Khuruj (going out; departure rulings)

الخروج

Khuruj is lexically going out, the opposite of entering; jurists use it also for rebellion against the rulers. ¹ Among what leaves the two passages, semen, menses and postnatal blood require a full wash; usual discharges such as urine, faeces and wind break wudu; unusual discharges break it for the Hanafis, Shafiis, Hanbalis and Ibn Abd al-Hakam, but not by most Malikis, who count worms and pebbles as harmless. ¹² The heel or most of the foot coming out into the leg of the sock brings the rule of taking off the sock; the Shafiis count this only for a long sock beyond custom. ² Leaving the mosque after the call to prayer without excuse is disliked by most jurists and forbidden by the Hanbalis, citing a report of Abu Hurayra (may God be pleased with him). ² Speaking while the Imam preaches is forbidden by most jurists; speech before the sermon begins is permitted by most; Abu Hanifa forbids it from the moment he comes out; voluntary prayer is barred after he comes out for the Hanafis and Malikis, and ends when he sits on the pulpit for the Shafiis and Hanbalis, citing the report "sit, you have troubled and delayed". ³ The one in retreat (mu'takif) leaves only for a human need or the Friday prayer; the Shafiis require him to go out for Friday. ³ Going out to pray for rain (istisqa') is allowed to the young, the old, the weak and the infirm, and women who are not in the public eye, on foot in humility and after repentance and almsgiving; the jurists differ on non-Muslims. ⁴ The rule is that a woman is ordered to stay at home; al-Kasani, among the rights of confinement, holds that she is kept from going out, citing the verses on dwelling and 'stay in your houses' and the report that a woman is nakedness and the devil looks at her when she goes out. ⁴⁵ She goes out for need, such as visiting parents and close kin, attending a funeral or wedding, or meeting an unavoidable need, on conditions: that she is not feared as a temptation, the road is safe, it is a time when men are not about, it does not lead to mixing with men, and she is dressed modestly, without display. ⁵⁶ By majority she goes out only with her husband's leave; he may prevent a visit to her parents when she has another option, though he should not stop her from visiting them when ill; the Hanafi fatwa is that she may visit parents each Friday and close kin yearly, with or without leave. ⁶⁷ She may go out without leave for what she cannot do without: to the judge to claim her right, to earn maintenance when the husband is poor, to ask a fatwa if he is not learned, and if the house is about to collapse. ⁷ On women going to the mosque: the Shafiis and the two companions of Abu Hanifa dislike it for a young or desirable woman and allow it to an old woman for the prayers; the Malikis divide women into four classes; the Hanbalis allow attending the congregation with men, citing 'do not forbid God's maidservants the mosques of God'. ⁷⁸ Scholars agree that a woman may not travel except for Hajj or Umra without a mahram, except to migrate from the abode of war to the abode of Islam. ⁸ Leaving the mosque, it is recommended to step out with the left foot and to say a prayer; leaving the house, to say 'In the name of God, I rely on God', as in the reports of Umm Salama and Anas; leaving the privy, to step out with the right foot and say the words of thanks. ⁹ Most jurists require a woman in the waiting period to remain at home; details are under 'iddah. ⁹ A woman in the waiting period must remain at home and goes out only for need or excuse; if she goes out she sins, and her husband may stop her, as may his heirs at his death. ¹⁰ A commander may not take with him a disheartening man, a spreader of alarm, a spy or one who sows enmity; those who go anyway get no share or reward, even if they show help to Muslims. ¹⁰ Scholars agree that a just Imam must be obeyed and rising against him is forbidden; they differ on rising against an unjust one. ¹⁰ A man held for debt is kept from his business, funerals, visits and sick calls, since the detention is a way to force payment. ¹⁰