who became one of the earliest Muslims and commanded the expedition to Mu'ta, where he was killed; the only Companion named in the Qur'an.
Person
Zayd ibn Jariya
One of the twelve men who built Masjid al-Dirar, according to Ibn Ishaq; his ascription: son of Jariya ibn Amir.
Person
Zayd ibn Thabit
c. 611 CEA young Ansari who became the Prophet's scribe of revelation; Abu Bakr set him to gather the Qur'an, and Uthman's committee under him produced the standard recension still read today.
Person
Zaynab bint Abi Salama
Born in the land of Abyssinia to her father Abu Salama and her mother Umm Salama; she arrived with her mother.
Person
Zaynab bint al-Harith ibn Khalid
Daughter of al-Harith ibn Khalid and Rayta, born in the land of Abyssinia; she died on the road with her mother, her sister and her brother.
Person
Zaynab bint Ali
c. 626 CE · c. 5 AH†Granddaughter of the Prophet through Fatima and Ali; a survivor of Karbala whose accounts and defiance made her a central voice of her family in tradition.
Person
Zaynab bint Jahsh
A Mother of the Believers, whose mother Umayma was the Prophet's aunt; she was married to Zayd ibn Haritha and then to the Prophet, and a verse in sura al-Ahzab was revealed about her; she died in 20 AH, the first of his wives to die after him.
Person
Zaynab bint Khuzayma
A Mother of the Believers called 'Umm al-Masakin' (mother of the poor) for feeding and giving to them; the Prophet married her after Hafsa, she stayed with him some months and died in his lifetime; her earlier husband is disputed: Abdullah ibn Jahsh, martyred at Uhud, or al-Tufayl and then Ubayda, sons of al-Harith.
Person
Zaynab bint Muhammad
The Prophet's eldest daughter, married to Abu al-As ibn al-Rabi; she gave him protection in Medina, the Prophet returned her to him after he embraced Islam, and she died at the start of 8 AH.
Person
al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam
c. 594 CEOne of the earliest converts and a cousin of the Prophet through his mother Safiyya; at Badr he was one of the army's two horsemen, commanded the right wing, and joined the patrol that captured Quraysh's water-bearers.
Person
Zuhayr ibn Abi Umayya
A Makhzumi notable whose mother was Atika bint Abd al-Muttalib; the first among the five Meccan leaders to publicly challenge and break the boycott charter in the Haram.
Person
Zuhayr ibn Sard
A chieftain of Hawazin who headed the fourteen-man delegation that came to the Prophet at al-Ji'rana as Muslims, pleading foster-kinship for the return of their captured women and children; the Prophet and the Muslims released six thousand captives in response.
Work
Hatib's letter to Quraysh
The letter Hatib ibn Abi Balta'a sent to warn Quraysh that the Prophet had resolved to march on Mecca; hidden in a woman's braided hair, it was intercepted at al-Khaliqa and its contents known.

The emigrants to Abyssinia

Roster of the Abyssinian emigrants according to Ibn Ishaq

The builders of Masjid al-Dirar

Contingents and banners of the Conquest of Mecca army

Martyrs of Hunayn and Awtas

Grants to al-Mu'allafa Qulubuhum at al-Ji'rana

The Prophet's prayer places between Medina and Tabuk

Participants and absentees of the Tabuk expedition

Martyrs of the Siege of Ta'if

Stages of the story of the three left behind

Abu Bakr leads the prayers during the final illness

Abu Dharr lags behind and follows on foot

Abu Khaythama catches up with the Prophet

The conversion of Abu Quhafa

Abu Ruhm and the stragglers of Ghifar and Aslam

The conversion of Abu Sufyan ibn Harb

Abu Sufyan's mission to Medina

Abu Talib gathers Banu Hashim and Banu al-Muttalib

The Second Abyssinian Occupation of Yemen

The Prophet's address to the Ansar at al-Ji'rana

The three years of the secret call

al-Jadd ibn Qays asks leave to stay behind

Ali's expedition to destroy al-Fuls, the idol of Tayy'

Ali is left in charge of the Prophet's family

The plot of Amir ibn al-Tufayl and Arbad ibn Qays

The Mission of Abu Rafi' (Sallam ibn Abi al-Huqayq)

The Badr war council

The duel at Badr

The affair of the Badr prisoners

The Qulayb at Badr

The monk Bahira at Busra

The Battle of Badr

The Battle of Dhu Qar

The Battle of Hunayn

The Conquest of Khaybar

The Battle of Mu'tah

The Battle of the Trench (al-Ahzab)

The Battle of Uhud

The Pledge of the Tree (Bay'at al-Ridwan)

The Bedouin excuse-makers

Four believers lag behind without doubt

The Withdrawal of Abdullah ibn Ubayy with a Third of the Army

The boycott of the Banu Hashim

The fifty-night boycott of the three

The brotherhood of the Muhajirun and Ansar

The Raising of the Kaaba’s Foundations

The burial of Dhu al-Bijadayn at Tabuk

The burial of the Prophet

Burning of Suwaylim's house

The army camps at al-Hijr and the Prophet bans its water

The change of the qibla

The Conquest of Mecca (Fath Makka)

The Constitution of Medina

Conversion of Umayr ibn Wahb

The Consultative Council for the Battle of Uhud

The call to the nearest kin

The death of Abdullah ibn Ubayy and the Prophet's prayer over him

The death of Abu Dharr at al-Rabadha

The death of Amina at al-Abwa

Death of Ibrahim

The death of the Prophet

The death of Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad

The delegation of Abd al-Qays

The delegation of Banu Hanifa

The delegation and mission to Hamdan

The delegation of Najran

The delegation of Thaqif

The demolition of al-Lat

The Demolition of al-Uzza and Major Idols

The demolition of Masjid al-Dirar

The dispatch of the sadaqa collectors

The distribution of Hunayn spoils at al-Ji'rana

The Negus carries the emigrants to the Prophet in two ships

Expedition of al-Abwa (Waddan)

Expedition of al-Kharrar

Expedition of al-Kudr

Expedition of al-Qarada

Expedition of al-Sawiq

The Expedition of Badr al-Maw'ida

The Expedition of Banu al-Mustaliq (al-Muraysi')