Hamengkubuwono I

Hamengkubuwono I (August 1717 – 24 March 1792), born Raden Mas Sujana and known before his accession as Prince Mangkubumi, was the founder and first sultan of Yogyakarta, reigning from 1755 to 1792 ¹. He has been a National Hero of Indonesia since 2006, honoured for his fight against the Dutch East India Company and his establishment of Yogyakarta ¹.

He was a son of Amangkurat IV of Mataram, born at Kartasura to Mas Ayu Tejawati ^{2 3}. When the Chinese rebellion of 1740 spread across Java and Kartasura itself was stormed in 1742, the Mataram court collapsed into war ³. From 1746 Mangkubumi was in open rebellion against Pakubuwono II and the Company; by 1747 his forces were reckoned at some 13,000 men, and in 1751 he destroyed the VOC force under Captain de Clerck ³. His following was joined for a time by his nephew Raden Mas Said, the future Mangkunegara I, before the two princes fell out over precedence in 1752 ³.

On 13 February 1755 the Treaty of Giyanti divided Mataram: Mangkubumi was recognised as Sultan Hamengkubuwono, sovereign of half the realm, while Pakubuwono III kept Surakarta ^{4 3}. He was crowned on 13 March 1755 ¹ and in the same year opened the Pabringan forest as the site of his new capital, Yogyakarta ³.

He reigned until his death on 24 March 1792 at the Kraton Yogyakarta, and was buried at Imogiri ^{1 2}. His senior queen, Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Kencana, was a granddaughter of Pakubuwono I; her son Raden Mas Entho, installed as crown prince, died in 1758, and Raden Mas Sundoro, son of his second queen Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Kadipaten, succeeded him as Hamengkubuwono II ¹. Another son, Pangeran Natakusuma, became Paku Alam I ¹. His daughter Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Bendara married Mangkunegara I ¹.

No source read names a legal school or an order for the sultan himself. The tradition he ruled is stated in full in his own regnal style — Ngabdurrahman Sayidin Panatagama Kalifatullah, servant of the Merciful, defender of the faith and caliph of God ¹ — and he founded a Muslim sultanate whose court held Islam together with older Javanese Kejawen practice. The English and Indonesian infoboxes file his religion as Islam ^{1 3} and Wikidata carries no religion value ². A regnal title is office, and a court's tradition is dynastic context; neither names the man's school, so the museum records his faith as unknown.

His birth day is given three ways: 5 August 1717 in the English article's infobox, the Indonesian birth template and the Malay article ⁴; 6 August 1717 in the Indonesian article's text and in Wikidata ^{3 2}; and 16 August 1717 in the English article's lead ¹. The year, the month and the place — Kartasura — are unanimous, so the record is built at month precision. His birth name is spelled Sujono in the English infobox and Sujana in the English lead, the Indonesian article and the Malay article ⁴.