Naw' (kind or species, and its effect on zakat and exchange)

نَوْع

Naw' in the lexical sense is a kind or class; the Jurist al-Jurjani defined it as a term for many different things by their individuals. ¹ Kind matters for zakat: if the animals are of one kind, the zakat is taken from that kind; most jurists allow substituting a sheep for a goat and the reverse, taking value into account, while the Hanafis require the same kind. ² If the kinds differ, the Hanbalis and the sounder Shafi'i view let the owner give what he chooses, proportioned by value, while the Hanafis join the kinds together. ² ³ For crops and fruit, kinds are joined to complete the threshold; joining gold and silver is disputed. ³ The exchange of ribawi goods of different kinds is referred to the chapter on usury. ³

Depth

At a glance

Era: The Early Abbasid Caliphate
Region: Arabia
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Law and courts Ethics and character Halal and haram

Summary

Naw' in the lexical sense is a kind or class; al-Jurjani defined it as a term for many different things by their individuals. ¹

Its effect on zakat

If livestock is of one kind, zakat is taken from that kind; most jurists allow substituting a sheep for a goat and the reverse, taking value into account, while the Hanafis forbid it. ² If the kinds differ, the Hanbalis and the sounder Shafi'i view let the owner give what he chooses, proportioned by value, while the Hanafis join the kinds together. ² ³

Crops and money

Kinds of fruit and crops are joined to complete the threshold; joining gold and silver is disputed. ³

People and things also explored

Hadhayan (delirium: its effect on acts and testimony)· Hadiyya (gift)· Hadm (demolition, real and legal)· Halak (destruction of property and its legal effect)· Himyan (money belt: pilgrim's wearing, spoils and theft)· Hay'a (the recommended forms of prayer, and the dignified offenders)· Hazl (jest in speech, and its effect on contracts, acts and belief)· Hiba (gift: its pillars, the parties, the thing given, possession, return and conditions)

Sources

al-Mawsu'a al-Fiqhiyya al-Kuwaitiyya, Noor-Book copy (file named v3) , p.16665
al-Mawsu'a al-Fiqhiyya al-Kuwaitiyya, Noor-Book copy (file named v3) , p.16666
al-Mawsu'a al-Fiqhiyya al-Kuwaitiyya, Noor-Book copy (file named v3) , p.16667

Cite this page

islam.museum contributors. “Naw' (kind or species, and its effect on zakat and exchange)”. islam.museum, https://islam.museum/en/concept/nawa-kind-fiqh/. CC BY-SA 4.0. Last updated 2026-10-23.

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Ideas

Beliefs, concepts, sciences and schools, explained in plain words. Related

Hadhayan (delirium: its effect on acts and testimony)

Hadhayan in the lexical sense is speech without sense, in illness or otherwise; technically it is speaking without reflection. It differs from lagh, speech with no legal weight, and from laghat, noisy talk whose meaning is intended. All scholars agree that the divorce of one who has lost his reason, without intoxication, does not take effect; the Hanafis hold that the words of one whose speech is mostly delirious carry no weight. The Malikis hold that one who divorces in delirium and later says he did not notice is not bound, unless evidence shows his reason was sound; if he says something happened that he did not understand, Ibn Naji holds the divorce binds him, and al-Dardir objects that a sick man may imagine things and speak accordingly. Among the conditions of uprightness, the Hanafis require little idle talk and delirium; a man given to lying or delirium is not accepted as a witness.